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Gad EM, Nafie MS, Eltamany EH, Hammad MSAG, Barakat A, Boraei ATA. Discovery of New Apoptosis-Inducing Agents for Breast Cancer Based on Ethyl 2-Amino-4,5,6,7-Tetra Hydrobenzo[ b]Thiophene-3-Carboxylate: Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Vivo Activity Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112523. [PMID: 32481682 PMCID: PMC7321303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multicomponent synthesis was empolyed for the synthesis of ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate 1. An interesting cyclization was obtained when the amino-ester 1 reacted with ethyl isothiocyanate to give the benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazin-4-one 3. Acylation of the amino-ester 1 with chloroacetyl chloride in DCM and Et3N afforded the acylated ester 4. The amino-ester 1 was cyclized to benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 8, which was reacted with some alkylating agents leading to alkylation at nitrogen 9–13. Hydrazide 14 was utilized as a synthon for the synthesis of the derivatives 15–19. Chloro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 20 was synthesized and reacted with the hydrazine hydrate to afford the hydrazino derivative 21, which was used as a scaffold for getting the derivatives 22–28. Nucleophilic substitution reactions were used for getting the compounds 29–35 from chloro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 20. In the way of anticancer therapeutics development, the requisite compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity in vitro against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cancer cell lines. Twelve compounds showed an interesting antiproliferative potential with IC50 from 23.2 to 95.9 µM. The flow cytometric analysis results showed that hit 4 induces the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells with a significant 26.86% reduction in cell viability. The in vivo study revealed a significant decrease in the solid tumor mass (26.6%) upon treatment with compound 4. Moreover, in silico study as an agonist for inhibitors of JAK2 and prediction study determined their binding energies and predicted their physicochemical properties and drug-likeness scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Gad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.G); (A.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Elsayed H. Eltamany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Magdy S. A. G. Hammad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
| | - Assem Barakat
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Ahmed T. A. Boraei
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.S.N.); (E.H.E.); (M.S.A.G.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.G); (A.T.A.B.)
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Liu X, Wilson MW, Liu K, Lee P, Yeomans L, Hagen SE, Lin CM, Wen B, Sun D, White AD, Showalter HD, Antonetti DA. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines as atypical protein kinase C inhibitors to control retinal vascular permeability and cytokine-induced edema. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115480. [PMID: 32327351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies demonstrate that small molecule targeting of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) may provide an effective means to control vascular permeability, prevent edema, and reduce inflammation providing novel and important alternatives to anti-VEGF therapies for certain blinding eye diseases. Based on a literature tricyclic thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine lead (1), an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the aPKC iota (ι) and aPKC zeta (ζ) isoforms, we have synthesized a small series of compounds in 1-2 steps from a readily available chloro intermediate. A single pyridine congener was also made using 2D NMR to assign regiochemistry. Within the parent pyrimidine series, a range of potencies was observed against aPKCζ whereas the pyridine congener was inactive. Selected compounds were also tested for their effect toward VEGF-induced permeability in BREC cells. The most potent of these (7l) was further assayed against the aPKCι isoform and showed a favorable selectivity profile against a panel of 31 kinases, including kinases from the AGC superfamily, with a focus on PKC isoforms and kinases previously shown to affect permeability. Further testing of 7l in a luciferase assay in HEK293 cells showed an ability to prevent TNF-α induced NFκB activation while not having any effect on cell survival. Intravitreal administration of 7l to the eye yielded a complete reduction in permeability in a test to determine whether the compound could block VEGF- and TNFα-induced permeability across the retinal vasculature in a rat model. The compound in mice displayed good microsomal stability and in plasma moderate exposure (AUC and Cmax), low clearance, a long half-life and high oral bioavailability. With IV dosing, higher levels were observed in the brain and eye relative to plasma, with highest levels in the eye by either IV or PO dosing. With a slow oral absorption profile, 7l accumulates in the eye to maintain a high concentration after dosing with higher levels than in plasma. Compound 7l may represent a class of aPKC inhibitors for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pil Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Larisa Yeomans
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan E Hagen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cheng-Mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew D White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Graebin CS, Ribeiro FV, Rogério KR, Kümmerle AE. Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:855-899. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190718153703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are composed of three or more reagents in which the final
product has all or most of the carbon atoms from its starting materials. These reactions represent, in the
medicinal chemistry context, great potential in the research for new bioactive compounds, since their products
can present great structural complexity. The aim of this review is to present the main multicomponent reactions
since the original report by Strecker in 1850 from nowadays, covering their evolution, highlighting their
significance in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. The use of MCRs is, indeed, a growing field of
interest in the synthesis of bioactive compounds and approved drugs, with several examples of commerciallyavailable
drugs that are (or can be) obtained through these protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric S. Graebin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Felipe V. Ribeiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur E. Kümmerle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
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aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190019. [PMID: 32269838 PMCID: PMC7104321 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs)—PRKCI, PRKCZ and PKMζ—form a subfamily within the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. These kinases are expressed in the nervous system, including during its development and in adulthood. One of the aPKCs, PKMζ, appears to be restricted to the nervous system. aPKCs are known to play a role in a variety of cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival and key metabolic functions such as glucose uptake, that are critical for nervous system development and function. Therefore, these kinases have garnered a lot of interest in terms of their functional role in the nervous system. Here we review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development and in neuronal maturation and function. Despite seemingly paradoxical findings with genetic deletion versus gene silencing approaches, we posit that aPKCs are likely candidates for regulating many important neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions, and may be associated with a number of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Shibata M, Nakaizumi A, Puro DG. Electrotonic transmission in the retinal vasculature: inhibitory role of the diabetes/VEGF/aPKC pathway. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14095. [PMID: 31087517 PMCID: PMC6513771 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious impact of diabetes on the retina is a leading cause of vision loss. Ultimately, the hypoxic retinopathy caused by diabetes results in irreversible damage to vascular, neuronal, and glial cells. Less understood is how retinal physiology is altered early in the course of diabetes. We recently found that the electrotonic architecture of the retinovasculature becomes fundamentally altered soon after the onset of this disorder. Namely, the spread of voltage through the vascular endothelium is markedly inhibited. The goal of this study was to elucidate how diabetes inhibits electrotonic transmission. We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play a role since its upregulation in hypoxic retinopathy is associated with sight-impairing complications. In this study, we quantified voltage transmission between pairs of perforated-patch pipettes sealed onto abluminal cells located on retinal microvascular complexes freshly isolated from diabetic and nondiabetic rats. We report that exposure of diabetic retinal microvessels to an anti-VEGF antibody or to a small-molecule inhibitor of atypical PKCs (aPKC) near-fully restored the efficacy of electrotonic transmission. Furthermore, exposure of nondiabetic microvessels to VEGF mimicked, via a mechanism sensitive to the aPKC inhibitor, the diabetes-induced inhibition of transmission. Thus, activation of the diabetes/VEGF/aPKC pathway switches the retinovasculature from a highly interactive operational unit to a functionally balkanized complex. By delimiting the dissemination of voltage-changing vasomotor inputs, this organizational fragmentation is likely to compromise effective regulation of retinal perfusion. Future pharmacological targeting of the diabetes/VEGF/aPKC pathway may serve to impede progression of vascular dysfunction to irreversible diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Atsuko Nakaizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Donald G. Puro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
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Atypical Protein Kinase C: Breaking Down Barriers in Ocular Disease? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2142-2146. [PMID: 30220553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This commentary highlights the article by Lin et al that demonstrates the therapeutic potential of small-molecule atypical protein kinase C inhibitors in inflammatory ocular disease.
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Lin CM, Titchenell PM, Keil JM, Garcia-Ocaña A, Bolinger MT, Abcouwer SF, Antonetti DA. Inhibition of Atypical Protein Kinase C Reduces Inflammation-Induced Retinal Vascular Permeability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2392-2405. [PMID: 30220554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes in permeability of retinal blood vessels contribute to macular edema and the pathophysiology of numerous ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and macular degeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces retinal permeability and macular thickening in these diseases. However, inflammatory agents, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), also may drive vascular permeability, specifically in patients unresponsive to anti-VEGF therapy. Recent evidence suggests VEGF and TNF-α induce permeability through distinct mechanisms; however, both require the activation of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). We provide evidence, using genetic mouse models and therapeutic intervention with small molecules, that inhibition of aPKC prevented or reduced vascular permeability in animal models of retinal inflammation. Expression of a kinase-dead aPKC transgene, driven by a vascular and hematopoietic restricted promoter, reduced retinal vascular permeability in an ischemia-reperfusion model of retinal injury. This effect was recapitulated with a small-molecule inhibitor of aPKC. Expression of the kinase-dead aPKC transgene dramatically reduced the expression of inflammatory factors and blocked the attraction of inflammatory monocytes and granulocytes after ischemic injury. Coinjection of VEGF with TNF-α was sufficient to induce permeability, edema, and retinal inflammation, and treatment with an aPKC inhibitor prevented VEGF/TNF-α-induced permeability. These data suggest that aPKC contributes to inflammation-driven retinal vascular pathology and may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Mao Lin
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason M Keil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Human Genetics and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mark T Bolinger
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David A Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Abdel-Rahman SA, El-Gohary NS, El-Bendary ER, El-Ashry SM, Shaaban MI. Synthesis, antimicrobial, antiquorum-sensing, antitumor and cytotoxic activities of new series of cyclopenta(hepta)[ b ]thiophene and fused cyclohepta[ b ]thiophene analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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2-Aminothiophene scaffolds: Diverse biological and pharmacological attributes in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:465-493. [PMID: 28987607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiophenes are important five-membered heterocyclic building blocks in organic synthesis, and the chemistry of these small molecules is still developing based on the discovery of cyclization by Gewald. Another attractive feature of 2-aminothiophene scaffolds is their ability to act as synthons for the synthesis of biological active thiophene-containing heterocycles, conjugates and hybrids. Currently, the biological actions of 2-aminothiophenes or their 2-N-substituted analogues are still being investigated because of their various mechanisms of action (e.g., pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties). Likewise, the 2-aminothiophene family is used as diverse promising selective inhibitors, receptors, and modulators in medicinal chemistry, and these compounds even exhibit effective pharmacological properties in the various clinical phases of appropriate diseases. In this review, major biological and pharmacological reports on 2-aminothiophenes and related compounds have been highlighted; most perspective drug-candidate hits were selected for discussion and described, along with additional synthetic pathways. In addition, we focused on the literature dedicated to 2-aminothiophenes and 2-N-substituted derivatives, which have been published from 2010 to 2017.
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity of fused thiophene and pyrazole derivatives derived from 2-N-acetyl-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abdel-Halim M, Diesel B, Kiemer AK, Abadi AH, Hartmann RW, Engel M. Discovery and optimization of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines as potent and highly selective allosteric inhibitors of protein kinase C-ζ. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6513-30. [PMID: 25058929 DOI: 10.1021/jm500521n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the atypical protein kinase C, PKCζ, might be a therapeutic target in pulmonary and hepatic inflammatory diseases. However, targeting the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket in the catalytic domain held little promise to achieve selective inhibition. In the present study, we introduce 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines as potent and selective allosteric PKCζ inhibitors. The rigid scaffold offered many sites for modification, all acting as hot spots for improving activity, and gave rise to sharp structure-activity relationships. Targeting of PKCζ in cells was confirmed by reporter gene assay, transfection assays, and Western blotting. The strongly reduced cell-free and cellular activities toward a PIF-pocket mutant of PKCζ suggested that the inhibitors most likely bound to the PIF-pocket on the kinase catalytic domain. Thus, using a rigidification strategy and by establishing and optimizing multiple molecular interactions with the binding site, we were able to significantly improve the potency of the previously reported PKCζ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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