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Wang R, Li HD, Cao Y, Wang ZY, Yang T, Wang JH. M13 phage: a versatile building block for a highly specific analysis platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04606-w. [PMID: 36867197 PMCID: PMC9982796 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are changing the biosensing and biomedicine landscape due to their multivalency, orthogonal reactivities, and responsiveness to genetic modifications. As the most extensively studied phage model for constructing a phage display library, M13 phage has received much research attention as building blocks or viral scaffolds for various applications including isolation/separation, sensing/probing, and in vivo imaging. Through genetic engineering and chemical modification, M13 phages can be functionalized into a multifunctional analysis platform with various functional regions conducting their functionality without mutual disturbance. Its unique filamentous morphology and flexibility also promoted the analytical performance in terms of target affinity and signal amplification. In this review, we mainly focused on the application of M13 phage in the analytical field and the benefit it brings. We also introduced several genetic engineering and chemical modification approaches for endowing M13 with various functionalities, and summarized some representative applications using M13 phages to construct isolation sorbents, biosensors, cell imaging probes, and immunoassays. Finally, current issues and challenges remaining in this field were discussed and future perspectives were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Hui-Da Li
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Ying Cao
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Zi-Yi Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
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2
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Fujiwara D, Mihara K, Takayama R, Nakamura Y, Ueda M, Tsumuraya T, Fujii I. Chemical Modification of Phage-Displayed Helix-Loop-Helix Peptides to Construct Kinase-Focused Libraries. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3406-3409. [PMID: 34605137 PMCID: PMC9297947 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally constrained peptides hold promise as molecular tools in chemical biology and as a new modality in drug discovery. The construction and screening of a target‐focused library could be a promising approach for the generation of de novo ligands or inhibitors against target proteins. Here, we have prepared a protein kinase‐focused library by chemically modifying helix‐loop‐helix (HLH) peptides displayed on phage and subsequently tethered to adenosine. The library was screened against aurora kinase A (AurA). The selected HLH peptide Bip‐3 retained the α‐helical structure and bound to AurA with a KD value of 13.7 μM. Bip‐3 and the adenosine‐tethered peptide Bip‐3‐Adc provided IC50 values of 103 μM and 7.7 μM, respectively, suggesting that Bip‐3‐Adc bivalently inhibited AurA. In addition, the selectivity of Bip‐3‐Adc to several protein kinases was tested, and was highest against AurA. These results demonstrate that chemical modification can enable the construction of a kinase‐focused library of phage‐displayed HLH peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kousuke Mihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Takayama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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3
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Iskandar SE, Haberman VA, Bowers AA. Expanding the Chemical Diversity of Genetically Encoded Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:712-733. [PMID: 33167616 PMCID: PMC8284915 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The power of ribosomes has increasingly been harnessed for the synthesis and selection of molecular libraries. Technologies, such as phage display, yeast display, and mRNA display, effectively couple genotype to phenotype for the molecular evolution of high affinity epitopes for many therapeutic targets. Genetic code expansion is central to the success of these technologies, allowing researchers to surpass the intrinsic capabilities of the ribosome and access new, genetically encoded materials for these selections. Here, we review techniques for the chemical expansion of genetically encoded libraries, their abilities and limits, and opportunities for further development. Importantly, we also discuss methods and metrics used to assess the efficiency of modification and library diversity with these new techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Iskandar
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Victoria A Haberman
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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4
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Derda R, Ng S. Genetically encoded fragment-based discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
In this report, we describe an efficient way to generate libraries of macrocyclic glycopeptides in one step by reacting phage-displayed libraries of peptides with dichloro-oxime derivatives. We showed that the reactions do not interfere with the ability of phage to replicate in bacteria. The reactions are site-selective for phage-displayed peptides and they do not modify any other proteins of phage. The technology described in this report will be instrumental for genetic selection of macrocyclic glycopeptides for diverse glycan-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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6
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Abstract
Long fascinating to biologists, viruses offer nanometer-scale benchtops for building molecular-scale devices and materials. Viruses tolerate a wide range of chemical modifications including reaction conditions, pH values, and temperatures. Recent examples of nongenetic manipulation of viral surfaces have extended viruses into applications ranging from biomedical imaging, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensors to materials for catalysis and energy generation. Chemical reactions on the phage surface include both covalent and noncovalent modifications, including some applied in conjunction with genetic modifications. Here, we survey viruses chemically augmented with capabilities limited only by imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mohan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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7
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Gunnoo SB, Madder A. Chemical Protein Modification through Cysteine. Chembiochem 2016; 17:529-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita B. Gunnoo
- Organic & Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic & Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 9000 Gent Belgium
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Santoso B, Murray BW. Maleimide-based method for elaboration of cysteine-containing peptide phage libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1248:267-76. [PMID: 25616339 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2020-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based molecules are known to have therapeutic utility, but the generation of phage-focused libraries to optimize peptide properties and functionality is challenging. Genetic approaches are limited to peptide extension on the peptide termini. Current chemical methods are technically challenging and time-consuming. A new chemical method is developed to extend a maleimide-conjugated peptide with a cysteine-containing random peptide phage display library. As a proof of concept, a 15-mer epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding peptide was synthesized with a maleimide group at its C-terminus and then conjugated to the cysteine-containing library. After panning and screening, several extended peptides were discovered and tested to have a higher affinity to EGFR. This strategy can have broad utility to optimize pharmacophores of any modalities (peptides, unnatural peptides, drug conjugates) capable of bearing a maleimide group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyung Santoso
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10646 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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Ng S, Tjhung KF, Paschal BM, Noren CJ, Derda R. Chemical posttranslational modification of phage-displayed peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1248:155-72. [PMID: 25616332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2020-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phage-displayed peptide library has fueled the discovery of novel ligands for diverse targets. A new type of phage libraries that displays not only linear and disulfide-constrained cyclic peptides but moieties that cannot be encoded genetically or incorporated easily by bacterial genetic machinery has emerged recently. Chemical posttranslational modification of phage library is one of the simplest approaches to encode nonnatural moieties. It confers the library with new functionality and makes it possible to select and evolve molecules with properties not found in the peptides, for instance, glycopeptides recognized by carbohydrate-binding protein and peptides with photoswitching capability. To this end, we describe the newly emerging techniques to chemically modify the phage library and quantify the efficiency of the reaction with a biotin-capture assay. Finally, we provide the methods to construct N-terminal Ser peptide library that allows site-selective modification of phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2G2
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10
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Bernard JML, Francis MB. Chemical strategies for the covalent modification of filamentous phage. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:734. [PMID: 25566240 PMCID: PMC4274979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically filamentous bacteriophage have been known to be the workhorse of phage display due to their ability to link genotype to phenotype. More recently, the filamentous phage scaffold has proven to be powerful outside the realm of phage display technology in fields such as molecular imaging, cancer research and materials, and vaccine development. The ability of the virion to serve as a platform for a variety of applications heavily relies on the functionalization of the phage coat proteins with a wide variety of functionalities. Genetic modification of the coat proteins has been the most widely used strategy for functionalizing the virion; however, complementary chemical modification strategies can help to diversify the range of materials that can be developed. This review emphasizes the recent advances that have been made in the chemical modification of filamentous phage as well as some of the challenges that are involved in functionalizing the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M L Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bhat A, Roberts LR, Dwyer JJ. Lead discovery and optimization strategies for peptide macrocycles. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 94:471-9. [PMID: 25109255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide macrocycles represent a chemical space where the best of biological tools can synergize with the best of chemical approaches in the quest for leads against undruggable targets. Peptide macrocycles offer some key advantages in both lead discovery and lead optimization phases of drug discovery when compared to natural product and synthetic macrocycles. In addition, they are uniquely positioned to capitalize on the therapeutic potential of peptides because cyclization can help drive selectivity, potency and overcome the common limitations of metabolic instability of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Bhat
- Ipsen Bioscience, Inc. 650 East Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Lee R Roberts
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - John J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute, 4245 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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12
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Liu M, Li W, Larregieu CA, Cheng M, Yan B, Chu T, Li H, Mao SJ. Development of synthetic peptide-modified liposomes with LDL receptor targeting capacity and improved anticancer activity. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2305-12. [PMID: 24830852 DOI: 10.1021/mp400759d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report an active targeting liposomal formulation directed by a novel peptide (AA13) that specifically binds to the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) overexpressed on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo tumor drug targeting delivery of AA13-anchored liposomes on AML cells. AA13 conjugated to the distal end of DSPE-PEG2000-maleimide was incorporated into the liposomes via a postinsertion method. To study the effect of the peptide decoration and density on tumor cell targeting and internalization by AML cells (THP-1 and NB4), stealth liposomes bearing 3% (peptide/S100PC, molar ratio, LL) and 7% (peptide/S100PC, molar ratio, HL) AA13 were prepared, respectively. Higher uptake of LL (1.9- and 2.6-fold) and HL (2.3- and 3.6-fold) targeted liposomes occurred in THP-1 and NB4 cells, respectively, compared to untargeted liposomes. An LDLR inhibitor was used to confirm inhibition of the receptor-mediated cellular association of AA13 modified liposome in both cells. Daunorubicin (DNR) demonstrated a 2.2- and 3.5-fold higher cytotoxicity with the HL formulation and a 1.2- and 2.0-fold higher cytotoxicity with the LL formulation compared to the unmodified liposomal formulation in THP-1 and NB4 cells, respectively. Tumor drug accumulation of DNR-loaded HL was greater than that of the untargeted liposome in the biodistribution assay. The in vivo efficacy study in BALB/c nude mice bearing NB4 xenografts treated with DNR loaded HL also showed more tumor volume inhibition and a longer survival time compared to the untargeted formulation. In conclusion, the AA13-anchored liposomes demonstrated desirable potential as a promising vector for enhanced AML tumor drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education & West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No.17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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13
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Jafari MR, Deng L, Kitov PI, Ng S, Matochko WL, Tjhung KF, Zeberoff A, Elias A, Klassen JS, Derda R. Discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a light-responsive genetically encoded library. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:443-50. [PMID: 24195775 DOI: 10.1021/cb4006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive ligands are useful tools in biochemistry and cell biology because the function of these ligands can be spatially and temporally controlled. Conventional design of such ligands relies on previously available data about the structure of both the ligand and the receptor. In this paper, we describe de novo discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a genetically encoded light-responsive library. We ligated a photoresponsive azobenzene core to a random CX7C peptide library displayed on the coat protein of M13 phage. A one-pot alkylation/reduction of the cysteines yielded a photoresponsive library of random heptapeptide macrocycles with over 2 × 10(8) members. We characterized the reaction on-phage and optimized the yield of the modifications in phage libraries. Screening of the library against streptavidin yielded three macrocycles that bind to streptavidin in the dark and cease binding upon irradiation with 370 nm light. All ligands restored their binding properties upon thermal relaxation and could be turned ON and OFF for several cycles. We measured dissociation constants, Kd, by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) binding assay. For ligand ACGFERERTCG, the Kd of cis and trans isomers differed by 22-fold; an incomplete isomerization (85%), however, resulted in the apparent difference of 4.5-fold between the dark and the irradiated state. We anticipate that the selection strategy described in this report can be used to find light-responsive ligands for many targets that do not have known natural ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Jafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Simon Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wadim L. Matochko
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Katrina F. Tjhung
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anthony Zeberoff
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anastasia Elias
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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14
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Tokunaga Y, Azetsu Y, Fukunaga K, Hatanaka T, Ito Y, Taki M. Pharmacophore generation from a drug-like core molecule surrounded by a library peptide via the 10BASEd-T on bacteriophage T7. Molecules 2014; 19:2481-96. [PMID: 24566316 PMCID: PMC6271298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have achieved site-specific conjugation of several haloacetamide derivatives into designated cysteines on bacteriophage T7-displayed peptides, which are fused to T7 capsid protein gp10. This easiest gp10 based-thioetherification (10BASEd-T) undergoes almost quantitatively like a click reaction without side reaction or loss of phage infectivity. The post-translational modification yield, as well as the site-specificity, is quantitatively analyzed by a fluorescent densitometric analysis after gel electrophoresis. The detailed structure of the modified peptide on phage is identified with tandem mass spectrometry. Construction of such a peptide-fused phage library possessing non-natural core structures will be useful for future drug discovery. For this aim, we propose a novel concept of pharmacophore generation from a drug-like molecule (i.e., salicylic acid) conjugated with surrounding randomized peptides. By using the hybrid library, streptavidin-specific binders are isolated through four rounds of biopanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Tokunaga
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Azetsu
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Fukunaga
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Hatanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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