1
|
Persaud KE, Sahu RR, Neary MC, Kapdi AR, Lakshman MK. Two short approaches to the COVID-19 drug β-D- N4-hydroxycytidine and its prodrug molnupiravir. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:735-740. [PMID: 38168802 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Molnupiravir, the prodrug for β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), is marketed by Merck as Lagevrio™ against mild-moderate COVID-19, under FDA emergency use authorization. It is the first oral drug against the disease. This work describes two synthetic approaches to NHC and molnupiravir by amide activation in uridine with a peptide-coupling agent and with a 4-chloropyrimidinone nucleoside intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Persaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Rajesh R Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Michelle C Neary
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shah SS, Cultrara CN, Ramos JA, Samuni U, Zilberberg J, Sabatino D. Bifunctional Au-templated RNA nanoparticles enable direct cell uptake detection and GRP75 knockdown in prostate cancer. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2169-2176. [PMID: 32096520 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids templated on gold (Au) surfaces have led to a wide range of functional materials ranging from microarrays, sensors and probes in addition to drug delivery and treatment. In this application, we describe a simple and novel method for templating amino-functionalized RNA onto Au surfaces and their self-assembly into small, discrete nanoparticles. In our method, sample hybridization with a complementary RNA strand with and without a fatty acid (palmitamide) appendage produced functionalized double-stranded RNA on the Au surface. The resulting Au-functionalized RNA particles were found to be stable under reducing conditions according to UV-Vis spectroscopy. Sample characterization by DLS and TEM confirmed self-assembly into primarily small (∼10-40 nm) spherical shaped nanoparticles expected to be amenable to cell biology. However, fluorescence emission (λexc: 350 nm, λem: 650 nm) revealed radiative properties which limited cell uptake detection. Introduction of FITC within the Au-functionalized RNA particles produced a bifunctional probe, in which FITC fluorescence emission (λexc: 494 nm, λem: 522 nm) facilitated cell uptake detection, in a time-dependent manner. The dual encapsulation-release profiles of the FITC-labeled Au-functionalized RNA particles were validated by time-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry. These experiments respectively indicated an increase in FITC absorption (λabs: 494 nm) and fluorescence emission (λem: 522 nm) with increased sample incubation times, under physiological conditions. The release of Au-functionalized siRNA particles in prostate cancer (PC-3) cells resulted in concomitant knockdown of GRP75, which led to detectable levels of cell death in the absence of a transfection vector. Thus, the formulation of stable, small and discrete Au-functionalized RNA nanoparticles may prove to be valuable bifunctional probes in the theranostic study of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, USA.
| | - Christopher N Cultrara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, USA.
| | - Jorge A Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA and The PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA and The PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, 340 Kingsland Street, Building 102, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cultrara CN, Shah S, Antuono G, Heller CJ, Ramos JA, Samuni U, Zilberberg J, Sabatino D. Size Matters: Arginine-Derived Peptides Targeting the PSMA Receptor Can Efficiently Complex but Not Transfect siRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:863-870. [PMID: 31739211 PMCID: PMC6861565 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oligoarginine sequences conjugated to a short cancer-targeting peptide (CTP) selective for the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptor was developed for selective small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery to a human metastatic/castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) cell line, which expresses PSMA on the surface. The PSMA-Rn (n = 6 and 9) peptides were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and condensed with glucose-regulated protein (GRP)-silencing siRNAs. Native gels showed formation of stable CTP:siRNA ionic complexes. Furthermore, siRNA release was effected by heparin competition, supporting the peptides' capabilities to act as condensing and releasing agents. However, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed large anionic complexes that were prone to aggregation and limited cell uptake for RNAi activity. Taken together, these data support the notion that the development of efficient peptide-based siRNA delivery systems is in part contingent on the formulation of discrete nanoparticles that can effectively condense and release siRNA in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Cultrara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Sunil Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Gina Antuono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Claudia J Heller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Jorge A Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, 340 Kingsland Street, Building 102, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cultrara CN, Shah S, Kozuch SD, Patel MR, Sabatino D. Solid phase synthesis and self-assembly of higher-order siRNAs and their bioconjugates. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:999-1010. [PMID: 30480355 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New methods for the synthesis of higher-order siRNA motifs and their bioconjugates have recently gained widespread attention in the development of new and improved gene therapeutics. Our efforts aim to produce new chemical tools and protocols for the generation of modified siRNAs that screen for important oncogene targets as well as silence their activity for effective gene therapy in cancer models. More specifically, we have developed an efficient solution-phase synthesis for the production of a ribouridine branchpoint synthon that can be effectively incorporated by solid phase synthesis within higher-order RNA structures, including those adopting V-, and Y- and >-< shape RNA templates. Self-assembly of complementary RNA to the template strands produced higher-order siRNA nanostructures that were characterized by a combination of PAGE, DLS, and TEM techniques. In an effort to extend the repertoire of functionally diverse siRNAs, we have also developed solid phase bioconjugation strategies for incorporating bio-active probes such as fatty acid appendages and fluorescent reporters. Taken together, these methods highlight the ability to generate higher-order siRNAs and their bioconjugates for exploring the influence of modified siRNA structure on anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Cultrara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Sunil Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Stephen D Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | | | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kozuch S, Cultrara CN, Beck AE, Heller CJ, Shah S, Patel MR, Zilberberg J, Sabatino D. Enhanced Cancer Theranostics with Self-Assembled, Multilabeled siRNAs. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12975-12984. [PMID: 30411024 PMCID: PMC6217585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of therapy and diagnostics, termed "theranostics", has recently gained widespread utility in the development of new and improved therapeutics that effectively diagnose and treat diseases, such as cancer. In this study, the covalent attachment of multiple fluorescent labels (i.e., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)) to a wide range of siRNAs, including those adopting linear, V- and Y-shape nanostructures, was successfully accomplished by solid-phase bioconjugation for monitoring cell uptake, co-localization, and biological activity in cell culture. The FITC-labeled higher-order V- and Y-shape siRNAs maintained the requisite hybrid stabilities and A-type helical structures for invoking RNAi activity. The FITC-siRNA hybrids with sense-strand modifiers enabled efficient mRNA knockdown (∼50-90%), which also translated to increased cell death (∼20-95%) in a bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line, over a 72 h incubation period. Significantly, the Y-shaped siRNA containing three FITC probes enhanced fluorescent signaling relative to the siRNA constructs containing single and double fluorophores while retaining potent knockdown and cell death effects post-transfection. Taken together, this data highlights the theranostic utility of the multilabeled FITC-siRNA constructs for potential cancer gene therapy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
D. Kozuch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Christopher N. Cultrara
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Adah E. Beck
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Claudia J. Heller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Sunil Shah
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Mayurbhai R. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- Nitto
Denko Avecia Inc, 8560
Reading Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215, United
States
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department
of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University
Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, United States
| | - David Sabatino
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall
University, South
Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: +1-973-313-6359
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shah SS, Cultrara CN, Kozuch SD, Patel MR, Ramos JA, Samuni U, Zilberberg J, Sabatino D. Direct Transfection of Fatty Acid Conjugated siRNAs and Knockdown of the Glucose-Regulated Chaperones in Prostate Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3638-3648. [PMID: 30235926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of RNAi nanotechnology has led to rapid advances in the applications of siRNAs in chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, and biotechnology. In our RNAi approach, bioconjugation of linear, V-, and Y-shaped RNA templates were designed using a series of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to improve cell uptake and knockdown efficacy of the oncogenic glucose regulated proteins (GRPs) in prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. An optimized HCTU-coupling procedure was developed for tagging variable saturated and unsaturated fatty acids onto the 5'-ends of linear and V-shaped RNA templates that were constructed by semiautomated solid phase RNA synthesis. Hybridization and self-assembly of complementary strands yielded linear, V-, and Y-shaped fatty acid-conjugated siRNAs which were characterized by native PAGE. CD spectroscopy confirmed their A-type helix conformations. RP IP HPLC provided trends in amphiphilic properties, whereas DLS and TEM confirmed multicomponent self-assembled structures that were prone to aggregation. Subsequently, the fatty acid conjugated siRNA bioconjugates were tested for their RNAi activity by direct transfection within PC-3 cells known to overexpress oncogenic GRP activity. The siRNA bioconjugates with sense strand modifiers provided more potent GRP knockdown relative to the antisense modified siRNAs, but to a lesser extent when compared to the unconjugated siRNA controls that were transfected with the commercial Trans-IT X2 dynamic delivery system. Flow cytometry revealed that the latter may be at least in part attributed to limited cell uptake of the fatty acid conjugated siRNAs. Nonetheless, these new constructs represent an entry point in modifying higher-order siRNA constructs that may lead to the generation of more efficient siRNA bioconjugates for screening important oncogene targets and for cancer gene therapy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| | - Christopher N Cultrara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| | - Stephen D Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| | - Mayurbhai R Patel
- Nitto Denko Avecia Inc. , 8560 Reading Road , Cincinnati , Ohio 45215 , United States
| | - Jorge A Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College, City University of New York , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College, City University of New York , Flushing , New York 11367 , United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department of Biomedical Research , Hackensack University Medical Center , 40 Prospect Avenue , Hackensack , New Jersey 07601 , United States
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey 07079 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patel MR, Kozuch SD, Cultrara CN, Yadav R, Huang S, Samuni U, Koren J, Chiosis G, Sabatino D. RNAi Screening of the Glucose-Regulated Chaperones in Cancer with Self-Assembled siRNA Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6099-6108. [PMID: 27669096 PMCID: PMC5378679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology has been used to design well-programmed, self-assembled nanostructures for applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. At the forefront of its utility in cancer is the unrestricted ability to self-assemble multiple siRNAs within a single nanostructure formulation for the RNAi screening of a wide range of oncogenes while potentiating the gene therapy of malignant tumors. In our RNAi nanotechnology approach, V- and Y-shape RNA templates were designed and constructed for the self-assembly of discrete, higher-ordered siRNA nanostructures targeting the oncogenic glucose regulated chaperones. The GRP78-targeting siRNAs self-assembled into genetically encoded spheres, triangles, squares, pentagons and hexagons of discrete sizes and shapes according to TEM imaging. Furthermore, gel electrophoresis, thermal denaturation, and CD spectroscopy validated the prerequisite siRNA hybrids for their RNAi application. In a 24 sample siRNA screen conducted within the AN3CA endometrial cancer cells known to overexpress oncogenic GRP78 activity, the self-assembled siRNAs targeting multiple sites of GRP78 expression demonstrated more potent and long-lasting anticancer activity relative to their linear controls. Extending the scope of our RNAi screening approach, the self-assembled siRNA hybrids (5 nM) targeting of GRP-75, 78, and 94 resulted in significant (50-95%) knockdown of the glucose regulated chaperones, which led to synergistic effects in tumor cell cycle arrest (50-80%) and death (50-60%) within endometrial (AN3CA), cervical (HeLa), and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines. Interestingly, a nontumorigenic lung (MRC5) cell line displaying normal glucose regulated chaperone levels was found to tolerate siRNA treatment and demonstrated less toxicity (5-20%) relative to the cancer cells that were found to be addicted to glucose regulated chaperones. These remarkable self-assembled siRNA nanostructures may thus encompass a new class of potent siRNAs that may be useful in screening important oncogene targets while improving siRNA therapeutic efficacy and specificity in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayurbhai R. Patel
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Stephen D. Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Christopher N. Cultrara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Reeta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, New York 10016, United States
| | - Suiying Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, New York 10016, United States
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, New York 10016, United States
| | - John Koren
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
- Corresponding Author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patel P, Patel HH, Borland E, Gorun SM, Sabatino D. Chemically robust fluoroalkyl phthalocyanine-oligonucleotide bioconjugates and their GRP78 oncogene photocleavage activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 50:6309-11. [PMID: 24663147 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first representative of functionalized fluoroalkyl phthalocyanines, F48H7(COOH)PcZn, is reported. The complex generates (1)O2 affording long-lasting photooxidation of an external substrate without self-decomposition. The carboxylic group couples with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting GRP78 oncogenes, resulting in the F48H7PcZn-cancer targeting oligonucleotide (CTO). The bioconjugated fluorophthalocyanine effectively hybridizes complementary GRP78 DNA and mRNA sequences. Piperidine cleavage assays reveal desired photochemical oligonucleotide oxidative degradation for both F48H7PcZn-CTO:DNA and F48H7PcZn-CTO:mRNA hybrids. This new materials strategy could be extended to other functional fluorinated phthalocyanines-antisense oligonucleotide combinations for long-lasting oncogene-targeting photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Katolik A, Johnsson R, Montemayor E, Lackey JG, Hart PJ, Damha MJ. Regiospecific solid-phase synthesis of branched oligoribonucleotides that mimic intronic lariat RNA intermediates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:963-75. [PMID: 24401015 DOI: 10.1021/jo4024182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed new solid phase methods for the synthesis of branched RNAs that mimic intronic lariat RNA intermediates. These methods produce branched oligoribonucleotide sequences of arbitrary length, base composition, and regiochemistry at the branchpoint junction. The methods utilize branching monomers that allow for the growth of each branch regioselectively from any of the hydroxyl positions (5′, 3′, or 2′) at the branch-point junction. The integrity and branchpoint connectivity of the synthetic products have been confirmed by HPLC and MS analysis, and cleavage of the 2′,5′ linkage by recombinant debranching enzyme. Nonhydrolyzable branched RNA analogues containing arabinose instead of ribose at the branchpoint junction were shown to inhibit debranching activity and, hence, represent “decoys” for sequestering RNA binding proteins thought to drive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Collapse
|
10
|
Martins R, Queiroz J, Sousa F. Ribonucleic acid purification. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Joseph SC, Blackman BA, Kelly ML, Phillips M, Beaury MW, Martinez I, Parronchi CJ, Bitsaktsis C, Blake AD, Sabatino D. Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of poly(arginine)-derived cancer-targeting peptides in HepG2 liver cancer cells. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:736-45. [PMID: 24931620 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis, structural characterization, and biological evaluation of a small library of cancer-targeting peptides have been determined in HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells. These peptides are based on the highly specific Pep42 motif, which has been shown to target the glucose-regulated protein 78 receptors overexpressed and exclusively localized on the cell surface of tumors. In this study, Pep42 was designed to contain varying lengths (3-12) of poly(arginine) sequences to assess their influence on peptide structure and biology. Peptides were effectively synthesized by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, in which the use of a poly(ethylene glycol) resin provided good yields (14-46%) and crude purities >95% as analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peptide structure and biophysical properties were investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Interestingly, peptides displayed secondary structures that were contingent on solvent and length of the poly(arginine) sequences. Peptides exhibited helical and turn conformations, while retaining significant thermal stability. Structure-activity relationship studies conducted by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy revealed that the poly(arginine) derived Pep42 sequences maintained glucose-regulated protein 78 binding on HepG2 cells while exhibiting cell translocation activity that was contingent on the length of the poly(arginine) strand. In single dose (0.15 mM) and dose-response (0-1.5 mM) cell viability assays, peptides were found to be nontoxic in human HepG2 liver cancer cells, illustrating their potential as safe cancer-targeting delivery agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stesha C Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|