1
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Richter JM, Gunaga P, Yadav N, Bora RO, Bhide R, Rajugowda N, Govindrajulu K, Godesi S, Akuthota N, Rao P, Sivaraman A, Panda M, Kaspady M, Gupta A, Mathur A, Levesque PC, Gulia J, Dokania M, Ramarao M, Kole P, Chacko S, Lentz KA, Sivaprasad Lvj S, Thatipamula RP, Sridhar S, Kamble S, Govindrajan A, Soleman SI, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of BMS-986308: A Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor for the Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9731-9744. [PMID: 38807539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Recent literature reports highlight the importance of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel in renal sodium and potassium homeostasis and emphasize the potential impact that ROMK inhibitors could have as a novel mechanism diuretic in heart failure patients. A series of piperazine-based ROMK inhibitors were designed and optimized to achieve excellent ROMK potency, hERG selectivity, and ADME properties, which led to the identification of compound 28 (BMS-986308). BMS-986308 demonstrated efficacy in the volume-loaded rat diuresis model as well as promising in vitro and in vivo profiles and was therefore advanced to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashantha Gunaga
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Navnath Yadav
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajesh Onkardas Bora
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajeev Bhide
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nagendra Rajugowda
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kavitha Govindrajulu
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Godesi
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Nagarjuna Akuthota
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prasanna Rao
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Aneesh Sivaraman
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Mahammed Kaspady
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jyoti Gulia
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashant Kole
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Silvi Chacko
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sankara Sivaprasad Lvj
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Srikanth Sridhar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shyam Kamble
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Arun Govindrajan
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sharif I Soleman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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2
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Jiang J, Ding FX, Zhou X, Bateman TJ, Dong S, Gu X, Keh deJesus R, Pio B, Tang H, Chobanian HR, Levorse D, Hu M, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Margulis M, Koehler M, Weinglass A, Gibson J, Houle K, Yudkovitz J, Hampton C, Pai LY, Samuel K, Cutarelli T, Sullivan K, Parmee ER, Davies I, Pasternak A. Discovery of MK-8153, a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor and Novel Diuretic/Natriuretic. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7691-7701. [PMID: 34038119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK, Kir1.1) is a putative drug target for a novel class of diuretics with potential for treating hypertension and heart failure. Our first disclosed clinical ROMK compound, 2 (MK-7145), demonstrated robust diuresis, natriuresis, and blood pressure lowering in preclinical models, with reduced urinary potassium excretion compared to the standard of care diuretics. However, 2 projected to a short human half-life (∼5 h) that could necessitate more frequent than once a day dosing. In addition, a short half-life would confer a high peak-to-trough ratio which could evoke an excessive peak diuretic effect, a common liability associated with loop diuretics such as furosemide. This report describes the discovery of a new ROMK inhibitor 22e (MK-8153), with a longer projected human half-life (∼14 h), which should lead to a reduced peak-to-trough ratio, potentially extrapolating to more extended and better tolerated diuretic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas J Bateman
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuzhi Dong
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reynalda Keh deJesus
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Harry R Chobanian
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dorothy Levorse
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Margulis
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Koehler
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam Weinglass
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Houle
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Yudkovitz
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Caryn Hampton
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Cutarelli
- Discovery Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ian Davies
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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3
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Weaver CD, Denton JS. Next-generation inward rectifier potassium channel modulators: discovery and molecular pharmacology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C1125-C1140. [PMID: 33826405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00548.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inward rectifying potassium (Kir) channels play important roles in both excitable and nonexcitable cells of various organ systems and could represent valuable new drug targets for cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neurological diseases. In nonexcitable epithelial cells of the kidney tubule, for example, Kir1.1 (KCNJ1) and Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) are linked to sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubule, respectively, and have been explored as novel-mechanism diuretic targets for managing hypertension and edema. G protein-coupled Kir channels (Kir3) channels expressed in the central nervous system are critical effectors of numerous signal transduction pathways underlying analgesia, addiction, and respiratory-depressive effects of opioids. The historical dearth of pharmacological tool compounds for exploring the therapeutic potential of Kir channels has led to a molecular target-based approach using high-throughput screen (HTS) of small-molecule libraries and medicinal chemistry to develop "next-generation" Kir channel modulators that are both potent and specific for their targets. In this article, we review recent efforts focused specifically on discovery and improvement of target-selective molecular probes. The reader is introduced to fluorescence-based thallium flux assays that have enabled much of this work and then provided with an overview of progress made toward developing modulators of Kir1.1 (VU590, VU591), Kir2.x (ML133), Kir3.X (ML297, GAT1508, GiGA1, VU059331), Kir4.1 (VU0134992), and Kir7.1 (ML418). We discuss what is known about the small molecules' molecular mechanisms of action, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, and then close with our view of what critical work remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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4
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5
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Abstract
Incorporation of heterocycles into drug molecules can enhance physical properties and biological activity. A variety of heterocyclic groups is available to medicinal chemists, many of which have been reviewed in detail elsewhere. Oxadiazoles are a class of heterocycle containing one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms, available in three isomeric forms. While the 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles have seen widespread application in medicinal chemistry, 1,2,5-oxadiazoles (furazans) are less common. This Review provides a summary of the application of furazan-containing molecules in medicinal chemistry and drug development programs from analysis of both patent and academic literature. Emphasis is placed on programs that reached clinical or preclinical stages of development. The examples provided herein describe the pharmacology and biological activity of furazan derivatives with comparative data provided where possible for other heterocyclic groups and pharmacophores commonly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Treventis Corporation, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
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6
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Ruck RT, Chen Q, Rivera N, Kong J, Mangion IK, Tan L, Fleitz FJ. Bio- and Chemocatalysis for the Synthesis of Late Stage SAR-Enabling Intermediates for ROMK Inhibitors and MK-7145 for the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nelo Rivera
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jongrock Kong
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian K. Mangion
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Fred J. Fleitz
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Tseng CC, Baillie G, Donvito G, Mustafa MA, Juola SE, Zanato C, Massarenti C, Dall'Angelo S, Harrison WTA, Lichtman AH, Ross RA, Zanda M, Greig IR. The Trifluoromethyl Group as a Bioisosteric Replacement of the Aliphatic Nitro Group in CB 1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5049-5062. [PMID: 31050898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The first generation of CB1 positive allosteric modulators (e.g., ZCZ011) featured a 3-nitroalkyl-2-phenyl-indole structure. Although a small number of drugs include the nitro group, it is generally not regarded as being "drug-like", and this is particularly true for aliphatic nitro groups. There are very few case studies where an appropriate bioisostere replaced a nitro group that had a direct role in binding. This may be indicative of the difficulty of replicating its binding interactions. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of ligands targeting the allosteric binding site on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, in which a CF3 group successfully replaced the aliphatic NO2. In general, the CF3-bearing compounds were more potent than their NO2 equivalents and also showed improved in vitro metabolic stability. The CF3 analogue (1) with the best balance of properties was selected for further pharmacological evaluation. Pilot in vivo studies showed that (±)-1 has similar activity to (±)-ZCZ011, with both showing promising efficacy in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Tseng
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K
| | - Gemma Baillie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Zanato
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K
| | - Chiara Massarenti
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K
| | - William T A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry , University of Aberdeen , Meston Walk, Aberdeen , AB24 3UE Scotland, U.K
| | | | - Ruth A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K.,C.N.R. - I.C.R.M. , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milan , Italy
| | - Iain R Greig
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen , AB25 2ZD Scotland, U.K
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8
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Aretz CD, Vadukoot AK, Hopkins CR. Discovery of Small Molecule Renal Outer Medullary Potassium (ROMK) Channel Inhibitors: A Brief History of Medicinal Chemistry Approaches To Develop Novel Diuretic Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8682-8694. [PMID: 31034224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel is a member of the inwardly rectifying family of potassium (Kir, Kir1.1) channels. It is primarily expressed in two regions of the kidney, the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and the thick ascending loop of Henle (TALH). At the CCD it tightly regulates potassium secretion while controlling potassium recycling in TALH. As loss-of-function mutations lead to salt wasting and low blood pressure, it has been surmised that inhibitors of ROMK would represent a target for new and improved diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. In this review, we discuss and provide an overview of the medicinal chemistry approaches toward the development of small molecule ROMK inhibitors over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Aretz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Anish K Vadukoot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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9
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Sammons MF, Kharade SV, Filipski KJ, Boehm M, Smith AC, Shavnya A, Fernando DP, Dowling MS, Carpino PA, Castle NA, Zellmer SG, Antonio BM, Gosset JR, Carlo A, Denton JS. Discovery and in Vitro Optimization of 3-Sulfamoylbenzamides as ROMK Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:125-130. [PMID: 29456800 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) show promise as novel mechanism diuretics, with potentially lower risk of diuretic-induced hypokalemia relative to current thiazide and loop diuretics. Here, we report the identification of a novel series of 3-sulfamoylbenzamide ROMK inhibitors. Starting from HTS hit 4, this series was optimized to provide ROMK inhibitors with good in vitro potencies and well-balanced ADME profiles. In contrast to previously reported small-molecule ROMK inhibitors, members of this series were demonstrated to be highly selective for inhibition of human over rat ROMK and to be insensitive to the N171D pore mutation that abolishes inhibitory activity of previously reported ROMK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Sammons
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sujay V. Kharade
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin J. Filipski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie P. Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S. Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Neil A. Castle
- Neusentis, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Shannon G. Zellmer
- Neusentis, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Brett M. Antonio
- Neusentis, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - James R. Gosset
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jerod S. Denton
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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10
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The therapeutic potential of targeting the K ir1.1 (renal outer medullary K +) channel. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1963-1977. [PMID: 29076349 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kir1.1 (renal outer medullary K+) channels are potassium channels expressed almost exclusively in the kidney and play a role in the body's electrolyte and water balance. Potassium efflux through Kir1.1 compliments the role of transporters and sodium channels that are the targets of known diuretics. Consequently, loss-of-function mutations in men and rodents are associated with salt wasting and low blood pressure. On this basis, Kir1.1 inhibitors may have value in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Efforts to develop small molecule Kir1.1 inhibitors produced MK-7145, which entered into clinical trials. The present manuscript describes the structure-activity relationships associated with this scaffold alongside other preclinical Kir1.1 blockers.
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11
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Improvement of hERG-ROMK index of spirocyclic ROMK inhibitors through scaffold optimization and incorporation of novel pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2559-2566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Chobanian HR, Guo Y, Pio B, Tang H, Teumelsan N, Clements M, Frie J, Ferguson R, Guo Z, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Felix JP, Liu J, Kohler M, Priest B, Hampton C, Pai LY, Corona A, Metzger J, Tong V, Joshi EM, Xu L, Owens K, Maloney K, Sullivan K, Pasternak A. The design and synthesis of novel spirocyclic heterocyclic sulfone ROMK inhibitors as diuretics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1109-1114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Discovery of a potent and selective ROMK inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties based on an octahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5695-5702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Hampton C, Zhou X, Priest BT, Pai LY, Felix JP, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Kohler M, Xiao J, Corona A, Price O, Gill C, Shah K, Rasa C, Tong V, Owens K, Ormes J, Tang H, Roy S, Sullivan KA, Metzger JM, Alonso-Galicia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A, Garcia ML. The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor, MK-7145, Lowers Blood Pressure, and Manifests Features of Bartters Syndrome Type II Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 359:194-206. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Tang H, Zhu Y, Teumelsan N, Walsh S, Shahripour A, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Felix JP, Brochu R, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Pai LY, Hampton C, Corona A, Hernandez M, Metzger J, Forrest M, Zhou X, Owens K, Tong V, Parmee E, Roy S, Kaczorowski G, Yang L, Alonso-Galicia M, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Discovery of MK-7145, an Oral Small Molecule ROMK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:697-701. [PMID: 27437080 PMCID: PMC4948008 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ROMK, the renal outer medullary potassium channel, is involved in potassium recycling at the thick ascending loop of Henle and potassium secretion at the cortical collecting duct in the kidney nephron. Because of this dual site of action, selective inhibitors of ROMK are expected to represent a new class of diuretics/natriuretics with superior efficacy and reduced urinary loss of potassium compared to standard-of-care loop and thiazide diuretics. Following our earlier work, this communication will detail subsequent medicinal chemistry endeavors to further improve lead selectivity against the hERG channel and preclinical pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmacological assessment of highlighted inhibitors will be described, including pharmacodynamic studies in both an acute rat diuresis/natriuresis model and a subchronic blood pressure model in spontaneous hypertensive rats. These proof-of-biology studies established for the first time that the human and rodent genetics accurately predict the in vivo pharmacology of ROMK inhibitors and supported identification of the first small molecule ROMK inhibitor clinical candidate, MK-7145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Tang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nardos Teumelsan
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shawn
P. Walsh
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Birgit T. Priest
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew M. Swensen
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Felix
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard
M. Brochu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Bailey
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Caryn Hampton
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aaron Corona
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melba Hernandez
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Metzger
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Forrest
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Karen Owens
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma Parmee
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sophie Roy
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregory
J. Kaczorowski
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Magdalena Alonso-Galicia
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria L. Garcia
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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16
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Li X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, He W, Wan H, Zhang L, Hu Q, Feng J, Yuan J, Dong Q, Cao G, Zhang L, He F, Bai C, Tao W. WITHDRAWN: Discovery of SHR1977: A highly potent and selective ROMK inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016:S0960-894X(16)30683-7. [PMID: 27377326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qiyue Hu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jijun Yuan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China; Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Lianyungang 222047, China
| | - Feng He
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Chang Bai
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Weikang Tao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
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17
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Walsh SP, Shahripour A, Tang H, de Jesus RK, Teumelsan N, Zhu Y, Frie J, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Alonso-Galicia M, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Zhou X, Pai LY, Hampton C, Hernandez M, Owens K, Ehrhart J, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Yang L, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Differentiation of ROMK potency from hERG potency in the phenacetyl piperazine series through heterocycle incorporation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2339-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Swale DR, Sheehan JH, Banerjee S, Husni AS, Nguyen TT, Meiler J, Denton JS. Computational and functional analyses of a small-molecule binding site in ROMK. Biophys J 2016; 108:1094-103. [PMID: 25762321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK, or Kir1.1, encoded by KCNJ1) critically regulates renal tubule electrolyte and water transport and hence blood volume and pressure. The discovery of loss-of-function mutations in KCNJ1 underlying renal salt and water wasting and lower blood pressure has sparked interest in developing new classes of antihypertensive diuretics targeting ROMK. The recent development of nanomolar-affinity small-molecule inhibitors of ROMK creates opportunities for exploring the chemical and physical basis of ligand-channel interactions required for selective ROMK inhibition. We previously reported that the bis-nitro-phenyl ROMK inhibitor VU591 exhibits voltage-dependent knock-off at hyperpolarizing potentials, suggesting that the binding site is located within the ion-conduction pore. In this study, comparative molecular modeling and in silico ligand docking were used to interrogate the full-length ROMK pore for energetically favorable VU591 binding sites. Cluster analysis of 2498 low-energy poses resulting from 9900 Monte Carlo docking trajectories on each of 10 conformationally distinct ROMK comparative homology models identified two putative binding sites in the transmembrane pore that were subsequently tested for a role in VU591-dependent inhibition using site-directed mutagenesis and patch-clamp electrophysiology. Introduction of mutations into the lower site had no effect on the sensitivity of the channel to VU591. In contrast, mutations of Val(168) or Asn(171) in the upper site, which are unique to ROMK within the Kir channel family, led to a dramatic reduction in VU591 sensitivity. This study highlights the utility of computational modeling for defining ligand-ROMK interactions and proposes a mechanism for inhibition of ROMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Swale
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sreedatta Banerjee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Afeef S Husni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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19
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Walsh SP, Shahripour A, Tang H, Teumelsan N, Frie J, Zhu Y, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Liu J, Margulis M, Visconti R, Weinglass A, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Pai LY, Corona A, Hampton C, Hernandez M, Bentley R, Chen J, Shah K, Metzger J, Forrest M, Owens K, Tong V, Ha S, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Yang L, Parmee E, Garcia ML, Sullivan K, Pasternak A. Discovery of a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Preclinical Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:747-52. [PMID: 26191360 DOI: 10.1021/ml500440u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new subseries of ROMK inhibitors exemplified by 28 has been developed from the initial screening hit 1. The excellent selectivity for ROMK inhibition over related ion channels and pharmacokinetic properties across preclinical species support further preclinical evaluation of 28 as a new mechanism diuretic. Robust pharmacodynamic effects in both SD rats and dogs have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Walsh
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nardos Teumelsan
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jessica Frie
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihu Yang
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma Parmee
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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20
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Martelli A, Testai L, Breschi MC, Calderone V. Inhibitors of the renal outer medullary potassium channel: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1035-51. [PMID: 26004420 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension represents a substantial cardiovascular risk factor. Among anti-hypertensive drugs, diuretics play an important role. Nevertheless, they present adverse effects such as hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. In this panorama, inhibitors of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels are emerging because they are predicted to give a diuretic/natriuretic activity higher than that provided by loop diuretics, without hypokaliemic and hyperkaliemic side effects. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current literature, including all the patents published in the field of inhibitors of the ROMK channels for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and correlated diseases. The patent examination has been carried out using electronic databases Espacenet. EXPERT OPINION Although anti-hypertensive drugs armamentarium enumerates a plethora of therapeutic classes, including diuretics, the novel class of ROMK inhibitors may find a place in this crowded market, because of the diuretic/natriuretic effects, devoid of worrying influence on potassium balance. The patent examination highlights, as a strength, the individuation of a successful template: almost all the compounds show noteworthy potency. However, only few selected compounds underwent an in vivo investigation of diuretic and anti-hypertensive activities, and no data on the hERG channel are given in these patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- a 1 Department of Pharmacy , via Bonanno 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy +39 50 2219598 ; +39 50 2210680 ;
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21
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Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
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22
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Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ. Targeting the inward-rectifier potassium channel ROMK in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 15:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Garcia ML, Priest BT, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Swensen A, Pai LY, Xiao J, Hernandez M, Hoagland K, Owens K, Tang H, de Jesus RK, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A. Pharmacologic inhibition of the renal outer medullary potassium channel causes diuresis and natriuresis in the absence of kaliuresis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:153-64. [PMID: 24142912 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, which is located at the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining the thick ascending loop of Henle and cortical collecting duct, plays an important role in kidney physiology by regulating salt reabsorption. Loss-of-function mutations in the human ROMK channel are associated with antenatal type II Bartter's syndrome, an autosomal recessive life-threatening salt-wasting disorder with mild hypokalemia. Similar observations have been reported from studies with ROMK knockout mice and rats. It is noteworthy that heterozygous carriers of Kir1.1 mutations associated with antenatal Bartter's syndrome have reduced blood pressure and a decreased risk of developing hypertension by age 60. Although selective ROMK inhibitors would be expected to represent a new class of diuretics, this hypothesis has not been pharmacologically tested. Compound A [5-(2-(4-(2-(4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one)], a potent ROMK inhibitor with appropriate selectivity and characteristics for in vivo testing, has been identified. Compound A accesses the channel through the cytoplasmic side and binds to residues lining the pore within the transmembrane region below the selectivity filter. In normotensive rats and dogs, short-term oral administration of compound A caused concentration-dependent diuresis and natriuresis that were comparable to hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, however, compound A did not cause any significant urinary potassium losses or changes in plasma electrolyte levels. These data indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of ROMK has the potential for affording diuretic/natriuretic efficacy similar to that of clinically used diuretics but without the dose-limiting hypokalemia associated with the use of loop and thiazide-like diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Garcia
- Departments of Ion Channels (M.L.G., B.T.P., J.P.F., R.M.B., T.B., B.T.-F., J.L., A.S., G.J.K.), Hypertension (M.A.-G., X.Z., L.-Y.P., J.X., M.H., S.R.), Drug Metabolism (K.O.), and Medicinal Chemistry (H.T., R. K.J., A.P.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey; and Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (K.H.)
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