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Latli B, Reeves JT, Tan Z, Hrapchak M, Song JJ, Busacca CB, Senanayake CH. Synthesis of two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists labeled with carbon-14 and stable isotopes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:445-52. [PMID: 26391408 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists were prepared labeled with carbon-14 and with stable isotopes to perform drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioanalytical studies. Carbon-14 labeled (1) was obtained from an enantiopure alkyne (5) via a Sonogashira coupling to a previously reported 5-amino-4-iodo-[2-(14)C]pyrimidine [(14)C]-(6), followed by a base-mediated cyclization (1) in 72% overall radiochemical yield. Carbon-14 labeled (2) was prepared in five steps employing a key benzoic acid intermediate [(14)C]-(13), which was synthesized in one pot from enolization of trifluoromethylketone (12), followed by bromine-magnesium exchange and then electrophile trapping reaction with [(14)C]-carbon dioxide. A chiral auxiliary (S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine was then coupled to this acid to give [(14)C]-(15). Propargylation and separation of diastereoisomers by crystallizations gave the desired diastereomer [(14)C]-(17) in 34% yield. Sonogashira coupling to iodopyridine (10) followed by cyclization to the azaindole [(14)C]-(18) and finally removal of the chiral auxiliary gave [(14)C]-(2) in 7% overall yield. For stable isotope syntheses, [(13)C6]-(1) was obtained in three steps using [(13)C4]-(6) and trimethylsilylacetylene-[(13)C2] in 26% yield, while [(2)H5]-(2) was obtained by first preparing the iodopyridine [(2)H5]-(10) in five steps. Then, Sonogashira coupling to chiral alkyne (24) and cyclization gave [(2)H5]-(2) in 42% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Latli
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan T Reeves
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zhulin Tan
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Matt Hrapchak
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jinhua J Song
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Carl B Busacca
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Abstract
There are many reported examples of small structural modifications to GPCR-targeted ligands leading to major changes in their functional activity, converting agonists into antagonists or vice versa. These shifts in functional activity are often accompanied by negligible changes in binding affinity. The current perspective focuses on outlining and analyzing various approaches that have been used to interconvert GPCR agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists in order to achieve the intended functional activity at a GPCR of therapeutic interest. An improved understanding of specific structural modifications that are likely to alter the functional activity of a GPCR ligand may be of use to researchers designing GPCR-targeted drugs and/or probe compounds, specifically in cases where a particular ligand exhibits good potency but not the preferred functional activity at the GPCR of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Westergaard CG, Porsbjerg C, Backer V. Emerging corticosteroid agonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20:653-62. [PMID: 26108455 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is one of the most frequent chronic diseases worldwide. For decades, asthma has been treated with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, adverse effects of ICS and disease heterogeneity necessitate improvements in the existing treatment regimes. Recently approved ICS show improved pharmocodynamic properties. Nevertheless, emerging drugs acting on the same receptor as the ICS, glucocorticoid receptor agonists (GRAs), are under current research. These drugs exhibit selective action on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may improve their adverse effect profile, compared to the currently approved ICS that act unselectively on the GR. AREAS COVERED The present article reviews emerging GRAs for the treatment of asthma. Furthermore, the more recently approved ICS with improved safety profiles are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Compared with drugs acting on other pathological pathways, research in GRAs for asthma is sparse. However, a few promising agents acting selectively on the GR are currently under investigation and may reach approval for asthma treatment. These drugs exhibit improved pharmacodynamic properties due to selectivity in the mechanism of action, including promotion of transrepression and reduction of transactivation. However, competition from already approved ICS and other emerging treatment options may lead to cessation of development of the new GRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Westergaard
- a Bispebjerg University Hospital, Respiratory Research Unit , Copenhagen, Denmark +45 3531 3569 ; +45 3531 2179 ;
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- a Bispebjerg University Hospital, Respiratory Research Unit , Copenhagen, Denmark +45 3531 3569 ; +45 3531 2179 ;
| | - Vibeke Backer
- a Bispebjerg University Hospital, Respiratory Research Unit , Copenhagen, Denmark +45 3531 3569 ; +45 3531 2179 ;
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Westergaard CG, Porsbjerg C, Backer V. Emerging corticosteroid agonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.10.1517/14728214.2015.1061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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