Synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclopentyl-triazolol-pyrimidine (CPTP) based P2Y12 antagonists

A practical and cost-effective approach to polysubstituted pyrimidine derivatives via DBU mediated redox isomerization of propargyl alcohol and subsequent N-C-N fragment condensation

A straightforward, efficient yet effortless approach for the synthesis of structurally important triarylated pyrimidine derivatives has been successfully developed using secondary propargyl alcohol and commercially available amidines under mild basic...

Synthesis and biological evaluation of N 6 derivatives of 8-azapurine as novel antiplatelet agents

Two series of novel N 6 derivatives of 8-azapurine I and II were designed as antiplatelet agents. Series I and II were N 6 amino derivatives and N 6 hydrazone derivatives of 8-azapurine, respectively. The compounds were synthesized in acceptable yields via conventional procedures, including nucleophilic substitution, diazotization, and amination or hydrazonation with amino alcohol and 4,6-dichloropyrimidine as starting materials. To assess the ability of the synthesized compounds as antiplatelet agents, the ADP-induced platelet aggregation assay of Born was performed both in vitro and in vivo using ticagrelor as a reference control substance. The analysis of the structure-activity relationship and molecular docking were also discussed in detail. The results demonstrated that series I and II compounds exhibited antiplatelet activity in vitro and IIh was the most active compound (IC50 = 0.20 μM) among the target compounds, being almost 4-fold better than ticagrelor (IC50 = 0.74 μM). For a preliminary assessment of the safety profile, a bleeding test (mouse tail) and a single-dose toxicity test were conducted. The use of compound IIh resulted in a shorter bleeding time, less blood loss and lower acute toxicity compared to ticagrelor. In addition, a molecular docking study was performed to investigate the binding capacity and binding mode between IIh and P2Y12.

Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development

P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.

Highly enantioselective bioreduction of 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-nitropropan-1-one: key intermediate of ticagrelor

A simple, highly effective and economical whole-cell mediated process was developed for the biocatalytic reduction of a ketone, intermediate in the synthesis of platelet inhibiting drug ticagrelor.

Modeling ligand recognition at the P2Y12 receptor in light of X-ray structural information

The G protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) is an important antithrombotic target and of great interest for pharmaceutical discovery. Its recently solved, highly divergent crystallographic structures in complex either with nucleotides (full or partial agonist) or with a nonnucleotide antagonist raise the question of which structure is more useful to understand ligand recognition. Therefore, we performed extensive molecular modeling studies based on these structures and mutagenesis, to predict the binding modes of major classes of P2Y12R ligands previously reported. Various nucleotide derivatives docked readily to the agonist-bound P2Y12R, but uncharged nucleotide-like antagonist ticagrelor required a hybrid receptor resembling the agonist-bound P2Y12R except for the top portion of TM6. Supervised molecular dynamics (SuMD) of ticagrelor binding indicated interactions with the extracellular regions of P2Y12R, defining possible meta-binding sites. Ureas, sulfonylureas, sulfonamides, anthraquinones and glutamic acid piperazines docked readily to the antagonist-bound P2Y12R. Docking dinucleotides at both agonist- and antagonist-bound structures suggested interactions with two P2Y12R pockets. Thus, our structure-based approach consistently rationalized the main structure-activity relationships within each ligand class, giving useful information for designing improved ligands.