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Lee H, Kim J, Koh M. Medium-Sized Ring Expansion Strategies: Enhancing Small-Molecule Library Development. Molecules 2024; 29:1562. [PMID: 38611841 PMCID: PMC11013129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of a small molecule library that includes compounds with medium-sized rings is increasingly essential in drug discovery. These compounds are essential for identifying novel therapeutic agents capable of targeting "undruggable" targets through high-throughput and high-content screening, given their structural complexity and diversity. However, synthesizing medium-sized rings presents notable challenges, particularly with direct cyclization methods, due to issues such as transannular strain and reduced degrees of freedom. This review presents an overview of current strategies in synthesizing medium-sized rings, emphasizing innovative approaches like ring-expansion reactions. It highlights the challenges of synthesis and the potential of these compounds to diversify the chemical space for drug discovery, underscoring the importance of medium-sized rings in developing new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwiyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Integrative Institute of Basic Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
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Hartman PJ, Cooke DL, Hsu HH, Stewart J, Sumi K, Yoshida Y, Hidaka H, Novack GD. Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Double-Masked, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Study of H-1337 Ophthalmic Solution for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2023; 6:198-205. [PMID: 36055467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ evaluation of an H-1337 ophthalmic solution in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). DESIGN This was a phase I/II, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, dose-response study conducted at 6 private practice sites in the United States. The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03452033. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-seven subjects with bilateral POAG or OHT were enrolled. METHODS After washout of ocular hypotensive medications as required, the subjects were randomized to receive either the H-1337 ophthalmic solution at 0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6% or its vehicle twice daily unilaterally in the study eye for the first 3 days and then twice daily in both eyes from day 4 to 28. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy end point was the mean change in intraocular pressure from baseline (day 0) for each group on day 28 at hour 4 compared with the vehicle. RESULTS In the primary efficacy end point, i.e., mean change from the baseline on day 28 at hour 4, the mean change from the baseline was - 4.45 ± 3.801, - 5.16 ± 3.114, - 4.93 ± 3.110, and - 0.39 ± 2.355 in the 0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.6% H-1337 and vehicle groups, respectively. The difference between each active group and the vehicle group was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 49% of subjects who received H-1337 (range, 41% [0.2% arm]-64% [0.6% arm] across the H-1337 arms) and 18% of subjects who received the vehicle. The majority of TEAEs were mild in severity; 3 subjects who received H-1337 had a TEAE of moderate intensity (instillation site erythema, blurred vision, and muscle strain). CONCLUSIONS The H-1337 ophthalmic solution showed clinically and statistically significant ocular hypotensive activity and was well tolerated, with a relatively low incidence of hyperemia. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry H Hsu
- Allysta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kengo Sumi
- D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc., Nagoya, Japan; Human Research Promotion and Drug Development, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshida
- D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc., Nagoya, Japan; Human Research Promotion and Drug Development, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Hidaka
- D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc., Nagoya, Japan; Human Research Promotion and Drug Development, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Gary D Novack
- PharmaLogic Development, Inc., San Rafael, California; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California.
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Kim GU, Cho H, Lee JK, Lee JY, Tae J, Min SJ, Kang T, Cho YS. Stereoselective synthesis of 1,6-diazecanes by a tandem aza-Prins type dimerization and cyclization process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:82-85. [PMID: 36475509 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the stereocontrolled synthesis of 1,6-diazecanes via a tandem aza-Prins type reaction of N-acyliminium ions with allylsilanes. It involves an aza-Prins type dimerization and cyclization in a single-step operation. This reaction represents the first example of 10-membered N-heterocycle synthesis using an aza-Prins reaction. Also, the interesting formation of an unusual tetracyclic compound through further cyclization of 1,6-diazecane and bicyclic compounds by the intramolecular cyclization of linear allylsilane are described. This tandem aza-Prins protocol provides a new synthetic strategy for the direct synthesis of medium-sized nitrogen heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Un Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Tae
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Seo Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Zhou L, Yu J, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang B, Mao H, Lv X. Catalyst-controlled cycloisomerization/[4+3] cycloaddition sequence to construct 2,3-furan-fused dihydroazepines and 2,3-pyrrole-fused dihydrooxepines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel catalyst-controlled cycloisomerization/[4+3]cycloaddition sequence of readily available acyclic enyne-amides and crotonate-derived sulfur ylides is reported. This strategy enables the rapid and efficient construction of a series of bicyclic 2,3-furan-fused...
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Yang G, Ke Y, Zhao Y. Stereoselective Access to Polyfunctionalized Nine‐Membered Heterocycles by Sequential Gold and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12775-12780. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ya‐Ming Ke
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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Yang G, Ke Y, Zhao Y. Stereoselective Access to Polyfunctionalized Nine‐Membered Heterocycles by Sequential Gold and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ya‐Ming Ke
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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Ouyang W, Rao J, Li Y, Liu X, Huo Y, Chen Q, Li X. Recent Achievements in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Concise Construction of Medium N‐Heterocycles, Azepines and Azocines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhang Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science Wuyi University Jiangmen 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohang Liu
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co., Ltd. No. 300, Jiangxinsha Road 200137 Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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Clarke AK, Unsworth WP. A happy medium: the synthesis of medicinally important medium-sized rings via ring expansion. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2876-2881. [PMID: 34122787 PMCID: PMC8152702 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-sized rings have much promise in medicinal chemistry, but are difficult to make using direct cyclisation methods. In this minireview, we highlight the value of ring expansion strategies to address this long-standing synthetic challenge. We have drawn on recent progress (post 2013) to highlight the key reaction design features that enable successful ‘normal-to-medium’ ring expansion for the synthesis of these medicinally important molecular frameworks, that are currently under-represented in compound screening collections and marketed drugs in view of their challenging syntheses. Ring expansion strategies are ideally suited to make synthetically challenging, medium-sized rings with much potential in medicinal chemistry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee K Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
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Boyd O, Wang G, Sokolova OO, Calow ADJ, Bertrand SM, Bower JF. Modular Access to Eight‐Membered N‐Heterocycles by Directed Carbonylative C−C Bond Activation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18844-18848. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Boyd
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Gang‐Wei Wang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Sophie M. Bertrand
- GlaxoSmithKline R&DMedicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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Boyd O, Wang G, Sokolova OO, Calow ADJ, Bertrand SM, Bower JF. Modular Access to Eight‐Membered N‐Heterocycles by Directed Carbonylative C−C Bond Activation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Boyd
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Gang‐Wei Wang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Sophie M. Bertrand
- GlaxoSmithKline R&DMedicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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Abbhi V, Saini L, Mishra S, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Piplani P. Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based Rho kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6071-6085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Role of the Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling pathway in pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma: Bench to bedside research. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:23-32. [PMID: 27593914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered to be a predominant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma, the most prevalent form of glaucoma. Although the etiological mechanisms responsible for increased IOP are not completely clear, impairment in aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the conventional or trabecular pathway is recognized to be a primary cause in glaucoma patients. Importantly, lowering of IOP has been demonstrated to reduce progression of vision loss and is a mainstay of treatment for all types of glaucoma. Currently however, there are limited therapeutic options available for lowering IOP especially as it relates to enhancement of AH outflow through the trabecular pathway. Towards addressing this challenge, bench and bedside research conducted over the course of the last decade and a half has identified the significance of inhibiting Rho kinase for lowering IOP. Rho kinase is a downstream effector of Rho GTPase signaling that regulates actomyosin dynamics in numerous cell types. Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that inhibition of Rho kinase lowers IOP via relaxation of the trabecular meshwork which enhances AH outflow. By contrast, activation of Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling in the trabecular outflow pathway increases IOP by altering the contractile, cell adhesive and permeability barrier characteristics of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal tissues, and by influencing extracellular matrix production and fibrotic activity. This article, written in honor of the late David Epstein, MD, summarizes findings from both basic and clinical studies that have been instrumental for recognition of the importance of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway in regulation of AH outflow, and in the development of Rho kinase inhibitors as promising IOP- lowering agents for glaucoma treatment.
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Synthetic approaches to the 2014 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1937-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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Mayol O, David S, Darii E, Debard A, Mariage A, Pellouin V, Petit JL, Salanoubat M, de Berardinis V, Zaparucha A, Vergne-Vaxelaire C. Asymmetric reductive amination by a wild-type amine dehydrogenase from the thermophilic bacteria Petrotoga mobilis. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic potential of a new wild-type amine dehydrogenase used in an enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of an enantiomerically pure primary amine.
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Daneshvar R, Amini N. Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors: Potential Future Treatments for Glaucoma. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:395-8. [PMID: 26539282 PMCID: PMC4598535 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Daneshvar
- Cornea Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Glaucoma, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Amini
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Van Tassel SH, Radcliffe NM, Demetriades AM. One Year of Glaucoma Research in Review-2013 to 2014. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2015; 4:228-35. [PMID: 26197218 PMCID: PMC4520779 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide the practicing clinical ophthalmologist with an update on relevant glaucoma literature published from 2013 to 2014. DESIGN This study is a literature review. METHODS The authors conducted a 1-year (October 1, 2013, to September 30, 2014) English-language glaucoma literature search on PubMed of articles containing "glaucoma" or "glaucomatous" with title/abstract as a filter. Medical subject headings filtered searching was not performed because of the newness of the reviewed material. RESULTS Literature search yielded 2314 articles, after which we excluded reviews and letters to the editor. We highlighted articles featuring new or updated approaches to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of glaucoma and gave preference to human research. CONCLUSIONS This review features literature that is of interest to ophthalmologists in practice and also highlights studies that may provide insight on future developments applicable to clinical ophthalmology.
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