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Hussain S, Daniels RS, Wharton SA, Howell S, Halai C, Kunzelmann S, Whittaker L, McCauley JW. Reduced sialidase activity of influenza A(H3N2) neuraminidase associated with positively charged amino acid substitutions. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34596510 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAI), oseltamivir and zanamivir, are the main antiviral medications for influenza and monitoring of susceptibility to these antivirals is routinely done by determining 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50) with MUNANA substrate. During 2010-2019, levels of A(H3N2) viruses presenting reduced NAI inhibition (RI) were low (~0.75 %) but varied year-on-year. The highest proportions of viruses showing RI were observed during the 2013-2014, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 Northern Hemisphere seasons. The majority of RI viruses were found to contain positively charged NA amino acid substitutions of N329K, K/S329R, S331R or S334R, being notably higher during the 2016-2017 season. Sialidase activity kinetics were determined for viruses of RI phenotype and contemporary wild-type (WT) viruses showing close genetic relatedness and displaying normal inhibition (NI). RI phenotypes resulted from reduced sialidase activity compared to relevant WT viruses. Those containing S329R or N329K or S331R showed markedly higher Km for the substrate and Ki values for NAIs, while those with S334R showed smaller effects. Substitutions at N329 and S331 disrupt a glycosylation sequon (NDS), confirmed to be utilised by mass spectrometry. However, gain of positive charge at all three positions was the major factor influencing the kinetic effects, not loss of glycosylation. Because of the altered enzyme characteristics NAs carrying these substitutions cannot be assessed reliably for susceptibility to NAIs using standard MUNANA-based assays due to reductions in the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate and the concentration of the substrate usually used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephen A Wharton
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steven Howell
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Chandrika Halai
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lynne Whittaker
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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DNA-linked inhibitor antibody assay (DIANA) as a new method for screening influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Biochem J 2018; 475:3847-3860. [PMID: 30404922 PMCID: PMC6292454 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza neuraminidase is responsible for the escape of new viral particles from the infected cell surface. Several neuraminidase inhibitors are used clinically to treat patients or stockpiled for emergencies. However, the increasing development of viral resistance against approved inhibitors has underscored the need for the development of new antivirals effective against resistant influenza strains. A facile, sensitive, and inexpensive screening method would help achieve this goal. Recently, we described a multiwell plate-based DNA-linked inhibitor antibody assay (DIANA). This highly sensitive method can quantify femtomolar concentrations of enzymes. DIANA also has been applied to high-throughput enzyme inhibitor screening, allowing the evaluation of inhibition constants from a single inhibitor concentration. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and structural characterization of a tamiphosphor derivative linked to a reporter DNA oligonucleotide for the development of a DIANA-type assay to screen potential influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. The neuraminidase is first captured by an immobilized antibody, and the test compound competes for binding to the enzyme with the oligo-linked detection probe, which is then quantified by qPCR. We validated this novel assay by comparing it with the standard fluorometric assay and demonstrated its usefulness for sensitive neuraminidase detection as well as high-throughput screening of potential new neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Benton DJ, Nans A, Calder LJ, Turner J, Neu U, Lin YP, Ketelaars E, Kallewaard NL, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Gamblin SJ, Rosenthal PB, Skehel JJ. Influenza hemagglutinin membrane anchor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10112-10117. [PMID: 30224494 PMCID: PMC6176637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810927115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses with membranes fuse them with cellular membranes, to transfer their genomes into cells at the beginning of infection. For Influenza virus, the membrane glycoprotein involved in fusion is the hemagglutinin (HA), the 3D structure of which is known from X-ray crystallographic studies. The soluble ectodomain fragments used in these studies lacked the "membrane anchor" portion of the molecule. Since this region has a role in membrane fusion, we have determined its structure by analyzing the intact, full-length molecule in a detergent micelle, using cryo-EM. We have also compared the structures of full-length HA-detergent micelles with full-length HA-Fab complex detergent micelles, to describe an infectivity-neutralizing monoclonal Fab that binds near the ectodomain membrane anchor junction. We determine a high-resolution HA structure which compares favorably in detail with the structure of the ectodomain seen by X-ray crystallography; we detect, clearly, all five carbohydrate side chains of HA; and we find that the ectodomain is joined to the membrane anchor by flexible, eight-residue-long, linkers. The linkers extend into the detergent micelle to join a central triple-helical structure that is a major component of the membrane anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Benton
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley J Calder
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Turner
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Neu
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Pu Lin
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Ketelaars
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Steven J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom;
| | - John J Skehel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom;
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Just J, Deans BJ, Olivier WJ, Paull B, Bissember AC, Smith JA. New Method for the Rapid Extraction of Natural Products: Efficient Isolation of Shikimic Acid from Star Anise. Org Lett 2015; 17:2428-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Just
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Bianca J. Deans
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Wesley J. Olivier
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Physical Sciences
− Chemistry and ‡Australian Centre for Research on
Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Somasundaram B, Fee CJ, Fredericks R, Watson AJA, Fairbanks AJ, Hall RJ. A surface plasmon resonance assay for measurement of neuraminidase inhibition, sensitivity of wild-type influenza neuraminidase and its H274Y mutant to the antiviral drugs zanamivir and oseltamivir. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:521-7. [PMID: 25727669 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral resistance is currently monitored by a labelled enzymatic assay, which can give inconsistent results because of the short half-life of the labelled product, and variations in assay conditions. In this paper, we describe a competitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) inhibition assay for measuring the sensitivities of wild-type neuraminidase (WT NA) and the H274Y (histidine 274 tyrosine) NA mutant to antiviral drugs. The two NA isoforms were expressed in High-five™ (Trichoplusia ni) insect cells. A spacer molecule (1,6-hexanediamine (HDA)) was conjugated to the 7-hydroxyl group of zanamivir, and the construct (HDA-zanamivir) was immobilized onto a SPR sensor chip to obtain a final immobilization response of 431 response units. The immobilized HDA-zanamivir comprised a bio-specific ligand for the WT and mutant proteins. The effects of the natural substrate (sialic acid) and two inhibitors (zanamivir and oseltamivir) on NA binding to the immobilized ligand were studied. The processed SPR data was analysed to determine 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50-spr ), using a log dose-response curve fit. Although both NA isoforms had almost identical IC50-spr values for sialic acid (WT = 5.5 nM; H274Y mutant = 3.25 nM) and zanamivir (WT = 2.16 nM; H274Y mutant = 2.42 nM), there were significant differences between the IC50-spr values obtained for the WT (7.7 nM) and H274Y mutant (256 nM) NA in the presence of oseltamivir, indicating that oseltamivir has a reduced affinity for the H274Y mutant. The SPR inhibition assay strategy presented in this work could be applied for the rapid screening of newly emerging variants of NA for their sensitivity to antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Somasundaram
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Conan J Fee
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Rayleen Fredericks
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J A Watson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Hall
- National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease (NCBID), Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), 66 Ward Street, 5018, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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