1
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Thakurdesai A, Rivera-Matos L, Nagra N, Busch B, Mais DD, Cave MC. Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury Due to Self-administration of the Veterinary Anthelmintic Medication, Fenbendazole. ACG Case Rep J 2024; 11:e01354. [PMID: 38706451 PMCID: PMC11068125 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fenbendazole is an anthelmintic agent approved for veterinary applications. Even though it is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for human use, such use appears to be increasing due to the popularization of fenbendazole's potential anticancer effects by social media. We describe the first case of histologically confirmed severe drug-induced liver injury, hepatocellular pattern, associated with the self-administration of fenbendazole in a 67-year-old woman who presented with 2 weeks of jaundice. Liver function tests normalized in 3 months after the cessation of fenbendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Rivera-Matos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Navroop Nagra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Brandon Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Daniel D. Mais
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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2
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Yang Y, Cao Y, Yu J, Yu X, Guo Y, Wang F, Ren Q, Li C. Design and synthesis of novel 3-amino-5-phenylpyrazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors targeting the colchicine-binding site. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116177. [PMID: 38280356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As the basic unit of microtubules, tubulin is one of the most important targets in the study of anticarcinogens. A novel series of 3-amino-5-phenylpyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized, and evaluates for their biological activities. Among them, a majority of compounds exerted excellent inhibitory activities against five cancer cell lines in vitro. Especially, compound 5b showed a strong antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells, with IC50 value of 38.37 nM. Further research indicated that compound 5b can inhibit the polymerization of tubulin targeting the tubulin colchicine-binding sites. Furthermore, 5b could arrest MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase and induce MCF-7 cells apoptotic in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manners, and regulate the level of related proteins expression. Besides, compound 5b could inhibit the cancer cell migration and angiogenesis. In addition, 5b could inhibit tumor growth in MCF-7 xenograft model without obvious toxicity. All these results indicating that 5b could be a promising antitumor agent targeting tubulin colchicine-binding site and it was worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20 Xisi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, 226001, PR China
| | - Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Xinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Qingjia Ren
- Tibetan Medicine Research Institute, Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Tibet, 850000, PR China.
| | - Caolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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3
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Cano-González L, Espinosa-Mendoza JD, Matadamas-Martínez F, Romero-Velásquez A, Flores-Ramos M, Colorado-Pablo LF, Cerbón-Cervantes MA, Castillo R, González-Sánchez I, Yépez-Mulia L, Hernández-Campos A, Aguayo-Ortiz R. Structure-Based Optimization of Carbendazim-Derived Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors through Alchemical Free Energy Calculations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7228-7238. [PMID: 37947759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim derivatives, commonly used as antiparasitic drugs, have shown potential as anticancer agents due to their ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Crystallographic structures of α/β-tubulin multimers complexed with nocodazole and mebendazole, two carbendazim derivatives with potent anticancer activity, highlighted the possibility of designing compounds that occupy both benzimidazole- and colchicine-binding sites. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of a phenoxy group at position 5/6 of carbendazim increases the antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines. Despite the significant progress made in identifying new tubulin-targeting anticancer compounds, further modifications are needed to enhance their potency and safety. In this study, we explored the impact of modifying the phenoxy substitution pattern on antiproliferative activity. Alchemical free energy calculations were used to predict the binding free energy difference upon ligand modification and define the most viable path for structure optimization. Based on these calculations, seven compounds were synthesized and evaluated against lung and colon cancer cell lines. Our results showed that compound 5a, which incorporates an α-naphthyloxy substitution, exhibits the highest antiproliferative activity against both cancer lines (SK-LU-1 and SW620, IC50 < 100 nM) and induces morphological changes in the cells associated with mitotic arrest and mitotic catastrophe. Nevertheless, the tubulin polymerization assay showed that 5a has a lower inhibitory potency than nocodazole. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that this low antitubulin activity could be associated with the loss of the key H-bond interaction with V236. This study provides insights into the design of novel carbendazim derivatives with anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cano-González
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Johan D Espinosa-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Ariana Romero-Velásquez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Flores-Ramos
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán 97357, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Colorado-Pablo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ignacio González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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4
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Chung NT, Dung VC, Duc DX. Recent achievements in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32734-32771. [PMID: 37942457 PMCID: PMC10628531 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. The condensation between 1,2-benzenediamine and aldehydes has received intensive interest, while many novel methods have been developed. In this article, we will give a comprehensive review of studies on the synthesis of benzimidazole, which date back to 2013. We have also tried to describe reaction mechanisms as much as we can. The work might be useful for chemists who work in the synthesis of heterocycles or drug chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Vo Cong Dung
- Centre for Education Accreditation, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Dau Xuan Duc
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
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Khushal A, Farooq U, Khan S, Rasul A, Wani TA, Zargar S, Shahzad SA, Bukhari SM, Khan NA. Bioactivity-Guided Synthesis: In Silico and In Vitro Studies of β-Glucosidase Inhibitors to Cope with Hepatic Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2023; 28:6548. [PMID: 37764324 PMCID: PMC10538174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of hyperglycemia can generally be attributed to β-glucosidase as per its involvement in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This clinical condition leads to liver carcinoma (HepG2 cancer). The phthalimides and phthalamic acid classes possess inhibitory potential against glucosidase, forming the basis for designing new phthalimide and phthalamic acid analogs to test their ability as potent inhibitors of β-glucosidase. The study also covers in silico (molecular docking and MD simulations) and in vitro (β-glucosidase and HepG2 cancer cell line assays) analyses. The phthalimide and phthalamic acid derivatives were synthesized, followed by spectroscopic characterization. The mechanistic complexities associated with β-glucosidase inhibition were identified via the docking of the synthesized compounds inside the active site of the protein, and the results were analyzed in terms of the best binding energy and appropriate docking pose. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to extensive MD simulation studies to understand the mode of interaction of the synthesized compounds and binding energies, as well as the contribution of individual residues towards binding affinities. Lower RMSD/RMSF values were observed for 2c and 3c, respectively, in the active site, confirming more stabilized, ligand-bound complexes when compared to the free state. An anisotropic network model was used to unravel the role of loop fluctuation in the context of ligand binding and the dynamics that are distinct to the bound and free states, supported by a 3D surface plot. An in vitro study revealed that 1c (IC50 = 1.26 µM) is far better than standard acarbose (2.15 µM), confirming the potential of this compound against the target protein. Given the appreciable potential of the candidate compounds against β-glucosidase, the synthesized compounds were further tested for their cytotoxic activity against hepatic carcinoma on HepG2 cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity profile of the synthesized compounds was performed against HepG2 cancer cell lines. The resultant IC50 value (0.048 µM) for 3c is better than the standard (thalidomide: IC50 0.053 µM). The results promise the hypothesis that the synthesized compounds might become potential drug candidates, given the fact that the β-glucosidase inhibition of 1c is 40% better than the standard, whereas compound 3c holds more anti-tumor activity (greater than 9%) against the HepG2 cell line than the known drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Khushal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Syed Majid Bukhari
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nazeer Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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6
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Eugui M, Lucero V, do Carmo H, Cabrera M, Moyna G. Synthesis and antitumoral evaluation of natural product-like compounds based on tropolone and benzotropolone derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200305. [PMID: 36481876 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the preparation of a series of novel natural product-like homobarrelenones, norcaranes, and dihydrofluorenones through a diversity-oriented synthetic (DOS) strategy that combines Diels-Alder reactions and phototransformations, as well as their biological evaluation against MCF-7, HT-29, and NCI-H460 human tumor cells. Six of these demonstrated activities in the micromolar range against the three cell lines, and none were predicted as cytotoxic against human nontumor cells according to in silico studies. In addition, within the set of active derivatives, three exhibited low unspecific cytotoxicity in a sperm motility assay. The rich functionality of the new compounds makes them ideal candidates for exhaustive structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Eugui
- Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Lucero
- Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Hugo do Carmo
- Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Moyna
- Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
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7
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Padilla-Martínez II, Cruz A, García-Báez EV, Rosales-Hernández MC, Mendieta Wejebe JE. N-substitution Reactions of 2-Aminobenzimidazoles to Access Pharmacophores. Curr Org Synth 2023; 20:177-219. [PMID: 35272598 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220310124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole (BI) and its derivatives are interesting molecules in medicinal chemistry because several of these compounds have a diversity of biological activities and some of them are even used in clinical applications. In view of the importance of these compounds, synthetic chemists are still interested in finding new procedures for the synthesis of these classes of compounds. Astemizole (antihistaminic), Omeprazole (antiulcerative), and Rabendazole (fungicide) are important examples of compounds used in medicinal chemistry containing BI nuclei. It is interesting to observe that several of these compounds contain 2-aminobenzimidazole (2ABI) as the base nucleus. The structures of 2ABI derivatives are interesting because they have a planar delocalized structure with a cyclic guanidine group, which have three nitrogen atoms with free lone pairs and labile hydrogen atoms. The 10-π electron system of the aromatic BI ring conjugated with the nitrogen lone pair of the hexocyclic amino group, making these heterocycles to have an amphoteric character. Synthetic chemists have used 2ABI as a building block to produce BI derivatives as medicinally important molecules. In view of the importance of the BIs, and because no review was found in the literature about this topic, we reviewed and summarized the procedures related to the recent methodologies used in the N-substitution reactions of 2ABIs by using aliphatic and aromatic halogenides, dihalogenides, acid chlorides, alkylsulfonic chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, ethyl chloroformates, anhydrides, SMe-isothioureas, alcohols, alkyl cyanates, thiocyanates, carbon disulfide and aldehydes or ketones to form Schiff bases. The use of diazotized 2ABI as intermediate to obtain 2-diazoBIs was included to produce Nsubstituted 2ABIs of pharmacological interest. Some commentaries about their biological activity were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzia I Padilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México, 07340, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México, 07340, Mexico
| | - Efrén V García-Báez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México, 07340, Mexico
| | - Martha C Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Distrito Federal 11340, México
| | - Jessica E Mendieta Wejebe
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Distrito Federal 11340, México
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8
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Akbaba Y, Kacı FN, Göksu S. Substituted Tetrahydronaphthalen‐1‐yl‐phenethyl Ureas: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluations. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Akbaba
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Science Erzurum Technical University 25100 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Fatma Necmiye Kacı
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics Faculty of Science Erzurum Technical University 25100 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Süleyman Göksu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Atatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
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9
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Laxmikeshav K, Himaja A, Shankaraiah N. Exploration of benzimidazoles as potential microtubule modulators: An insight in the synthetic and therapeutic evolution. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Liu W, He M, Li Y, Peng Z, Wang G. A review on synthetic chalcone derivatives as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:9-38. [PMID: 34894980 PMCID: PMC8667932 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1976772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play an important role in the process of cell mitosis and can form a spindle in the mitotic prophase of the cell, which can pull chromosomes to the ends of the cell and then divide into two daughter cells to complete the process of mitosis. Tubulin inhibitors suppress cell proliferation by inhibiting microtubule dynamics and disrupting microtubule homeostasis. Thereby inducing a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and interfering with the mitotic process. It has been found that a variety of chalcone derivatives can bind to microtubule proteins and disrupt the dynamic balance of microtubules, inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells, and exert anti-tumour effects. Consequently, a great number of studies have been conducted on chalcone derivatives targeting microtubule proteins. In this review, synthetic or natural chalcone microtubule inhibitors in recent years are described, along with their structure-activity relationship (SAR) for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyun Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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11
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Siddig LA, Khasawneh MA, Samadi A, Saadeh H, Abutaha N, Wadaan MA. Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A new series of urea and thiourea derivatives containing benzimidazole group as potential anticancer agents have been designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. In vitro anticancer assay against two breast cancer (BC) cell lines, MDA-MB-231ER(−)/PR(−) and MCF-7ER(+)/PR(+), revealed that the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)-3-p-tolylthiourea (7b) and 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide (5d) were higher in MCF-7 with IC50 values of 25.8 and 48.3 µM, respectively, as compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, 7b and 5d were assessed for their apoptotic potential using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and Caspase-3/7. After incubation with MCF-7, the compounds 7b and 5d induced apoptosis through caspase-3/7 activation. In conclusion, the compounds 7b and 5d are potential candidates for inducing apoptosis in different genotypic BC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia A. Siddig
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University , P.O. Box 15551 , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Khasawneh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University , P.O. Box 15551 , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelouahid Samadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University , P.O. Box 15551 , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Haythem Saadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University , P.O. Box 15551 , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Nael Abutaha
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2455 , Riyadh 11461 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Wadaan
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2455 , Riyadh 11461 , Saudi Arabia
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12
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Beč A, Hok L, Persoons L, Vanstreels E, Daelemans D, Vianello R, Hranjec M. Synthesis, Computational Analysis, and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Benzimidazole Acrylonitriles as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors: Part 2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1052. [PMID: 34681276 PMCID: PMC8540608 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We used classical linear and microwave-assisted synthesis methods to prepare novel N-substituted, benzimidazole-derived acrylonitriles with antiproliferative activity against several cancer cells in vitro. The most potent systems showed pronounced activity against all tested hematological cancer cell lines, with favorable selectivity towards normal cells. The selection of lead compounds was also tested in vitro for tubulin polymerization inhibition as a possible mechanism of biological action. A combination of docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the suitability of the employed organic skeleton for the design of antitumor drugs and demonstrated that their biological activity relies on binding to the colchicine binding site in tubulin. In addition, it also underlined that higher tubulin affinities are linked with (i) bulkier alkyl and aryl moieties on the benzimidazole nitrogen and (ii) electron-donating substituents on the phenyl group that allow deeper entrance into the hydrophobic pocket within the tubulin's β-subunit, consisting of Leu255, Leu248, Met259, Ala354, and Ile378 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Beč
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Hok
- Laboratory for the Computational Design and Synthesis of Functional Materials, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Leentje Persoons
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.P.); (E.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Els Vanstreels
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.P.); (E.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.P.); (E.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Robert Vianello
- Laboratory for the Computational Design and Synthesis of Functional Materials, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of 2-Benzimidazolyl-Urea with DPPC Lipid Membrane and Comparison with a Copper(II) Complex Derivative. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100743. [PMID: 34677508 PMCID: PMC8537910 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole derivatives have gained attention recently due to their wide pharmacological activity acting as anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, analgesic, and anti-aggregatory agents. They are also common ligands in transition metal coordination chemistry, forming complex compounds with enhanced biological properties, especially in targeted cancer therapy. A key issue to understand anti-tumour effects is drug permeability through cellular membranes, as poor permeability outcomes can avert further futile drug development. In this work, we conducted atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and biased MD simulations to explore the interactions of 2-benzimidazolyl-urea with a phospholipid bilayer (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC) together with a previously synthesized copper(II) complex compound. The aim was to study the permeability of these compounds by assessing their free energy profile along the bilayer normal. The simulations indicated that both the ligand (2-benzimidazolyl-urea, BZIMU) and the complex show a similar behaviour, yielding high energy barriers for the permeation process. However, with increasing concentration of BZIMU, the molecules tend to aggregate and form a cluster, leading to the formation of a pore. Clustering and pore formation can possibly explain the previously observed cytotoxicity of the BZIMU molecule via membrane damage.
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3-Alkenyl-2-oxindoles: Synthesis, antiproliferative and antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105131. [PMID: 34243074 PMCID: PMC8241580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sets of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles (6,10,13) were synthesized in a facile synthetic pathway through acid dehydration (EtOH/HCl) of the corresponding 3-hydroxy-2-oxoindolines (5,9,12). Single crystal (10a,c) and powder (12a,26f) X-ray studies supported the structures. Compounds 6c and 10b are the most effective agents synthesized (about 3.4, 3.3 folds, respectively) against PaCa2 (pancreatic) cancer cell line relative to the standard reference used (Sunitinib). Additionally, compound 10b reveals antiproliferative properties against MCF7 (breast) cancer cell with IC50 close to that of Sunitinib. CAM testing reveals that compounds 6 and 10 demonstrated qualitative and quantitative decreases in blood vessel count and diameter with efficacy comparable to that of Sunitinib, supporting their anti-angiogenic properties. Kinase inhibitory properties support their multi-targeted inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 and c-kit in similar behavior to that of Sunitinib. Cell cycle analysis studies utilizing MCF7 exhibit that compound 6b arrests the cell cycle at G1/S phase while, 10b reveals accumulation of the tested cell at S phase. Compounds 6a and 10b reveal potent antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 with high selectivity index relative to the standards (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine). Safe profile of the potent synthesized agents, against normal cells (VERO-E6, RPE1), support the possible development of better hits based on the attained observations.
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15
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Yamaguchi T, Shimizu J, Oya Y, Horio Y, Hida T. Drug-Induced Liver Injury in a Patient with Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer after the Self-Administration of Fenbendazole Based on Social Media Information. Case Rep Oncol 2021; 14:886-891. [PMID: 34248555 PMCID: PMC8255718 DOI: 10.1159/000516276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenbendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic agent, with a broad antiparasitic range in animals such as dogs and pigs. The agent is also reported to exert antitumor effects and inhibit microtubule-associated tubulin polymerization, but its safety and tolerability profile in humans remains unclear. An 80-year-old female patient with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was started on pembrolizumab monotherapy. The patient experienced severe liver injury 9 months later. An interview with her and her family revealed that she had been taking fenbendazole for a month, solely based on social media reports suggesting its effectiveness against cancer. After discontinuation of the self-administration of fenbendazole, the patient's liver dysfunction spontaneously resolved. The antitumor inhibitory effects of fenbendazole have been reported; however, she did not experience tumor shrinkage. This is the first case report of a patient with advanced NSCLC who self-administered the anthelmintic, fenbendazole. Twitter and Facebook are online social media platforms which have been constructively used to exchange information among cancer patients. However, sources of medical information on these platforms are often unproven, and it is difficult for nonmedical professionals to accurately select and filter complex medical information. Physicians should enquire patients about self-administration of orally ingested products, including dietary supplements, herbs, or bioactive compounds, in cases of unexpected adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Yamaguchi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Shimizu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Oya
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Horio
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Hida
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Mirzaei S, Eisvand F, Hadizadeh F, Mosaffa F, Ghodsi R. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 5,6,7-trimethoxy quinolines as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 23:1527-1537. [PMID: 33489025 PMCID: PMC7811808 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.43303.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): Microtubules have key roles in essential cellular processes such as mitosis, cell motion, and intracellular organelle transport. Increasing interest has been given to tubulin binding compounds after the introduction of taxanes into clinical oncology. The object of this study was synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5,6,7-trimethoxy quinolines as tubulin inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized compounds was assessed against different human cancer cell lines including MCF-7, A2780, MCF-7/MX, A2780/RCIS, and normal cells. Compounds demonstrating the most antiproliferative activity, were chosen to examine their tubulin inhibition activity and their ability to arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis. Molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulation of compound 7e in the catalytic site of tubulin were performed. Results: Most of the synthesized quinolines showed moderate to significant cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells. Compounds 7e and 7f, possessing N-(4-benzoyl phenyl) and N-(4-phenoxy phenyl), respectively, exhibited the most antiproliferative activity more potent than the other compounds and exhibited similar antiproliferative activity on both resistant and parental cancer cells. Conclusion: Flow cytometry analysis of A2780, A2780/RCIS, MCF-7, and MCF-7/MX cancer cells treated with 7e and 7f exhibited that these compounds arrested the cell cycle (at the G2/M phase) and induced cellular apoptosis in A2780 cancer cells. These quinolines inhibited tubulin polymerization in a way resembling that of CA-4. Molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking studies of compound 7e into the binding site of tubulin displayed the probable interactions of 7e with the binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimeh Mirzaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Kaur G, Moudgil R, Shamim M, Gupta VK, Banerjee B. Camphor sulfonic acid catalyzed a simple, facile, and general method for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles, 2-arylbenzimidazoles, and 3H-spiro[benzo[d]thiazole-2,3′-indolin]-2′-ones at room temperature. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1870043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Una, India
| | - Radha Moudgil
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Una, India
| | - Mussarat Shamim
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Una, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Tawi, India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Una, India
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18
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Chen T, Xiong H, Yang JF, Zhu XL, Qu RY, Yang GF. Diaryl Ether: A Privileged Scaffold for Drug and Agrochemical Discovery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9839-9877. [PMID: 32786826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diaryl ether (DE) is a functional scaffold existing widely both in natural products (NPs) and synthetic organic compounds. Statistically, DE is the second most popular and enduring scaffold within the numerous medicinal chemistry and agrochemical reports. Given its unique physicochemical properties and potential biological activities, DE nucleus is recognized as a fundamental element of medicinal and agrochemical agents aimed at different biological targets. Its drug-like derivatives have been extensively synthesized with interesting biological features including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial, herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and so on. In this review, we highlight the medicinal and agrochemical versatility of the DE motif according to the published information in the past decade and comprehensively give a summary of the target recognition, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and mechanism of action of its analogues. It is expected that this profile may provide valuable guidance for the discovery of new active ingredients both in drug and pesticide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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19
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Ibrahim HA, Refaat HM. Versatile mechanisms of 2-substituted benzimidazoles in targeted cancer therapy. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The aim of this review is to provide an overview on diverse anticancer activities of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives.
Main body
This review provides a correlation between the various mechanisms of action of benzimidazoles as anticancer and the substitution pattern around the nucleus.
Conclusion
The linker group and substitution at N-1, C-2, C-5, and C-6 positions have been found to be the most contributory factors for anticancer activity. This will help in the further design to afford more selective, potent, and multi-target anticancer of 2-substituted benzimidazole-based compounds.
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20
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Escala N, Valderas-García E, Bardón MÁ, Gómez de Agüero VC, Escarcena R, López-Pérez JL, Rojo-Vázquez FA, San Feliciano A, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M, Olmo ED. Synthesis, bioevaluation and docking studies of some 2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as anthelminthic agents against the nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112554. [PMID: 32971409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections are the main diseases in herds of small ruminants. Resistance to the main established drugs has become a worldwide problem. The purpose of this study is to obtain and evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of some 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives on susceptible and resistant strains of Teladorsagia circumcincta. Compounds were prepared by known procedures from substituted o-phenylenediamines and arylaldehydes or intermediate sodium 1-hydroxyphenylmethanesulfonate derivatives. Egg Hatch Test (EHT), Larval Mortality Test (LMT) and Larval Migration Inhibition Test (LMIT) were used in the initial screening of compounds at 50 μM concentration, and EC50 values were determined for the most potent compounds. Cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds was conducted on human Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines to calculate their Selectivity Indexes (SI). At 50 μM concentration, nine out of twenty-four compounds displayed more than 98% ovicidal activity on a susceptible strain, and four of them showed more than 86% on one resistant strain. The most potent ovicidal benzimidazole (BZ) 3 showed EC50 = 6.30 μM, for the susceptible strain, while BZ 2 showed the lowest EC50 value of 14.5 μM for the resistant strain. Docking studies of most potent compounds in a modelled Teladorsagia tubulin indicated an inverted orientation for BZ 1 in the colchicine binding site, probably due to its fair interaction with glutamic acid at codon 198, which could justify its inactivity against the resistant strain of T. circumcincta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elora Valderas-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain; Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - María Álvarez Bardón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Verónica Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Ricardo Escarcena
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, R. de Panamá
| | - Francisco A Rojo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain; Programa de Pós-graduaçao em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, UNIVALI. Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Theoretical study of the geometric and electronic characterization of carbendazim-based drug (Nocodazole). Heliyon 2020; 6:e04055. [PMID: 32548318 PMCID: PMC7284080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarcity in studies defining the precise three-dimensional structure of approved drugs has led to an abandoning of their use for other therapeutic indications. In this manuscript, we solely focus on studying computationally the anticancer drug “Nocodazole” as a model compound for anthelmintic drugs –due to structural similarity– proven to exert anticancer activity such as Mebendazole and Albendazole. Computations on Nocodazole structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) revealed possible existence of at least 6 conformers of Nocodazole. By combining the reported experimental UV-Vis data with our calculations, two conformers were assigned as the predominant structures of Nocodazole. In addition, td-DFT calculations revealed that the conformational flexibility of Nocodazole results in significant changes in atomic and molecular charge densities. The results have ramifications in identification of possible conformers of carbendazim-based drugs for repurposing in oncology through giving deep insights in understanding the spatial and electronic changes upon drug binding to anticancer targets.
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22
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Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of New Benzimidazole-Piperazine Hybrids Against Human MCF-7 and A549 Cancer Cells. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Cruz A, Martínez IIP, Ramos-Organillo AA. Methods to Access 2-aminobenzimidazoles of Medicinal Importance. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191023150201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Benzimidazole (BI) and derivatives are interesting because several of these compounds have been found to have a diversity of biological activities with clinical applications. In view of their importance, the synthesis of BI and its derivatives is still considered as a challenge for synthetic chemists. Examples of compounds used in medicinal chemistry containing BI, as important nucleus, are Astemizole (antihistaminic), Omeprazole (antiulcerative) and Rabendazole (fungicide), some of these compounds have the 2- aminobenzimidazole (2ABI) as base nucleus. The structure of 2ABI derivatives contains a cyclic guanidine moiety, which is interesting because of its free lone pairs, labile hydrogen atoms and planar delocalized structure. The delocalized 10-π electron system and the extension of the electron conjugation with the exocyclic amino group, in 2ABI, making these heterocycles to have amphoteric character. The 2ABI has been used as building blocks for the synthesis of several BI derivatives as medicinally important molecules. On these bases, herein, we present a bibliographic review concerning the recent methodologies used in the synthesis of 2ABIs, including the substituted ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cruz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México, D. F, 07340, Mexico
| | - Itzia I. Padilla Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México, D. F, 07340, Mexico
| | - Angel A. Ramos-Organillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km 9 Carr. Colima- Coquimatlán, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Khattab M. Molecular modelling of mebendazole polymorphs as a potential colchicine binding site inhibitor. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02844d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Form B of mebendazole is the form expected to bind more efficiently with the colchicine binding site within the tubulin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Horus University-Egypt
- New Damietta 34518
- Egypt
| | - Muhammad Khattab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries
- National Research Centre
- Cairo
- Egypt
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25
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Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of new chalcone derivatives containing diaryl ether moiety as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Tahlan S, Kumar S, Kakkar S, Narasimhan B. Benzimidazole scaffolds as promising antiproliferative agents: a review. BMC Chem 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31384813 PMCID: PMC6661752 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious medical problem and second leading cause of death in the world, characterized by a deregulation of the cell cycle which mainly results in a progressive loss of cellular differentiation and uncontrolled cellular growth. The benzimidazole is a heterocyclic moiety found in extensive number of natural and biological active molecules. Benzimidazole derivatives might be considered as auxiliary isosters of nucleotides having attached heterocyclic cores in their structures, cooperate effortlessly with biopolymers and have potential action for chemotherapeutic applications. Benzimidazole and its derivatives displayed a wide range of biological activity because of its structural similarity with the naturally occurring nucleotides. Benzimidazole has established huge alertness in current time and is extremely significant heterocyclic pharmacophore in recent drug innovation and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the chemistry of various substituted benzimidazole derivatives with their antiproliferative significance towards the various cancer cell lines such as HCT116, MCF7, HeLa, HepG2, A549 and A431.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Tahlan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
| | - Saloni Kakkar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
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Shimomura I, Yokoi A, Kohama I, Kumazaki M, Tada Y, Tatsumi K, Ochiya T, Yamamoto Y. Drug library screen reveals benzimidazole derivatives as selective cytotoxic agents for KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 451:11-22. [PMID: 30862488 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mutations in KRAS are detected in 30% of NSCLC cases, with most of them occurring in codons 12 and 13 and less commonly in others. Despite intense efforts to develop drugs targeting mutant KRAS, no effective therapeutic strategies have been successfully tested in clinical trials. Here, we investigated molecular targets for KRAS-activated lung cancer cells using a drug library. A total of 1271 small molecules were screened in KRAS-mutant and wild-type lung cancer cell lines. The screening identified the cytotoxic effects of benzimidazole derivatives on KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Treatments with two benzimidazole derivatives, methiazole and fenbendazole-both of which are structurally specific-yielded significant suppression of the RAS-related signaling pathways in KRAS-mutated cells. Moreover, combinatorial therapy with methiazole and trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, induced synergistic effects in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Our study demonstrates that these benzimidazole derivatives play an important role in suppressing KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells, thus offering a novel combinatorial therapeutic approach against such cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Shimomura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan; Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Akira Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Isaku Kohama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Minami Kumazaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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The periodic table of urea derivative: small molecules of zinc(II) and nickel(II) of diverse antimicrobial and antiproliferative applications. Mol Divers 2019; 24:31-43. [PMID: 30798435 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-09909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two complexes of Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions with the urea derivative, 2-benzimidazolyl-urea (BZIMU), of formulae [ZnBZIMU)2(H2O)](NO3)2 (1) and [Ni(BZIMU)2(CH3CH2OH)2](NO3)2 (2) were synthesized and characterized by their melting point, elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, UV-Vis and 1H-NMR), High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS), molar conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structures of 1-2 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The antiproliferative activity of 1-2 was tested in vitro against human adenocarcinoma cell lines: cervix (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7). Their toxicity was surveyed against normal human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). The bioactivity mechanism of 1-2 and their related analogues of copper and silver metallodrugs are rationalized by the means of computations. The antimicrobial activity of 1-2 against Escherichia coli (E. coli) is also evaluated. The complexes [ZnBZIMU)2(H2O)](NO3)2 (1) and [Ni(BZIMU)2(CH3CH2OH)2](NO3)2 (2) (BZIMU= 2-Benzimidazolyl-urea), were tested in vitro against HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Their toxicity was surveyed against normal MRC-5 cells. The association of the microbiota with the antiproliferative activity of 1-2 was investigated against Escherichia coli.
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Tok F, Ilhan R, Günal S, Ballar-Kirmizibayrak P, Koçyiğit-Kaymakçioğlu B. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Some New Carbohydrazide and Urea Derivatives. Turk J Pharm Sci 2018; 15:304-308. [PMID: 32454674 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.64935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Urea and carbohydrazide derivatives are important compounds exhibiting cytotoxic activities. In this study, a series of new urea and carbohydrazide derivatives containing an pyridine ring were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxic activity. Materials and Methods The proposed structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using elemental analysis, IR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxic potencies of synthesized compounds were determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) on BRCA mutant-carrying HCC1937 and Capan-1 cell lines, as well as on MCF7, HeLa, and MRC5 cells. Results 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d showed cytotoxic activity against all cancer cell lines. Conclusion Our data indicate that compounds 3a-d are more selective to cancer cells compared with nontumoral fibroblasts; however, these compounds are not more potent on HR defective cells with BRCA mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tok
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Ilhan
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Selin Günal
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, İzmir, Turkey
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Poyraz M, Sari M, Banti CN, Hadjikakou SK. Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of copper(II) complex of 2-Benzimidazolyl-urea and the nitrate salt of 2-Benzimidazolyl-urea. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site: a perspective of privileged structures. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1765-1794. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vital roles of microtubule in mitosis and cell division make it an attractive target for antitumor therapy. Colchicine binding site of tubulin is one of the most important pockets that have been focused on to design tubulin-destabilizing agents. Over the past few years, a large number of colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) have been developed inspired by natural products or synthetic origins, and many moieties frequently used in these CBSIs are structurally in common. In this review, we will classify the CBSIs into classical CBSIs and nonclassical CBSIs according to their spatial conformations and binding modes with tubulin, and highlight the privileged structures from these CBSIs in the development of tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site.
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Shrivastava N, Naim MJ, Alam MJ, Nawaz F, Ahmed S, Alam O. Benzimidazole Scaffold as Anticancer Agent: Synthetic Approaches and Structure-Activity Relationship. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28544162 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, also known as malignant neoplasm, is a dreadful disease which involves abnormal cell growth having the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Benzimidazole is an organic compound that is heterocyclic and aromatic in nature. It is a bicyclic compound formed by the fusion of the benzene and imidazole ring systems. It is an important pharmacophore and a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. According to the World Health Organisation (2015 survey), one in six deaths is due to cancer around the globe, accounting for 8.8 million deaths of which 70% of the cases were from low- and middle-income countries. In the efforts to develop suitable anticancer drugs, medicinal chemists have focussed on benzimidazole derivatives. This review article covers the current development of benzimidazole-based anticancer agents along with the synthetic approaches and structure-activity relationships (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Shrivastava
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Nawaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shujauddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Poyraz M, Berber H, Banti CN, Kourkoumelis N, Manos MJ, Hadjikakou SK. Synthesis characterization and biological activity of mixed ligand silver(I) complex of 2-benzimidazolylurea and triphenylphosphine. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aguayo-Ortiz R, Cano-González L, Castillo R, Hernández-Campos A, Dominguez L. Structure-based approaches for the design of benzimidazole-2-carbamate derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:40-51. [PMID: 28004475 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic assemblies of α/β-tubulin heterodimers whose polymerization inhibition is among one of the most successful approaches for anticancer drug development. Overexpression of the class I (βI) and class III (βIII) β-tubulin isotypes in breast and lung cancers and the highly expressed class VI (βVI) β-tubulin isotype in normal blood cells have increased the interest for designing specific tubulin-binding anticancer therapies. To this end, we employed our previously proposed model of the β-tubulin-nocodazole complex, supported by the recently determined X-ray structure, to identify the fundamental structural differences between β-tubulin isotypes. Moreover, we employed docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine the binding mode of a series of benzimidazole-2-carbamete (BzC) derivatives in the βI-, βIII-, and βVI-tubulin isotypes. Our results demonstrate that Ala198 in the βVI isotype reduces the affinity of BzCs, explaining the low bone marrow toxicity for nocodazole. Additionally, no significant differences in the binding modes between βI- and βIII-BzC complexes were observed; however, Ser239 in the βIII isotype might be associated with the low affinity of BzCs to this isotype. Finally, our study provides insight into the β-tubulin-BzC interaction features essential for the development of more selective and less toxic anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico.,Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico
| | - Lucia Cano-González
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, Mexico
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Akhtar W, Khan MF, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Rizvi MA, Mehdi SH, Akhter M, Alam MM. Therapeutic evolution of benzimidazole derivatives in the last quinquennial period. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:705-753. [PMID: 27951484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole, a fused heterocycle bearing benzene and imidazole has gained considerable attention in the field of contemporary medicinal chemistry. The moiety is of substantial importance because of its wide array of pharmacological activities. This nitrogen containing heterocycle is a part of a number of therapeutically used agents. Moreover, a number of patents concerning this moiety in the last few years further highlight its worth. The present review covers the recent work published by scientists across the globe during last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Garima Verma
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M A Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Syed Hassan Mehdi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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