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Vermeeren B, Van Praet S, Arts W, Narmon T, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Steenackers HP, Sels BF. From sugars to aliphatic amines: as sweet as it sounds? Production and applications of bio-based aliphatic amines. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39365265 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Aliphatic amines encompass a diverse group of amines that include alkylamines, alkyl polyamines, alkanolamines and aliphatic heterocyclic amines. Their structural diversity and distinctive characteristics position them as indispensable components across multiple industrial domains, ranging from chemistry and technology to agriculture and medicine. Currently, the industrial production of aliphatic amines is facing pressing sustainability, health and safety issues which all arise due to the strong dependency on fossil feedstock. Interestingly, these issues can be fundamentally resolved by shifting toward biomass as the feedstock. In this regard, cellulose and hemicellulose, the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose, emerge as promising feedstock for the production of aliphatic amines as they are available in abundance, safe to use and their aliphatic backbone is susceptible to chemical transformations. Consequently, the academic interest in bio-based aliphatic amines via the catalytic reductive amination of (hemi)cellulose-derived substrates has systematically increased over the past years. From an industrial perspective, however, the production of bio-based aliphatic amines will only be the middle part of a larger, ideally circular, value chain. This value chain additionally includes, as the first part, the refinery of the biomass feedstock to suitable substrates and, as the final part, the implementation of these aliphatic amines in various applications. Each part of the bio-based aliphatic amine value chain will be covered in this Review. Applying a holistic perspective enables one to acknowledge the requirements and limitations of each part and to efficiently spot and potentially bridge knowledge gaps between the different parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vermeeren
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Van Praet
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Arts
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Narmon
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yingtuan Zhang
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Vargas-Cuebas GG, Sanchez CA, Brayton SR, Nikoloff A, Masters R, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Exploring the Correlation of Dynamic Surface Tension with Antimicrobial Activities of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Disinfectants. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400262. [PMID: 38718280 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants represent one of our first lines of defense against pathogens. Their inhibitory and bactericidal activities are usually tested through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill assays, but these assays can become cumbersome when screening many compounds. We investigated how the dynamic surface tension (DST) measurements of QACs correlate with these antimicrobial activities by testing a panel of potent and structurally varied QACs against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that DST values correlated well with bactericidal activity in real-world disinfection conditions but not with MIC values. Moreover, no correlation between these two antimicrobial activities of QACs (bactericidal and inhibition) was observed. In addition, we observed that the bactericidal activity of our QAC panel against the gram-negative P. aeruginosa was severely affected in the presence of hard water. Interestingly, we found that the counterion of the QAC affects the killing of bacteria in these conditions, a phenomenon not observed in most MIC assessments. Moreover, some of our best-in-class QACs show enhanced bactericidal activity when combined with a commercially available QAC. In conclusion, we determined that an intrinsic physical property of QACs (DST) can be used as a technique to screen for bactericidal activity of QACs in conditions that mimic real-world disinfection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha R Brayton
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 19085, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald Masters
- Research and Development, Stepan Company, 60093, Northfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 19085, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Mechken KA, Menouar M, Talbi Z, Saidi-Besbes S, Belkhodja M. Self-assembly and antimicrobial activity of cationic gemini surfactants containing triazole moieties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19185-19196. [PMID: 38882484 PMCID: PMC11177579 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole-based gemini bis-quaternary ammonium surfactants with varying hydrophobic chain length and ethylene or butylene spacers were synthesized and characterized. Their surface and aggregation properties were analyzed using tensiometry and conductimetry. The gemini surfactants showed significantly lower CMC values compared to their single-tail counterparts and conventional gemini surfactants described in the literature. The micellization and surface adsorption processes in water can be tailored according to the hydrophobic chain and the spacer length and were substantially improved by the presence of the heterocycle. These surfactants are active against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial stains, as well as fungi. The gemini surfactant with tetradecyl chain and ethylene spacer (Bis 14-2-14) exhibited the highest activity against all investigated microbial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Amel Mechken
- Université Oran1, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée (LSOA), Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées BP 1524 ELMnaouer 31000 Oran Algeria
- Université Oran 2, Institut de Maintenance et de Sécurité Industrielle 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Mohammed Menouar
- Université Oran 1, Laboratoire de Biotoxicologie Expérimentale, Biodépollution et Phytoremédiation 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Zahera Talbi
- Université Oran 2, Institut de Maintenance et de Sécurité Industrielle 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Salima Saidi-Besbes
- Université Oran1, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée (LSOA), Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées BP 1524 ELMnaouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Moulay Belkhodja
- Université Oran 1, Laboratoire de Biotoxicologie Expérimentale, Biodépollution et Phytoremédiation 31000 Oran Algeria
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Amata S, Calà C, Rizzo C, Pibiri I, Pizzo M, Buscemi S, Palumbo Piccionello A. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Mono- and Bi-Cationic Pyridinium 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles and Triazoles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:377. [PMID: 38203549 PMCID: PMC10778652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of mortality in humans continues to be infectious diseases. Scientists are searching for new alternatives due to the fast increase in resistance of some harmful bacteria to the frontline antibiotics. To effectively treat pathogenic infections, it is crucial to design antibiotics that can prevent the development of pathogenic resistance. For this purpose, a set of 39 quaternary pyridinium and bis-pyridinium salts with different lengths of side alkyl or fluorinated chains, heterocyclic spacers, and counter ions were tested on diverse reference bacterial ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) strains, such as S. aureus and E. coli. Subsequently, 6 out of the 39 pyridinium salts showing relevant MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values were tested on clinically isolated, resistant strains of S. aureus, S. epidermids, S. haemolyticus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa. Additional tests have been performed to assess if the minimum concentration detected through MIC assay may limit the growth of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amata
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.A.); (C.R.); (I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Cinzia Calà
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, AOU Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.A.); (C.R.); (I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Ivana Pibiri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.A.); (C.R.); (I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Mariangela Pizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Silvestre Buscemi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.A.); (C.R.); (I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.A.); (C.R.); (I.P.); (S.B.)
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5
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Michaud ME, Allen RA, Morrison-Lewis KR, Sanchez CA, Minbiole KPC, Post SJ, Wuest WM. Quaternary Phosphonium Compound Unveiled as a Potent Disinfectant against Highly Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2307-2314. [PMID: 36301313 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is classified as a highest threat pathogen, urgently necessitating novel antimicrobials that evade resistance to combat its spread. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have afforded a valuable first line of defense against antimicrobial resistant pathogens as broad-spectrum amphiphilic disinfectant molecules. However, a paucity of innovation in this space has driven the emergence of QAC resistance. Through this work, we sought to identify next-generation disinfectant molecules with efficacy against highly resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates. We selected 12 best-in-class molecules from our previous investigations of quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium compounds (QPCs) to test against a panel of 35 resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates. The results highlighted the efficacy of our next-generation compounds over leading commercial QACs, with our best-in-class QAC (2Pyr-11,11) and QPC (P6P-10,10) displaying improved activities with a few exceptions. Furthermore, we elucidated a correlation between colistin resistance and QAC resistance, wherein the only pan-resistant isolate of the panel, also harboring colistin resistance, exhibited resistance to all tested QACs. Notably, P6P-10,10 maintained efficacy against this strain with an IC90 of 3 μM. In addition, P6P-10,10 displayed minimum biofilm eradication concentrations as low as 32 μM against extensively drug resistant clinical isolates. Lastly, examining the development of disinfectant resistance and cross-resistance, we generated QAC-resistant A. baumannii mutants and observed the development of QAC cross-resistance. In contrast, neither disinfectant resistance nor cross-resistance was observed in A. baumannii under P6P-10,10 treatment. Taken together, the results of this work illustrate the need for novel disinfectant compounds to treat resistant pathogens, such as A. baumannii, and underscore the promise of QPCs, such as P6P-10,10, as viable next-generation disinfectant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Michaud
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ryan A Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Christian A Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Savannah J Post
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Newly synthesized quaternary ammonium bis-cationic surfactant utilized for mitigation of carbon steel acidic corrosion; theoretical and experimental investigations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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8
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Sommers KJ, Michaud ME, Hogue CE, Scharnow AM, Amoo LE, Petersen AA, Carden RG, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Quaternary Phosphonium Compounds: An Examination of Non-Nitrogenous Cationic Amphiphiles That Evade Disinfectant Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:387-397. [PMID: 35077149 PMCID: PMC8996050 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) serve as mainstays in the formulation of disinfectants and antiseptics. However, an over-reliance and misuse of our limited QAC arsenal has driven the development and spread of resistance to these compounds, as well as co-resistance to common antibiotics. Extensive use of these compounds throughout the COVID-19 pandemic thus raises concern for the accelerated proliferation of antimicrobial resistance and demands for next-generation antimicrobials with divergent architectures that may evade resistance. To this end, we endeavored to expand beyond canonical ammonium scaffolds and examine quaternary phosphonium compounds (QPCs). Accordingly, a synthetic and biological investigation into a library of novel QPCs unveiled biscationic QPCs to be effective antimicrobial scaffolds with improved broad-spectrum activities compared to commercial QACs. Notably, a subset of these compounds was found to be less effective against a known QAC-resistant strain of MRSA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the unique presence of a family of small multiresistant transporter proteins, hypothesized to enable efflux-mediated resistance to QACs and QPCs. Further investigation of this resistance mechanism through efflux-pump inhibition and membrane depolarization assays illustrated the superior ability of P6P-10,10 to perturb the cell membrane and exert the observed broad-spectrum potency compared to its commercial counterparts. Collectively, this work highlights the promise of biscationic phosphonium compounds as next-generation disinfectant molecules with potent bioactivities, thereby laying the foundation for future studies into the synthesis and biological investigation of this nascent antimicrobial class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cody E. Hogue
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amber M. Scharnow
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lauren E. Amoo
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Ashley A. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Robert G. Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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9
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Cationic gemini surfactant properties, its potential as a promising bioapplication candidate, and strategies for improving its biocompatibility: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102581. [PMID: 34891074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gemini surfactants consist of two cationic monomers of a surfactant linked together with a spacer. The specific structure of a cationic gemini surfactant is the reason for both its high surface activity and its ability to decrease the surface tension of water. The high surface activity and unique structure of gemini surfactants result in outstanding properties, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, anticorrosion properties, unique aggregation behaviour, the ability to form various structures reversibly in response to environmental conditions, and interactions with biomacromolecules such as DNA and proteins. These properties can be tailored by selecting the optimal structure of a gemini surfactant in terms of the nature and length of its alkyl substituents, spacer, and head group. Additionally, regarding their properties, comparison with their monomeric counterparts demonstrates that gemini surfactants have higher performance efficacy at lower concentrations. Hence, less material is needed, and the toxicity is lower. However, there are some limitations regarding their biocompatibility that have led researchers to develop amino acid-based and sugar-based gemini surfactants. Owing to their remarkable properties, cationic gemini surfactants are promising candidates for bioapplications such as drug delivery systems, gene carriers, and biomaterial surface modification.
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10
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11
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Rzycki M, Kraszewski S, Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec M. Diptool-A Novel Numerical Tool for Membrane Interactions Analysis, Applying to Antimicrobial Detergents and Drug Delivery Aids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6455. [PMID: 34771982 PMCID: PMC8585202 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The widespread problem of resistance development in bacteria has become a critical issue for modern medicine. To limit that phenomenon, many compounds have been extensively studied. Among them were derivatives of available drugs, but also alternative novel detergents such as Gemini surfactants. Over the last decade, they have been massively synthesized and studied to obtain the most effective antimicrobial agents, as well as the most selective aids for nanoparticles drug delivery. Various protocols and distinct bacterial strains used in Minimal Inhibitory Concentration experimental studies prevented performance benchmarking of different surfactant classes over these last years. Motivated by this limitation, we designed a theoretical methodology implemented in custom fast screening software to assess the surfactant activity on model lipid membranes. Experimentally based QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) prediction delivered a set of parameters underlying the Diptool software engine for high-throughput agent-membrane interactions analysis. We validated our software by comparing score energy profiles with Gibbs free energy from the Adaptive Biasing Force approach on octenidine and chlorhexidine, popular antimicrobials. Results from Diptool can reflect the molecule behavior in the lipid membrane and correctly predict free energy of translocation much faster than classic molecular dynamics. This opens a new venue for searching novel classes of detergents with sharp biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rzycki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kraszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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12
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Brycki BE, Szulc A, Kowalczyk I, Koziróg A, Sobolewska E. Antimicrobial Activity of Gemini Surfactants with Ether Group in the Spacer Part. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195759. [PMID: 34641303 PMCID: PMC8510121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their large possibility of the structure modification, alkylammonium gemini surfactants are a rapidly growing class of compounds. They exhibit significant surface, aggregation and antimicrobial properties. Due to the fact that, in order to achieve the desired utility effect, the minimal concentration of compounds are used, they are in line with the principle of greenolution (green evolution) in chemistry. In this study, we present innovative synthesis of the homologous series of gemini surfactants modified at the spacer by the ether group, i.e., 3-oxa-1,5-pentane-bis(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromides). The critical micelle concentrations were determined. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the synthesized compounds were determined against bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231; and molds Aspergillus niger ATCC 16401 and Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 60739. We also investigated the relationship between antimicrobial activity and alkyl chain length or the nature of the spacer. The obtained results indicate that the synthesized compounds are effective microbicides with a broad spectrum of biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumil Eugene Brycki
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-829-1694
| | - Adrianna Szulc
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Iwona Kowalczyk
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Sobolewska
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School of the Lodz University of Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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14
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Minaeva AP, Detusheva EV, Derkach YV, Egorov MP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cyanuric acid-tethered tris-pyridinium derivatives. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Minaeva AP, Detusheva EV, Derkach YV, Egorov MP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cyanuric acid-tethered tris-pyridinium derivatives. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Vereshchagin AN, Minaeva AP, Egorov MP. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new tetrakisquaternary ammonium compounds based on pentaerythritol and 3-hydroxypyridine. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Carden RG, Sommers KJ, Schrank CL, Leitgeb AJ, Feliciano JA, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Advancements in the Development of Non-Nitrogen-Based Amphiphilic Antiseptics to Overcome Pathogenic Bacterial Resistance. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1974-1984. [PMID: 32886856 PMCID: PMC8371456 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as common disinfecting agents for the past century has led bacteria to develop resistance to such compounds. Given the alarming increase in resistant strains, new strategies are required to combat this rise in resistance. Recent efforts to probe and combat bacterial resistance have focused on studies of multiQACs. Relatively unexplored, however, have been changes to the primary atom bearing positive charge in these antiseptics. Here we review the current state of the field of both phosphonium and sulfonium amphiphilic antiseptics, both of which hold promise as novel means to address bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kyle J Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Austin J Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Javier A Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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18
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Cationic clevelable surfactants as highly efficient corrosion inhibitors of stainless steel AISI 304: Electrochemical study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Unusual enhancement of degradation rate induced by polymer chain elongation in quaternized polyethyleneimine derivatives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Kontos RC, Schallenhammer SA, Bentley BS, Morrison KR, Feliciano JA, Tasca JA, Kaplan AR, Bezpalko MW, Kassel WS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. An Investigation into Rigidity-Activity Relationships in BisQAC Amphiphilic Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:83-87. [PMID: 30358105 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one mono- and biscationic quaternary ammonium amphiphiles (monoQACs and bisQACs) were rapidly prepared in order to investigate the effects of rigidity of a diamine core structure on antiseptic activity. As anticipated, the bioactivity against a panel of six bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains was strong for bisQAC structures, and is clearly correlated with the length of non-polar side chains. Modest advantages were noted for amide-containing side chains, as compared with straight-chained alkyl substituents. Surprisingly, antiseptics with more rigidly disposed side chains, such as those in DABCO-12,12, showed the highest level of antimicrobial activity, with single-digit MIC values or better against the entire bacterial panel, including sub-micromolar activity against an MRSA strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Kontos
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Javier A Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Julia A Tasca
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anna R Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark W Bezpalko
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - W Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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21
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Quaternary ammonium compounds with multiple cationic moieties (multiQACs) provide antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter jejuni. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Koziróg A, Otlewska A, Brycki B. Viability, Enzymatic and Protein Profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm and Planktonic Cells after Monomeric/Gemini Surfactant Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061294. [PMID: 29843448 PMCID: PMC6100048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study set out to investigate the biological activity of monomeric surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and the next generation gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) (C6) against the environmental strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PB_1. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the dilution method. The viability of the planktonic cells and biofilm was assessed using the plate count method. Enzymatic profile was determined using the API-ZYM system. Proteins were extracted from the biofilm and planktonic cells and analysed using SDS-PAGE. The MIC of the gemini surfactants was 70 times lower than that of its monomeric analogue. After 4 h of treatment at MIC (0.0145 mM for C6 and 1.013 mM for DTAB), the number of viable planktonic cells was reduce by less than 3 logarithm units. At the concentration ≥MIC, a reduction in the number of viable cells was observed in mature biofilms (p < 0.05). Treatment for 4 h with gemini surfactant at 20 MIC caused complete biofilm eradication. At sub-MIC, the concentration of some enzymes reduced and their protein profiles changed. The results of this study show that due to its superior antibacterial activity, gemini compound C6 can be applied as an effective microbiocide against P. aeruginosa in both planktonic and biofilm forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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23
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Koziróg A, Kręgiel D, Brycki B. Action of Monomeric/Gemini Surfactants on Free Cells and Biofilm of Asaia lannensis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112036. [PMID: 29165338 PMCID: PMC6150408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the biological activity of surfactants based on quaternary ammonium compounds: gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) (C6), synthesized by the reaction of N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylamine with 1,6-dibromohexane, and its monomeric analogue dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). The experiments were performed with bacteria Asaia lannensis, a common spoilage in the beverage industry. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the tube standard two-fold dilution method. The growth and adhesive properties of bacterial cells were studied in different culture media, and the cell viability was evaluated using plate count method. Both of the surfactants were effective against the bacterial strain, but the MIC of gemini compound was significantly lower. Both C6 and DTAB exhibited anti-adhesive abilities. Treatment with surfactants at or below MIC value decreased the number of bacterial cells that were able to form biofilm, however, the gemini surfactant was more effective. The used surfactants were also found to be able to eradicate mature biofilms. After 4 h of treatment with C6 surfactant at concentration 10 MIC, the number of bacterial cells was reduced by 91.8%. The results of this study suggest that the antibacterial activity of the gemini compound could make it an effective microbiocide against the spoilage bacteria Asaia sp. in both planktonic and biofilm stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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24
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Schallenhammer SA, Duggan SM, Morrison KR, Bentley BS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Hybrid BisQACs: Potent Biscationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Merging the Structures of Two Commercial Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1931-1934. [PMID: 29068517 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) are two of the most common household antiseptics, but show weaker efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria as well as against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, relative to other S. aureus strains. We prepared 28 novel quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) that represent a hybrid of these two structures, using 1- to 2-step synthetic sequences. The biscationic (bisQAC) species prepared show uniformly potent activity against six bacterial strains tested, with nine novel antiseptics displaying single-digit micromolar activity across the board. Effects of unequal chain lengths of two installed side chains had less impact than the overall number of side chain carbon atoms present, which was optimal at 22-25 carbons. This is further indication that simple refinements to multiQAC architectures can show improvement over current household antiseptics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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25
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Abstract
Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (BCN) polycations were synthesized by the reaction of the bivalent electrophile thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dinitrate with a series of simple bis(pyridine) nucleophiles. Oligomers of moderate chain length were formed in a modular approach that tolerated the inclusion of functionalized and variable-length linkers between the pyridine units. Post-polymerization modification via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cyloaddition was enabled by the inclusion of terminal alkyne groups in these monomers. Most of the resulting polymers, new members of the polyionene class, inhibited the growth of bacteria at the μg/mL level and killed static bacterial cells at polymer concentrations of tens of ng/mL, with moderate to good selectivity with respect to lysis of red blood cells. While resistance to the BCN polymers was developed only very slowly over multiple passages, a degradable version of the polycation was observed to make E. coli cells more susceptible to other quaternary ammonium based antimicrobials. Solid substrates (glass and crystalline silicon) covalently functionalized with a representative BCN polycation were also able to repetitively kill bacteria in solution at high rates and with cleaning by simple sonication between exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuai Geng
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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26
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Gallagher TM, Marafino JN, Wimbish BK, Volkers B, Fitzgerald G, McKenna K, Floyd J, Minahan NT, Walsh B, Thompson K, Bruno D, Paneru M, Djikeng S, Masters S, Haji S, Seifert K, Caran KL. Hydra amphiphiles: Using three heads and one tail to influence aggregate formation and to kill pathogenic bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [PMID: 28645045 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydra amphiphiles mimic the morphology of the mythical multi-headed creatures for which they are named. Likewise, when faced with a pathogenic bacterium, some hydra derivatives are as destructive as their fabled counterparts were to their adversaries. This report focuses on eight new tricephalic (triple-headed), single-tailed amphiphiles. Each amphiphile has a mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) core, two benzylic trimethylammonium groups and one dimethylalkylammonium group with a linear hydrophobe ranging from short (C8H17) to ultralong (C22H45). The logarithm of the critical aggregation concentration, log(CAC), decreases linearly with increasing tail length, but with a smaller dependence than that of ionic amphiphiles with fewer head groups. Tail length also affects antibacterial activity; amphiphiles with a linear 18 or 20 carbon atom hydrophobic chain are more effective at killing bacteria than those with shorter or longer chains. Comparison to a recently reported amphiphilic series with three heads and two tails allows for the development of an understanding of the relationship between number of tails and both colloidal and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Gallagher
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - John N Marafino
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA; James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenden K Wimbish
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brandi Volkers
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Gabriel Fitzgerald
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kristin McKenna
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jason Floyd
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Nicholas T Minahan
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenna Walsh
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kirstie Thompson
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - David Bruno
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Monica Paneru
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Sybelle Djikeng
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Stephanie Masters
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Suma Haji
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kyle Seifert
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Kevin L Caran
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
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27
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Ester- and amide-containing multiQACs: Exploring multicationic soft antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2107-2112. [PMID: 28392192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are ubiquitous antiseptics whose chemical stability is both an aid to prolonged antibacterial activity and a liability to the environment. Soft antimicrobials, such as QACs designed to decompose in relatively short times, show the promise to kill bacteria effectively but not leave a lasting footprint. We have designed and prepared 40 soft QAC compounds based on both ester and amide linkages, in a systematic study of mono-, bis-, and tris-cationic QAC species. Antimicrobial activity, red blood cell lysis, and chemical stability were assessed. Antiseptic activity was strong against a panel of six bacteria including two MRSA strains, with low micromolar activity seen in many compounds; amide analogs showed superior activity over ester analogs, with one bisQAC displaying average MIC activity of ∼1μM. For a small subset of highly bioactive compounds, hydrolysis rates in pure water as well as buffers of pH =4, 7, and 10 were tracked by LCMS, and indicated good stability for amides while rapid hydrolysis was observed for all compounds in acidic conditions.
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28
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Nitroxoline: a broad-spectrum biofilm-eradicating agent against pathogenic bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 49:247-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Al-Khalifa SE, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. The Development of Next-Generation Pyridinium-Based multiQAC Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:280-283. [PMID: 28033453 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 bis- and tris-pyridinium amphiphiles were prepared and tested for both antimicrobial activity and lytic capability, in comparison with the commercially available pyridinium antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Assessments were made against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. While 2Pyr-11,11 was identified as one of the most potent antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) reported to date, boasting nanomolar inhibition against five of six bacteria tested, no significant improvement in bioactivity of tris-pyridinium amphiphiles over their bis-pyridinium counterparts was observed. However, the multicationic QACs (multiQACs) presented herein did display significant advantages over the monocationic CPC; while similar red blood cell lysis was observed, superior activity against both Gram-negative bacteria and resistant S. aureus strains led to the discovery of four pyridinium-based multiQACs with advantageous therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh E Al-Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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30
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Li YJ, Harroun SG, Su YC, Huang CF, Unnikrishnan B, Lin HJ, Lin CH, Huang CC. Synthesis of Self-Assembled Spermidine-Carbon Quantum Dots Effective against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2545-2554. [PMID: 27448287 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a two-step method to synthesize spermidine-capped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Spd-CQDs) and their potential application as an antibacterial agent. Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized by pyrolysis of ammonium citrate in the solid state and then modified with spermidine by a simple heating treatment without a coupling agent. Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine, binds with DNA, lipids, and proteins involved in many important processes within organisms such as DNA stability, and cell growth, proliferation, and death. The antimicrobial activity of the as-synthesized Spd-CQDs (size ≈4.6 nm) has been tested against non-multidrug-resistant E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa bacteria and also multidrug-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The minimal inhibitory concentration value of Spd-CQDs is much lower (>25 000-fold) than that of spermidine, indicating their promising antibacterial characteristics. The mechanism of antibacterial activity is investigated, and the results indicate that Spd-CQDs cause significant damage to the bacterial membrane. In vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis analyses reveal the high biocompatibility of Spd-CQDs. To demonstrate its practical application, in vitro MRSA-infected wound healing studies in rats have been conducted, which show faster healing, better epithelialization, and formation of collagen fibers when Spd-CQDs are used as a dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Li
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; National Taiwan Ocean University; Keelung 20224 Taiwan
| | - Scott G. Harroun
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center; Taipei 11599 Taiwan
| | | | - Binesh Unnikrishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; National Taiwan Ocean University; Keelung 20224 Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; National Taiwan Ocean University; Keelung 20224 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology; National Formosa University; Yunlin 63208 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; National Taiwan Ocean University; Keelung 20224 Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans; National Taiwan Ocean University; Keelung 20224 Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy; College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
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31
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Forman ME, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Building a Better Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC): Branched Tetracationic Antiseptic Amphiphiles. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1401-5. [PMID: 27245743 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria contaminate surfaces in a wide variety of environments, causing severe problems across a number of industries. In a continuation of our campaign to develop novel antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as useful antiseptics, we have identified a starting material bearing four tertiary amines, enabling the rapid synthesis of several tris- and tetracationic QACs. Herein we report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 24 multiQACs deemed the "superT" family, and an investigation of the role of cationic charge in antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, as well as toxicity. This class represents the most potent series of QACs reported to date against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) as low as 0.25 and 25 μm, respectively. Based on the significant cell-surface-charge differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells, in certain cases we observed excellent efficacy-to-toxicity profiles, exceeding a 100-fold differential. This work further elucidates the chemical underpinnings of disinfectant efficacy versus toxicity based on cationic charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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32
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Minbiole KP, Jennings MC, Ator LE, Black JW, Grenier MC, LaDow JE, Caran KL, Seifert K, Wuest WM. From antimicrobial activity to mechanism of resistance: the multifaceted role of simple quaternary ammonium compounds in bacterial eradication. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Tomašić V, Mihelj T. The review on properties of solid catanionic surfactants: Main applications and perspectives of new catanionic surfactants and compounds with catanionic assisted synthesis. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1180992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Tomašić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Mihelj
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Forman ME, Fletcher MH, Jennings MC, Duggan SM, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Structure-Resistance Relationships: Interrogating Antiseptic Resistance in Bacteria with Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Dyes. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:958-62. [PMID: 27027389 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance toward commonly used biocides is a widespread yet underappreciated problem, one which needs not only a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which resistance proliferates, but also means for mitigation. To advance our understanding of this issue, we recognized a polyaromatic structural core analogous to activators of QacR, a negative transcriptional regulator of the efflux pump QacA, and envisioned a series of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based on this motif. Using commercially available dye scaffolds, we synthesized and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 52 novel QACs bearing 1-3 quaternary ammonium centers. Striking differences in antimicrobial activity against bacteria bearing QAC resistance genes have been observed, with up to a 125-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for select structures against bacteria known to bear efflux pumps. Based on these findings, general trends in structure-resistance relationships have been identified, laying the groundwork for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Madison H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Stephanie M Duggan
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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35
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Heerschap S, Marafino JN, McKenna K, Caran KL, Feitosa K. Foams stabilized by tricationic amphiphilic surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Konai MM, Haldar J. Lysine-Based Small Molecules That Disrupt Biofilms and Kill both Actively Growing Planktonic and Nondividing Stationary Phase Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:469-78. [PMID: 27623313 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance is a major threat to global health. Alongside this issue, formation of bacterial biofilms is another cause of concern because most antibiotics are ineffective against these recalcitrant microbial communities. Ideal future antibacterial therapeutics should possess both antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. In this study we engineered lysine-based small molecules, which showed not only commendable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but also potent biofilm-disrupting properties. Synthesis of these lipophilic lysine-norspermidine conjugates was achieved in three simple reaction steps, and the resultant molecules displayed potent antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) including drug-resistant superbugs MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), VRE (vancomycin-resistant E. faecium), and β-lactam-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. An optimized compound in the series showed activity against planktonic bacteria in the concentration range of 3-10 μg/mL, and bactericidal activity against stationary phase S. aureus was observed within an hour. The compound also displayed about 120-fold selectivity toward both classes of bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) over human erythrocytes. This rapidly bactericidal compound primarily acts on bacteria by causing significant membrane depolarization and K(+) leakage. Most importantly, the compound disrupted preformed biofilms of S. aureus and did not trigger bacterial resistance. Therefore, this class of compounds has high potential to be developed as future antibacterial drugs for treating infections caused by planktonic bacteria as well as bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini M. Konai
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Mitchell MA, Iannetta AA, Jennings MC, Fletcher MH, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Scaffold-Hopping of Multicationic Amphiphiles Yields Three New Classes of Antimicrobials. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2299-303. [PMID: 26316312 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a vital class of antiseptics. Recent investigations into their construction are uncovering novel and potent multicationic variants. Based on a trisQAC precedent, we have implemented a scaffold-hopping approach to develop alternative QAC architectures that display 1-3 long alkyl chains in specific projections from cyclic and branched core structures bearing 3-4 nitrogen atoms. The preparation of 30 QAC structures allowed for correlation of scaffold structure with antimicrobial activity. We identified QACs with limited conformational flexibility that have improved bioactivity against planktonic bacteria as compared to their linear counterparts. We also confirmed that resistance, as evidenced by an increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compared to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), can reduce efficacy up to 64-fold for monocationic QACs. Differentiation of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, however, was not observed, suggesting that these compounds utilize a non-specific mode of eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anthony A Iannetta
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Madison H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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Jennings MC, Buttaro BA, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Bioorganic Investigation of Multicationic Antimicrobials to Combat QAC-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:304-9. [PMID: 27622820 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have historically served as a first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria. Recent reports have shown that QAC resistance is increasing at an alarming rate, especially among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and preliminary work has suggested that the number of cations present in the QAC scaffold inversely correlates with resistance. Given our interest in multiQACs, we initiated a multipronged approach to investigate their biofilm eradication properties, antimicrobial activity, and the propensity of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) to develop resistance toward these compounds. Through these efforts we identified multiQACs with superior profiles against resistant (MRSA) planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Furthermore, we document the ability of MSSA to develop resistance to several commercial monoQAC disinfectants and a novel aryl bisQAC, yet we observe no resistance to multiQACs. This work provides insight into the mechanism and rate of resistance development of MSSA and MRSA toward a range of QAC structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bettina A. Buttaro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Jennings MC, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:288-303. [PMID: 27622819 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have represented one of the most visible and effective classes of disinfectants for nearly a century. With simple preparation, wide structural variety, and versatile incorporation into consumer products, there have been manifold developments and applications of these structures. Generally operating via disruption of one of the most fundamental structures in bacteria-the cell membrane-leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, the QACs were once thought to be impervious to resistance. Developments over the past decades, however, have shown this to be far from the truth. It is now known that a large family of bacterial genes (generally termed qac genes) encode efflux pumps capable of expelling many QAC structures from bacterial cells, leading to a decrease in susceptibility to QACs; methods of regulation of qac transcription are also understood. Importantly, qac genes can be horizontally transferred via plasmids to other bacteria and are often transmitted alongside other antibiotic-resistant genes; this dual threat represents a significant danger to human health. In this review, both QAC development and QAC resistance are documented, and possible strategies for addressing and overcoming QAC-resistant bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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