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Lim HY, Dolzhenko AV. 1,3,5-Triazine as a promising scaffold in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116680. [PMID: 39018924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine scaffold has garnered considerable interest due to its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, particularly in the field of cancer research. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Approximately one in eight women will receive a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. The five-year survival rate for invasive breast cancer is less than 30 %, indicating a need to develop a more effective therapeutic agent targeting breast cancer. This review discusses bioactive 1,3,5-triazines targeting breast cancer cells by the inhibition of different enzymes, which include PI3K, mTOR, EGFR, VEGFR, FAK, CDK, DHFR, DNA topoisomerase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and matrix metalloproteinase. The anticancer agent search in some drug discovery programs is based on compound screening for antiproliferative activity. Often, multiple targets contribute to the anticancer effect of 1,3,5-triazines and this approach allows identification of active molecules prior to identification of their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western, Bentley, 6845, Australia
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2
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Herlah B, Pavlin M, Perdih A. Molecular choreography: Unveiling the dynamic landscape of type IIA DNA topoisomerases before T-segment passage through all-atom simulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131991. [PMID: 38714283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Type IIA DNA topoisomerases are molecular nanomachines responsible for controlling topological states of DNA molecules. Here, we explore the dynamic landscape of yeast topoisomerase IIA during key stages of its catalytic cycle, focusing in particular on the events preceding the passage of the T-segment. To this end, we generated six configurations of fully catalytic yeast topo IIA, strategically inserted a T-segment into the N-gate in relevant configurations, and performed all-atom simulations. The essential motion of topo IIA protein dimer was characterized by rotational gyrating-like movement together with sliding motion within the DNA-gate. Both appear to be inherent properties of the enzyme and an inbuilt feature that allows passage of the T-segment through the cleaved G-segment. Coupled dynamics of the N-gate and DNA-gate residues may be particularly important for controlled and smooth passage of the T-segment and consequently the prevention of DNA double-strand breaks. QTK loop residue Lys367, which interacts with ATP and ADP molecules, is involved in regulating the size and stability of the N-gate. The unveiled features of the simulated configurations provide insights into the catalytic cycle of type IIA topoisomerases and elucidate the molecular choreography governing their ability to modulate the topological states of DNA topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herlah
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Pavlin
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Dubey P, Pathak DP, Ali F, Chauhan G, Kalaiselvan V. In-vitro Evaluation of Triazine Scaffold for Anticancer Drug Development: A Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e170723218813. [PMID: 37461340 DOI: 10.2174/1570163820666230717161610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The widespread importance of the synthesis and modification of anticancer agents has given rise to many numbers of medicinal chemistry programs. In this regard, triazine derivatives have attracted attention due to their remarkable activity against a wide range of cancer cells. This evaluation covers work reports to define the anticancer activity, the most active synthesized compound for the target, the SAR and, when described, the probable MOA besides similarly considered to deliver complete and target-pointed data for the development of types of anti-tumour medicines of triazine derivatives. Triazine scaffold for the development of anticancer analogues. Triazine can also relate to numerous beneficial targets, and their analogues have auspicious in-vitro and in-vivo anti-tumour activity. Fused molecules can improve efficacy, and drug resistance and diminish side effects, and numerous hybrid molecules are beneath diverse stages of clinical trials, so hybrid derivatives of triazine may offer valuable therapeutic involvement for the dealing of tumours. OBJECTIVE The objective of the recent review was to summarize the recent reports on triazine as well as its analogues with respect to its anticancer therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION The content of the review would be helpful to update the researchers working towards the synthesis and designing of new molecules for the treatment of various types of cancer disease with the recent molecules that have been produced from the triazine scaffold. Triazine scaffolds based on 1,3,5-triazine considerably boost molecular diversity levels and enable covering chemical space in key medicinal chemistry fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli- Badarpur Road, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Dharam Pal Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli- Badarpur Road, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Faraat Ali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Licensing and Enforcement, Laboratory Services, Botswana Medicines Regulatory Authority, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Garima Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli- Badarpur Road, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Dai Q, Sun Q, Ouyang X, Liu J, Jin L, Liu A, He B, Fan T, Jiang Y. Antitumor Activity of s-Triazine Derivatives: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114278. [PMID: 37298753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3,5-triazine derivatives, also called s-triazines, are a series of containing-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds that play an important role in anticancer drug design and development. To date, three s-triazine derivatives, including altretamine, gedatolisib, and enasidenib, have already been approved for refractory ovarian cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and leukemia therapy, respectively, demonstrating that the s-triazine core is a useful scaffold for the discovery of novel anticancer drugs. In this review, we mainly focus on s-triazines targeting topoisomerases, tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, and cyclin-dependent kinases in diverse signaling pathways, which have been extensively studied. The medicinal chemistry of s-triazine derivatives as anticancer agents was summarized, including discovery, structure optimization, and biological applications. This review will provide a reference to inspire new and original discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzi Dai
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Qinsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaorong Ouyang
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Liye Jin
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Ahao Liu
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Binsheng He
- The Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Shahari MSB, Dolzhenko AV. A closer look at N2,6-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines: Advances in synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Janežič M, Valjavec K, Loboda KB, Herlah B, Ogris I, Kozorog M, Podobnik M, Grdadolnik SG, Wolber G, Perdih A. Dynophore-Based Approach in Virtual Screening: A Case of Human DNA Topoisomerase IIα. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413474. [PMID: 34948269 PMCID: PMC8703789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized human DNA topoisomerase IIα as a model target to outline a dynophore-based approach to catalytic inhibitor design. Based on MD simulations of a known catalytic inhibitor and the native ATP ligand analog, AMP-PNP, we derived a joint dynophore model that supplements the static structure-based-pharmacophore information with a dynamic component. Subsequently, derived pharmacophore models were employed in a virtual screening campaign of a library of natural compounds. Experimental evaluation identified flavonoid compounds with promising topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibition and binding studies confirmed interaction with the ATPase domain. We constructed a binding model through docking and extensively investigated it with molecular dynamics MD simulations, essential dynamics, and MM-GBSA free energy calculations, thus reconnecting the new results to the initial dynophore-based screening model. We not only demonstrate a new design strategy that incorporates a dynamic component of molecular recognition, but also highlight new derivates in the established flavonoid class of topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Janežič
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Katja Valjavec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
| | - Kaja Bergant Loboda
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Herlah
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iza Ogris
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirijam Kozorog
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (K.V.); (K.B.L.); (B.H.); (I.O.); (M.K.); (M.P.); (S.G.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4760-376
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Radaeva M, Dong X, Cherkasov A. The Use of Methods of Computer-Aided Drug Discovery in the Development of Topoisomerase II Inhibitors: Applications and Future Directions. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3703-3721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Bergant Loboda K, Janežič M, Štampar M, Žegura B, Filipič M, Perdih A. Substituted 4,5'-Bithiazoles as Catalytic Inhibitors of Human DNA Topoisomerase IIα. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3662-3678. [PMID: 32484690 PMCID: PMC7469689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human type II topoisomerases, molecular motors that alter the DNA topology, are a major target of modern chemotherapy. Groups of catalytic inhibitors represent a new approach to overcome the known limitations of topoisomerase II poisons such as cardiotoxicity and induction of secondary tumors. Here, we present a class of substituted 4,5'-bithiazoles as catalytic inhibitors targeting the human DNA topoisomerase IIα. Based on a structural comparison of the ATPase domains of human and bacterial type II topoisomerase, a focused chemical library of 4,5'-bithiazoles was assembled and screened to identify compounds that better fit the topology of the human topo IIα adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) binding site. Selected compounds showed inhibition of human topo IIα comparable to that of the etoposide topo II drug, revealing a new class of inhibitors targeting this molecular motor. Further investigations showed that compounds act as catalytic inhibitors via competitive ATP inhibition. We also confirmed binding to the truncated ATPase domain of topo IIα and modeled the inhibitor molecular recognition with molecular simulations and dynophore models. The compounds also displayed promising cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines comparable to that of etoposide. In a more detailed study with the HepG2 cell line, there was no induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and the compounds were able to reduce cell proliferation and stop the cell cycle mainly in the G1 phase. This confirms the mechanism of action of these compounds, which differs from topo II poisons also at the cellular level. Substituted 4,5'-bithiazoles appear to be a promising class for further development toward efficient and potentially safer cancer therapies exploiting the alternative topo II inhibition paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Bergant Loboda
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Janežič
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xie XW, Liu ZP, Li X. Design, synthesis, bioevaluation of LFC- and PA-tethered anthraquinone analogues of mitoxantrone. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104005. [PMID: 32599362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of mitoxantrone (MTZ), a DNA-intercalating topoisomerase II (topo II) poison, has been largely limited by the risk of secondary tumor and severe myelosuppression. To develop more effective antineoplastic agents with less toxicity, a spectrum of anthraquinone analogues of MTZ were herein designed and synthesized based on the concept of 'enhancing protein backbone-binding', by rationally introducing hydrophobic long fatty acid chain (LFC) and hydrophilic polyamine (PA) components, which are reported to function as effective tumor-targeting tethers. The SAR exploration implicated that in our synthesized molecules, the introduction of both lipophilic LFC and hydrophilic PA fragment is plausibly beneficial to the anti-proliferative potency, with a certain degree of selectivity between the hematopoietic and solid malignant cells, which still need to be further accurately confirmed. Meanwhile, many compounds, the LFC-tethered 5d2 and PA-bridged 8c in particular, provided satisfactory topo IIα inhibition by acting as DNA non-intercalators, largely attributable to their strong adaptability to three binding regions (pocket I, II and III) and also the generated H-bonding interactions between inhibitors and key residues of topo IIα. In brief, 5d2 and 8c might be promising hits for further exploitation of more potent topo IIα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250002, China.
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Design and synthesis of 3,5-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as catalytic inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase IIα. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Zidar N, Secci D, Tomašič T, Mašič LP, Kikelj D, Passarella D, Argaez ANG, Hyeraci M, Dalla Via L. Synthesis, Antiproliferative Effect, and Topoisomerase II Inhibitory Activity of 3-Methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-indoles. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:691-697. [PMID: 32435372 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indoles was prepared and investigated for antiproliferative activity on three human tumor cell lines, HeLa, A2780, and MSTO-211H, and some structure-activity relationships were drawn up. The GI50 values of the most potent compounds (32 and 33) were lower than 5 μM in all tested cell lines. For the most biologically relevant derivatives, the effect on human DNA topoisomerase II relaxation activity was investigated, which highlighted the good correlation between the antiproliferative effect and topoisomerase II inhibition. The most potent derivative, 32, was shown to induce the apoptosis pathway. The obtained results highlight 3-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole as a promising scaffold for further optimization of compounds with potent antiproliferative and antitopoisomerase II activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nace Zidar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniela Secci
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Aida Nelly Garcia Argaez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Hyeraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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Bergant K, Janežič M, Valjavec K, Sosič I, Pajk S, Štampar M, Žegura B, Gobec S, Filipič M, Perdih A. Structure-guided optimization of 4,6-substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones as catalytic inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase IIα. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:330-348. [PMID: 31096154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human DNA topoisomerases represent one of the key targets of modern chemotherapy. An emerging group of catalytic inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase IIα comprises a new paradigm directed to circumvent the known limitations of topoisomerase II poisons such as cardiotoxicity and induction of secondary tumors. In our previous studies, 4,6-substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones were discovered as catalytic inhibitors of topo IIα. Here, we report the results of our efforts to optimize several properties of the initial chemical series that did not exhibit cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. Using an optimized synthetic route, a focused chemical library was designed aimed at further functionalizing substituents at the position 4 of the 1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one scaffold to enable additional interactions with the topo IIα ATP binding site. After virtual screening, selected 36 analogues were synthesized and experimentally evaluated for human topo IIα inhibition. The optimized series displayed improved inhibition of topo IIα over the initial series and the catalytic mode of inhibition was confirmed for the selected active compounds. The optimized series also showed cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines and did not induce double-strand breaks, thus displaying a mechanism of action that differs from the topo II poisons on the cellular level. The new series represents a new step in the development of the 4,6-substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one class towards novel efficient anticancer therapies utilizing the catalytic topo IIα inhibition paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Bergant
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Janežič
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Katja Valjavec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stane Pajk
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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Murugavel S, Ravikumar C, Jaabil G, Alagusundaram P. Synthesis, computational quantum chemical study, in silico ADMET and molecular docking analysis, in vitro biological evaluation of a novel sulfur heterocyclic thiophene derivative containing 1,2,3-triazole and pyridine moieties as a potential human topoisomerase IIα inhibiting anticancer agent. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:73-82. [PMID: 30731361 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational quantum chemical study and biological evaluation of a synthesized novel sulfur heterocyclic thiophene derivative containing 1,2,3-triazole and pyridine moieties namely BTPT [2-(1-benzyl-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-methoxy-4-(thiophen-2-yl) pyridine] was presented in this study. The crystal structure was determined by SCXRD method. For the title compound BTPT, spectroscopic characterization like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, UV-vis were carried out theoretically by computational DFT method and compared with experimental data. Druglikeness parameters of BTPT were found through in silico pharmacological ADMET properties estimation. The molecular docking investigation was performed with human topoisomerase IIα (PDB ID:1ZXM) targeting ATP binding site. In vitro cytotoxicity activity of BTPT/doxorubicin were examined by MTT assay procedure against three human cancer cell lines A549, PC-3, MDAMB-231 with IC50 values of 0.68/0.70, 1.03/0.77 and 0.88/0.98 μM, respectively. Our title compound BTPT reveals notable cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell (MDAMB-231), moderate activity with human lung cancer cell (A-549) and less inhibition with human prostate cancer cell (PC-3) compared to familiar cancer medicine doxorubicin. From the results, BTPT could be observed as a potential candidate for novel anticancer drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murugavel
- Department of Physics, Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - C Ravikumar
- Department of Physics, Thanthai Periyar EVR Government Polytechnic College, Vellore, 632002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Jaabil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuswamy Alagusundaram
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Hu W, Huang XS, Wu JF, Yang L, Zheng YT, Shen YM, Li ZY, Li X. Discovery of Novel Topoisomerase II Inhibitors by Medicinal Chemistry Approaches. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8947-8980. [PMID: 29870668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, 250100 Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Science and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ji-Feng Wu
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Ji’nan Public Security Bureau, 21 South QiliShan Road, 250000 Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Science and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yue-Mao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China
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15
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Łączkowski KZ, Anusiak J, Świtalska M, Dzitko K, Cytarska J, Baranowska-Łączkowska A, Plech T, Paneth A, Wietrzyk J, Białczyk J. Synthesis, molecular docking, ctDNA interaction, DFT calculation and evaluation of antiproliferative and anti- Toxoplasma gondii activities of 2,4-diaminotriazine-thiazole derivatives. Med Chem Res 2018; 27:1131-1148. [PMID: 29576720 PMCID: PMC5854716 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of antiproliferative activities against human cancer cell lines (MV4-11, MCF-7, and A549) and Toxoplasma gondii parasite of twelve novel 2,4-diaminotriazine-thiazoles are presented. The toxicity of the compounds was studied at three different cell types, normal mouse fibroblast (Balb/3T3), mouse fibroblast (L929), and human VERO cells. The structures of novel compounds were determined using 1H and 13C NMR, FAB(+)-MS, and elemental analyses. Among the derivatives, 4a–k showed very high activity against MV4-11 cell line with IC50 values between 1.13 and 3.21 µg/ml. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of compounds 4a–k against normal mouse fibroblast Balb/3T3 cells is about 20–100 times lower than against cancer cell lines. According to our results, compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, and 4i have very strong activity against human breast carcinoma MCF-7, with IC50 values from 3.18 to 4.28 µg/ml. Moreover, diaminotriazines 4a–l showed significant anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity, with IC50 values 9–68 times lower than those observed for sulfadiazine. Molecular docking studies indicated DNA-binding site of hTopoI and hTopoII as possible anticancer targets and purine nucleoside phosphorylase as possible anti-toxoplasmosis target. Our UV–Vis spectroscopic results indicate also that diaminotriazine-thiazoles tends to interact with DNA by intercalation. Additionally, the structure and the interaction and binding energies of a model complex formed by compound 4a and two thymine molecules are investigated using quantum mechanical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Z Łączkowski
- 1Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Anusiak
- 1Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Świtalska
- 2Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- 3Department of Immunoparasitology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Cytarska
- 1Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Plech
- 5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- 6Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- 1Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,2Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.,3Department of Immunoparasitology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.,4Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Plac Weyssenhoffa 11, 85-072 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.,6Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Białczyk
- 1Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,2Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.,3Department of Immunoparasitology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.,4Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Plac Weyssenhoffa 11, 85-072 Bydgoszcz, Poland.,5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.,6Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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17
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Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study on peptidomimetic analogues of XK469. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:311-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Lagarde N, Delahaye S, Zagury JF, Montes M. Discriminating agonist and antagonist ligands of the nuclear receptors using 3D-pharmacophores. J Cheminform 2016; 8:43. [PMID: 27602059 PMCID: PMC5011875 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute an important class of therapeutic targets. We evaluated the performance of 3D structure-based and ligand-based pharmacophore models in predicting the pharmacological profile of NRs ligands using the NRLiSt BDB database. We could generate selective pharmacophores for agonist and antagonist ligands and we found that the best performances were obtained by combining the structure-based and the ligand-based approaches. The combination of pharmacophores that were generated allowed to cover most of the chemical space of the NRLiSt BDB datasets. By screening the whole NRLiSt BDB on our 3D pharmacophores, we demonstrated their selectivity towards their dedicated NRs ligands. The 3D pharmacophores herein presented can thus be used as a predictor of the pharmacological activity of NRs ligands.Graphical AbstractUsing a combination of structure-based and ligand-based pharmacophores, agonist and antagonist ligands of the Nuclear Receptors included in the NRLiSt BDB database could be separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lagarde
- Laboratoire Génomique Bioinformatique et Applications, Équipe d’accueil EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Solenne Delahaye
- Laboratoire Génomique Bioinformatique et Applications, Équipe d’accueil EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Laboratoire Génomique Bioinformatique et Applications, Équipe d’accueil EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Montes
- Laboratoire Génomique Bioinformatique et Applications, Équipe d’accueil EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
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Viira B, Selyutina A, García-Sosa AT, Karonen M, Sinkkonen J, Merits A, Maran U. Design, discovery, modelling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel and small, low toxicity s-triazine derivatives as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2519-2529. [PMID: 27108399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A set of top-ranked compounds from a multi-objective in silico screen was experimentally tested for toxicity and the ability to inhibit the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in cell-free assay and in cell-based assay using HIV-1 based virus-like particles. Detailed analysis of a commercial sample that indicated specific inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription revealed that a minor component that was structurally similar to that of the main compound was responsible for the strongest inhibition. As a result, novel s-triazine derivatives were proposed, modelled, discovered, and synthesised, and their antiviral activity and cellular toxicity were tested. Compounds 18a and 18b were found to be efficient HIV-1 RT inhibitors, with an IC50 of 5.6±1.1μM and 0.16±0.05μM in a cell-based assay using infectious HIV-1, respectively. Compound 18b also had no detectable toxicity for different human cell lines. Their binding mode and interactions with the RT suggest that there was strong and adaptable binding in a tight (NNRTI) hydrophobic pocket. In summary, this iterative study produced structural clues and led to a group of non-toxic, novel compounds to inhibit HIV-RT with up to nanomolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Viira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | | | - Maarit Karonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Uko Maran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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20
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Pogorelčnik B, Janežič M, Sosič I, Gobec S, Solmajer T, Perdih A. 4,6-Substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones as monocyclic catalytic inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase IIα targeting the ATP binding site. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4218-4229. [PMID: 26183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA topoisomerase IIα (htIIα) is a validated target for the development of novel anticancer agents. Starting from our discovered 4-amino-1,3,5-triazine inhibitors of htIIα, we investigated a library of 2,4,6-trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines for novel inhibitors that bind to the htIIα ATP binding site using a combination of structure-based and ligand-based pharmacophore models and molecular docking. 4,6-substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones 8, 9 and 14 were identified as novel inhibitors with activity comparable to the established drug etoposide (1). Compound 8 inhibits the htIIα decatenation in a superior fashion to etoposide. Cleavage assays demonstrated that selected compounds 8 and 14 do not act as poisons and antagonize the poison effect of etoposide. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) confirmed binding of compound 8 to the htIIα ATPase domain and compound 14 effectively inhibits the htIIα mediated ATP hydrolysis. The molecular dynamics simulation study provides further insight into the molecular recognition. The 4,6-disubstituted-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones represent the first validated monocyclic class of catalytic inhibitors that bind to the to the htIIα ATPase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matej Janežič
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom Solmajer
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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D’yakonov VA, Dzhemileva LU, Makarov AA, Mulukova AR, Baev DS, Khusnutdinova EK, Tolstikova TG, Dzhemilev UM. Stereoselective synthesis of 11-phenylundeca-5Z,9Z-dienoic acid and investigation of its human topoisomerase I and IIα inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2405-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Guo W. Direct oxidative coupling of amidine hydrochlorides and methylarenes: TBHP-mediated synthesis of substituted 1,3,5-triazines under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10285-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01799h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines were smoothly formed via TBHP-mediated direct oxidative coupling of amidine and methylarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
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23
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Pogorelčnik B, Brvar M, Žegura B, Filipič M, Solmajer T, Perdih A. Discovery of Mono- and Disubstituted 1H-Pyrazolo[3,4]pyrimidines and 9H-Purines as Catalytic Inhibitors of Human DNA Topoisomerase IIα. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:345-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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