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Qiao Z, Liu S, Zhai W, Jiang L, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Wang B, Shao J, Qian H, Zhao F, Yan L. Novel dual-target FAAH and TRPV1 ligands as potential pharmacotherapeutics for pain management. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116208. [PMID: 38325006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Dual-acting drugs that simultaneously inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and antagonize the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a promising stronger therapeutic approach for pain management without side effects associated with single-target agents. Here, several series of dual FAAH/TRPV1 blockers were designed and synthesized through rational molecular hybridization between the pharmacophore of classical TRPV1 antagonists and FAAH inhibitors. The studies resulted in compound 2r, which exhibited strong dual FAAH/TRPV1 inhibition/antagonism in vitro, exerted powerful analgesic effects in formalin-induced pain test (phase II, in mice), desirable anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, no TRPV1-related hyperthermia side effect, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Meanwhile, the contributions of TRPV1 and FAAH to its antinociceptive effects were verified by target engagement and molecular docking studies. Overall, compound 2r can serve as a new scaffold for developing FAAH/TRPV1 dual-activie ligands to counteract pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Weibin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yunmeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Zhikang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Jingwen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hai Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Fenqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
| | - Lin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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Ahn S, Kim YS, Kim MS, Ann J, Ha H, Yoo YD, Kim YH, Blumberg PM, Frank-Foltyn R, Bahrenberg G, Stockhausen H, Christoph T, Lee J. Discovery of indane propanamides as potent and selective TRPV1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Discovery of 2-(3,5-difluoro-4-methylsulfonaminophenyl)propanamides as potent TRPV1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2539-2542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4-Aminophenyl acetamides and propanamides as potent transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4509-4517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Frei P, Jones DH, Kay ST, McLellan JA, Johnston BF, Kennedy AR, Tomkinson NCO. Regioselective Reaction of Heterocyclic N-Oxides, an Acyl Chloride, and Cyclic Thioethers. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1510-1517. [PMID: 29345136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of electron deficient pyridine N-oxides with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride and a cyclic thioether in the presence of triethylamine leads to the corresponding 2-functionalized product in up to a 74% isolated yield. The transformation can also be accomplished with alternative nitrogen containing heterocycles, including quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyrazines. To expand the scope of the transformation, diisopropyl ether can be used as the reaction medium to allow for the use of solid thioether substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Frei
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - D Heulyn Jones
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Steven T Kay
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jayde A McLellan
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Blair F Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde , 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Vastag G, Apostolov S, Matijević B. Prediction of Lipophilicity and Pharmacokinetics of Chloroacetamides by Chemometric Approach. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2018; 17:100-114. [PMID: 29755543 PMCID: PMC5937082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the existence of biological potential of selected N-(substituted phenyl)-2-chloroacetamides was examined none empirically, as was the possibility of applying simple experimental technique in predicting essential properties which affect the biological activity of the compounds. By applying the Lipinski and Ghose's rules, it has been revealed that the examined chloroacetamides fulfill the theoretical requirements for bioactive compounds. In addition, lipophilicity was determined by applying the reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RPTLC18F254s) in the mixtures of water and two organic modifiers separately (methanol and acetone) and by using relevant software packages. The chromatographic retention parameters, RM0 and m, as the presumed criteria for the lipophilicity of the examined chloroacetamides were correlated by linear regression analysis, and the relevant chemometric methods (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis) with the standard measure of lipophilicity, log P, and with the selected pharmacokinetic predictors. Thus good correlations in both water-modifier systems (average correlation coefficients, r , 0.947 and 0.931) were obtained. The chemometric methods, as well as the classical correlation methods gave similar results which demonstrated that the chromatographic retention parameters, RM0 and m, can successfully describe the lipophilicity and the pharmacokinetics of the N-(substituted phenyl)-2-chloroacetamides in the first steps of preclinical research.
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Lee S, Kim C, Ann J, Thorat SA, Kim E, Park J, Choi S, Blumberg PM, Frank-Foltyn R, Bahrenberg G, Stockhausen H, Christoph T, Lee J. Pyrazole C-region analogues of 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl)propanamides as potent TRPV1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4383-4388. [PMID: 28838698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1-substituted 3-(t-butyl/trifluoromethyl)pyrazole C-region analogues of 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonamidophenyl)propanamides were investigated for hTRPV1 antagonism. The structure activity relationship indicated that the 3-chlorophenyl group at the 1-position of pyrazole was the optimized hydrophobic group for antagonistic potency and the activity was stereospecific to the S-configuration, providing exceptionally potent antagonists 13S and 16S with Ki(CAP)=0.1nM. Particularly significant, 13S exhibited antagonism selective for capsaicin and NADA and not for low pH or elevated temperature. Both compounds also proved to be very potent antagonists for rTRPV1, blocking in vivo the hypothermic action of capsaicin, consistent with their in vitro mechanism. The docking study of compounds 13S and 16S in our hTRPV1 homology model indicated that the binding modes differed somewhat, with that of 13S more closely resembling that of GRT12360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivaji A Thorat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmi Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Kang DW, Ryu H, Kim C, Ann J, Lee H, Kim E, Hong S, Choi S, Blumberg PM, Frank-Foltyn R, Bahrenberg G, Stockhausen H, Christoph T, Lee J. t-Butyl pyridine and phenyl C-region analogues of 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl)propanamides as potent TRPV1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2451-2462. [PMID: 28314510 PMCID: PMC6959544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted 6-t-butylpyridine and 4-t-butylphenyl C-region analogues of 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonamidophenyl)propanamides were investigated for hTRPV1 antagonism. The analysis of structure activity relationships indicated that the pyridine derivatives generally exhibited a little better antagonism than did the corresponding phenyl surrogates for most of the series. Among the compounds, compound 7 showed excellent antagonism toward capsaicin activation with Ki=0.1nM and compound 60S demonstrated a strong antiallodynic effect with 83% MPE at 10mg/kg in the neuropathic pain model. The docking study of 7S in our hTRPV1 homology model indicated that the interactions between the A/B-regions of 7S with Tyr511 and the interactions between the t-butyl and ethyl groups in the C-region of 7S with the two hydrophobic binding pockets of hTRPV1 contributed to the high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Health and Medical Science, Catholic University of Deagu, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungChul Ryu
- J2H Biotech, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhye Hong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Baraldi S, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Implications of TRPV1 Receptor Antagonists. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:936-983. [PMID: 27976413 DOI: 10.1002/med.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is an ion channel expressed on sensory neurons triggering an influx of cations. TRPV1 receptors function as homotetramers responsive to heat, proinflammatory substances, lipoxygenase products, resiniferatoxin, endocannabinoids, protons, and peptide toxins. Its phosphorylation increases sensitivity to both chemical and thermal stimuli, while desensitization involves a calcium-dependent mechanism resulting in receptor dephosphorylation. TRPV1 functions as a sensor of noxious stimuli and may represent a target to avoid pain and injury. TRPV1 activation has been associated to chronic inflammatory pain and peripheral neuropathy. Its expression is also detected in nonneuronal areas such as bladder, lungs, and cochlea where TRPV1 activation is responsible for pathology development of cystitis, asthma, and hearing loss. This review offers a comprehensive overview about TRPV1 receptor in the pathophysiology of chronic pain, epilepsy, cough, bladder disorders, diabetes, obesity, and hearing loss, highlighting how drug development targeting this channel could have a clinical therapeutic potential. Furthermore, it summarizes the advances of medicinal chemistry research leading to the identification of highly selective TRPV1 antagonists and their analysis of structure-activity relationships (SARs) focusing on new strategies to target this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Ann J, Sun W, Zhou X, Jung A, Baek J, Lee S, Kim C, Yoon S, Hong S, Choi S, Turcios NA, Herold BKA, Esch TE, Lewin NE, Abramovitz A, Pearce LV, Blumberg PM, Lee J. Discovery of N-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonamidomethylphenyl)urea as a potent TRPV1 antagonistic template. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3603-7. [PMID: 27317643 PMCID: PMC6957248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of homologous analogues of prototype antagonist 1 and its urea surrogate were investigated as hTRPV1 ligands. Through one-carbon elongation in the respective pharmacophoric regions, N-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonamidomethylphenyl)urea was identified as a novel and potent TRPV1 antagonistic template. Its representative compound 27 showed a potency comparable to that of lead compound 1. Docking analysis of compound 27 in our hTRPV1 homology model indicated that its binding mode was similar with that of 1S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Hainan Institute of Materia Medica, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Aeran Jung
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Baek
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Yoon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhye Hong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Noe A Turcios
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brienna K A Herold
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy E Esch
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adelle Abramovitz
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Larry V Pearce
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:81-125. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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