1
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Zhang K, Qin M, Hou Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Wang H. Efficient production of guanosine in Escherichia coli by combinatorial metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:182. [PMID: 38898430 PMCID: PMC11186194 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanosine is a purine nucleoside that is widely used as a raw material for food additives and pharmaceutical products. Microbial fermentation is the main production method of guanosine. However, the guanosine-producing strains possess multiple metabolic pathway interactions and complex regulatory mechanisms. The lack of strains with efficiently producing-guanosine greatly limited industrial application. RESULTS We attempted to efficiently produce guanosine in Escherichia coli using systematic metabolic engineering. First, we overexpressed the purine synthesis pathway from Bacillus subtilis and the prs gene, and deleted three genes involved in guanosine catabolism to increase guanosine accumulation. Subsequently, we attenuated purA expression and eliminated feedback and transcription dual inhibition. Then, we modified the metabolic flux of the glycolysis and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways and performed redox cofactors rebalancing. Finally, transporter engineering and enhancing the guanosine synthesis pathway further increased the guanosine titre to 134.9 mg/L. After 72 h of the fed-batch fermentation in shake-flask, the guanosine titre achieved 289.8 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that the guanosine synthesis pathway was successfully optimized by combinatorial metabolic engineering, which could be applicable to the efficient synthesis of other nucleoside products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Mengxing Qin
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hailei Wang
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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2
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Rajkumar DB, Gnanaoli K, Puhazhendhi A, Arunachalam T, Nagarajan S, Sridharan V, Sivalingam S, Maheswari CU. Iodine-catalyzed three-component annulation: access to highly fluorescent trisubstituted thiophenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10129-10132. [PMID: 37494020 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of highly fluorescent trisubstituted thiophenes was achieved via iodine-catalyzed, base-promoted annulation employing elemental sulfur as a sulfur source. The compounds exhibit excellent photophysical properties like solid-state fluorescence, high quantum yield and solvatochromism. As these thiophene derivatives have potential application in the development of optoelectronic devices, gram-scale synthesis of the desired heterocycles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepan Babu Rajkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, India.
| | - Karthiyayini Gnanaoli
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, India.
| | - Arulmozhi Puhazhendhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, India.
| | | | - Subbiah Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal-506004, India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), District-Samba, Jammu-181143, J&K, India
| | - Soumya Sivalingam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, India.
| | - C Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, India.
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3
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Hosseini Nasab N, Raza H, Eom YS, Hassan M, Kloczkowski A, Kim SJ. Synthesis and discovery of potential tyrosinase inhibitor of new coumarin-based thiophenyl-pyrazolylthiazole nuclei: In vitro evaluation, cytotoxicity, kinetic, and computational studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:1262-1272. [PMID: 36746678 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A well-known key enzyme in melanogenesis and hyperpigmentation is tyrosinase. The present study introduces a novel series of thiophenyl-pyrazolylthiazole-coumarin hybrids (6a-6h) as tyrosinase inhibitors. The in-vitro tyrosinase inhibition results indicated that all compounds have strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity, particularly compound 6g (IC50 = 0.043 ± 0.006 μM), was identified as the most active compound compared to the positive control (kojic acid, IC50 = 18.521 ± 1.162 μM). Lineweaver-Burk plots were employed to analyze the kinetic mechanism, and compound 6g formed an enzyme-inhibitor complex by inhibiting tyrosinase non-competitively. Furthermore, all compounds demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity against DPPH. MTT assay was used to screen the cytotoxicity of all compounds on B16F10 melanoma cells, and they had no toxic effect on the cells. The binding affinity of compounds with tyrosinase was also investigated using molecular docking, and the ligands displayed good binding energy values. These molecules could be a promising lead for skin pigmentation and associated diseases as nontoxic pharmacological scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Hosseini Nasab
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
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4
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Murai Y, Hashimoto M. Heteroaromatic Diazirines Are Essential Building Blocks for Material and Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031408. [PMID: 36771073 PMCID: PMC9921084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In materials (polymer) science and medicinal chemistry, heteroaromatic derivatives play the role of the central skeleton in development of novel devices and discovery of new drugs. On the other hand, (3-trifluoromethyl)phenyldiazirine (TPD) is a crucial chemical method for understanding biological processes such as ligand-receptor, nucleic acid-protein, lipid-protein, and protein-protein interactions. In particular, use of TPD has increased in recent materials science to create novel electric and polymer devices with comparative ease and reduced costs. Therefore, a combination of heteroaromatics and (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine is a promising option for creating better materials and elucidating the unknown mechanisms of action of bioactive heteroaromatic compounds. In this review, a comprehensive synthesis of (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine-substituted heteroaromatics is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
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5
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Hawash M, Qaoud MT, Jaradat N, Abdallah S, Issa S, Adnan N, Hoshya M, Sobuh S, Hawash Z. Anticancer Activity of Thiophene Carboxamide Derivatives as CA-4 Biomimetics: Synthesis, Biological Potency, 3D Spheroid Model, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:247. [PMID: 36546947 PMCID: PMC9775471 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize thiophene carboxamide derivatives, which are considered biomimetics of the anticancer medication Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4), and compare the similarity in the polar surface area (PSA) between the novel series and CA-4. Our results showed that the PSA of the most synthesized structures was biomimetic to CA-4, and similar chemical and biological properties were observed against Hep3B cancer cell line. Among the synthesized series 2b and 2e compounds were the most active molecules on Hep3B (IC50 = 5.46 and 12.58 µM, respectively). The 3D results revealed that both 2b and 2e structures confuse the surface of Hep3B cancer cell lines' spheroid formation and force these cells to aggregate into a globular-shaped spheroid. The 2b and 2e showed a comparable interaction pattern to that observed for CA-4 and colchicine within the tubulin-colchicine-binding pocket. The thiophene ring, due to holding a high aromaticity character, participated critically in that observed interaction profile and showed additional advanced interactions over CA-4. The 2b and 2e tubulin complexes showed optimal dynamics trajectories within a time scale of 100 ns at 300 K temperature, which asserts their high stability and compactness. Together, these findings revealed the biomimetic role of 2b and 2e compounds in CA-4 in preventing cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Mohammed T. Qaoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Samer Abdallah
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Shahd Issa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Nawal Adnan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Marah Hoshya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Shorooq Sobuh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine
| | - Zafer Hawash
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah 71939, Palestine
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6
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Metwally NH, Eldaly SM. Design, Synthesis of New Pyrazoles and Chromenes as ERK‐2 Inhibitors, Apoptosis inducers and Cell cycle interrupters Based on Thiophene‐Chalcone Scaffold. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salwa Magdy Eldaly
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Cairo University POX. 12613 Giza Egypt
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7
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Serdaroğlu G, Uludag N, Colak N, Rajkumar P. Nitrobenzamido substitution on thiophene-3-carboxylate: Electrochemical investigation, Antioxidant activity, Molecular Docking, DFT Calculations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Wang T, Wu F, Luo L, Zhang Y, Ma J, Hu Y. Efficient synthesis and cytotoxic activity of polysubstituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Ghouse S, Sreenivasulu C, Kishore DR, Satyanarayana G. Recent developments by zinc based reagents/catalysts promoted organic transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Abumelha HM, Alkhatib F, Alzahrani S, Abualnaja M, Alsaigh S, Alfaifi MY, Althagafi I, El-Metwaly N. Synthesis and characterization for pharmaceutical models from Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)-thiophene complexes; apoptosis, various theoretical studies and pharmacophore modeling. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Suárez JAQ, Ricardo AP, Costa JMF, Gonçalves CP, Tremante MA, Saavedra MSA. Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Thiophenes Starting from Amino Mercaptoacrylates and α-brominated Acetamides. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210111112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some thiophenic derivatives show important biological activity or are used as intermediates
in organic synthesis. For this reason, it is very important to develop new synthesis
procedures with good yields and using few synthesis steps. The present work offers an overview
of the method for obtaining substituted thiophenes reported in the literature, and the
synthetic procedures used from push-pull systems. In this work, we present the synthesis of
14 new tetrasubstituted thiophenes starting from amino mercaptoacrylates and α-brominated
acetamides, derived from furoyl and benzoylacetonitrile, respectively. Best yields (66 to
85%) were obtained through ultrasonic irradiation. Combined use of spectroscopic methods
and elementary analysis was done for characterization of all the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Agustín Quincoces Suárez
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Raimundo Pereira Magalhaes 3305, 05145-200, Pirituba, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Peña Ricardo
- Department of Exacted Science. Chemistry Sections, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of Huila, Rua Sarmento Rodrigues S/N, CP:230, Lubango, Huila, Angola
| | - José Matheus Freitas Costa
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580, Bangu, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Passarelli Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Raimundo Pereira Magalhaes 3305, 05145-200, Pirituba, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Augusto Tremante
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Raimundo Pereira Magalhaes 3305, 05145-200, Pirituba, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Salustiano Almeida Saavedra
- Chemical Synthesis Laboratory. Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolacao 930, 01302-907, Consolacao, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Chitti S, Pulya S, Nandikolla A, Patel TK, Karan Kumar B, Murugesan S, Ghosh B, Sekhar KVGC. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-(5-((substituted - amino)-methyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-spiro-[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-4-one hydrochloride analogues as anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104865. [PMID: 33812269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of thirty-one novel 7-(5-((amino)-methyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-spiro-[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-4-one hydrochloride analogues (Cst 1 - 31) have been designed, synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectral analysis. Here, we evaluated the anticancer potential and biological results of low-molecular-weight bridgehead oxygen and nitrogen-containing spirochromanones on proliferation and apoptosis of the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and Murine melanoma (B16F10). The anticancer activity ranged from 2.9 to 35.0 µM. The most potent compounds Cst-22, Cst-24 and Cst-31 were found to be less toxic against human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. Cst-24 and Cst-31 were found to be causing significant cytotoxicity through apoptotic cell death and also G2 phase arrest of cell cycle in B16F10 cells. In-silico ADME prediction stidies of the titled compounds were found within the rules outlined, and these compounds may not face any pharmacokinetic associated issues in the mere future upon developmental stage. These conjugates may serve as a lead for the discovery of potential anticancer drug candidate with better therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Chitti
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Sravani Pulya
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Adinarayana Nandikolla
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India.
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Kavak E, Algso M, Konus M, Yılmaz C, Lazoğlu A, Karaağaç SU, Kivrak A. Synthesis, Optimization, ADME Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity
of 2-(Arylethynyl)-3-ethynylthiophenes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Thiophene-benzothiazole dyad ligand and its Ag(I) complex – Synthesis, characterization, interactions with DNA and BSA. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Pasha A, Mondal S, Panigrahi N. Synthesis of Novel Aryl (4-Aryl-1H-Pyrrol-3-yl) (Thiophen-2-yl) Methanone Derivatives: Molecular Modelling, In Silico ADMET, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Ulcer Activities. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:182-195. [PMID: 33200699 DOI: 10.2174/1871523019999201116191622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the presence of both five-membered heterocyclics like pyrrole and thiophene in one molecule considerable attention was made for their enormous pharmacological activities out of which include anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities. OBJECTIVE Chalcones with toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) undergo synthesis to form some new aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen-2-yl) methanone derivatives. Molecular docking of synthesized compounds with protein receptors of anti-inflammatory COX-1(3N8Y), COX-2 (1PXX) along with anti-ulcer H+/K+ATPase enzyme (2XZB) followed with drug-likeness, and in silico ADMET properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The multicomponent reaction was carried out by the intermediate formation of α, β-unsaturated ketone from carbonyl compounds which on sequential addition undergoes [3+2] cycloaddition reaction in same medium affords aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen-2-yl) methanone derivatives by addition of TosMIC in basic medium had resulted in series of compounds PY1 to PY12. All the new synthesized compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by bovine serum albumin method followe with COX assay, and in-vivo by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method of the selected compounds PY1, PY5 and PY12 which is also screened for anti-ulcer activity by pylorus ligation method, respectively. Molecular docking was performed using autodock tools, drug-likeness by OSIRIS property explorer and admetSAR properties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the synthesized compounds of aryl (4-aryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) (thiophen- 2-yl) methanone derivatives PY5 showed decent in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory along selectivity index of 6.2 for COX-1 with IC50(μM) value of 9.54 over diclofenac with 8.74 and PY1 showed decent in-vivo anti-ulcer activities along with drug-likeness and in silico ADMET predictions revealed that all the synthesized compounds have minimal toxic effects with good absorption as well as solubility characteristics. The selected compounds may serve as potential lead compounds for developing new anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer drugs. CONCLUSION From the newly synthesized molecules PY5 was found to be effective for anti-inflammatory and PY1 was found to be effective for anti-ulcer activities further derivitization and designed of modification to achieve more compounds with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Pasha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Rushikonda, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
| | - Sumanta Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Rushikonda, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
| | - Naresh Panigrahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Rushikonda, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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16
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Gao Q, Xiong LH, Han T, Qiu Z, He X, Sung HHY, Kwok RTK, Williams ID, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Three-Component Regio- and Stereoselective Polymerizations toward Functional Chalcogen-Rich Polymers with AIE-Activities. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14712-14719. [PMID: 31460759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing rich chalcogen elements are rarely reported due to the lack of facile synthesis methods. Herein, a novel multicomponent polymerization route toward chalcogen-rich polymers was introduced. A series of poly(vinyl sulfones) (PVSs) were synthesized at room temperature using readily prepared monomers. PVSs were generated with high regio- and stereo-selectivity in high yields (up to 92.3%). Rich chalcogen elements endowed PVSs with distingctive multifunctionalities. The PVSs possessed good solubility and film-forming ability. Their thin films exhibited outstanding refractive indices up to 1.8062 at 550.0 nm together with good optical transparency in the visible region. Thin films of some polymers can also be fabricated into well-resolved fluorescent photopatterns by photolithography. Thanks to the unique redox properties of selenium, postmodification by oxidation reaction of P1a/2/3a successfully eliminates the caused heavy atom effect and endow resulting polymers with novel functionality as fluorescent bioprobes for cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gao
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Ling-Hong Xiong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Han
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Zijie Qiu
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Xuewen He
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR.,Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR.,Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science , Institute of Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong , SAR.,Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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17
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Probing the Effects of Pyrimidine Functional Group Switches on Acyclic Fleximer Analogues for Antiviral Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173184. [PMID: 31480658 PMCID: PMC6749450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to inhibit viral DNA or RNA replication, nucleoside analogues have been used for decades as potent antiviral therapeutics. However, one of the major limitations of nucleoside analogues is the development of antiviral resistance. In that regard, flexible nucleoside analogues known as “fleximers” have garnered attention over the years due to their ability to survey different amino acids in enzyme binding sites, thus overcoming the potential development of antiviral resistance. Acyclic fleximers have previously demonstrated antiviral activity against numerous viruses including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and, most recently, flaviviruses such as Dengue (DENV) and Yellow Fever Virus (YFV). Due to these interesting results, a Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) study was pursued in order to analyze the effect of the pyrimidine functional group and acyl protecting group on antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, and conformation. The results of those studies are presented herein.
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18
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El-Shehry MF, Hosni HM, Amr AE, Ibrahim AA, Fayed AA, Elnaggar DH. Synthesis of Some New Substituted Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219070247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Over the past few years, nucleosides have maintained a prominent role as one of the cornerstones of antiviral and anticancer therapeutics, and many approaches to nucleoside drug design have been pursued. One such approach involves flexibility in the sugar moiety of nucleosides, for example, in the highly successful anti-HIV and HBV drug tenofovir. In contrast, introduction of flexibility to the nucleobase scaffold has only more recently gained significance with the invention of our fleximers. The history, development, and some biological relevance for this innovative class of nucleosides are detailed herein.
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20
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Shah R, Verma PK. Synthesis of thiophene derivatives and their anti-microbial, antioxidant, anticorrosion and anticancer activity. BMC Chem 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31384802 PMCID: PMC6661813 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new series of thiophene analogues was synthesized and checked for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticorrosion and anticancer activities. Results A series of ethyl-2-(substituted benzylideneamino)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized by using Gewald synthesis and their structures were confirmed by FTIR, MS and 1H-NMR. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their in vitro biological potentials i.e. antimicrobial activity against selected microbial species using tube dilution method, antiproliferative activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549) by sulforhodamine B assay, antioxidant activity by using DPPH method and anticorrosion activity by gravimetric method. Conclusion Antimicrobial screening results showed that compound S 1 was the most potent antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi having MIC value 0.81 µM/ml and compound S 4 also displayed excellent antifungal activity against both Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (MIC = 0.91 µM/ml) when compared with cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal) as standard drug. The antioxidant screening results indicated that compound S 4 and S 6 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 values 48.45 and 45.33 respectively when compared with the ascorbic acid as standard drug. Anticorrosion screening results indicated that compound S 7 showed more anticorrosion efficiency (97.90%) with low corrosion rate. Results of anticancer screening indicated that compound S 8 showed effective cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549) at dose of 10-4 M when compared with adriamycin as standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Prabhakar Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
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21
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Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Antiviral activity spectrum of phenoxazine nucleoside derivatives. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:117-124. [PMID: 30684562 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phenoxazine scaffold is widely used to stabilize nucleic acid duplexes, as a part of fluorescent probes for the study of nucleic acid structure, recognition, and metabolism, etc. Here we present the synthesis of phenoxazine-based nucleoside derivatives and their antiviral activity against a panel of structurally diverse viruses: enveloped DNA herpesviruses varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human cytomegalovirus, enveloped RNA tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and non-enveloped RNA enteroviruses. Studied compounds were effective against DNA and RNA viruses reproduction in cell culture. 3-(2'-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine proved to be a potent inhibitor of VZV replication with superior activity against wild type than thymidine kinase deficient strains (EC50 0.06 and 10 μM, respectively). This compound did not show cytotoxicity on all the studied cell lines. Several compounds showed promising activity against TBEV (EC50 0.35-0.91 μM), but the activity was accompanied by pronounced cytotoxicity. These compounds may be considered as a good starting point for further structure optimization as antiherpesviral or antiflaviviral compounds.
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23
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Shah R, Verma PK. Therapeutic importance of synthetic thiophene. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:137. [PMID: 30564984 PMCID: PMC6768136 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiophene and its substituted derivatives are very important class of heterocyclic compounds which shows interesting applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. It has made an indispensable anchor for medicinal chemists to produce combinatorial library and carry out exhaustive efforts in the search of lead molecules. It has been reported to possess a wide range of therapeutic properties with diverse applications in medicinal chemistry and material science, attracting great interest in industry as well as academia. It has been proven to be effectual drugs in present respective disease scenario. They are remarkably effective compounds both with respect to their biological and physiological functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-anxiety, anti-fungal, antioxidant, estrogen receptor modulating, anti-mitotic, anti-microbial, kinases inhibiting and anti-cancer. Thus the synthesis and characterization of novel thiophene moieties with wider therapeutic activity is a topic of interest for the medicinal chemist to synthesize and investigate new structural prototypes with more effective pharmacological activity. However, several commercially available drugs such as Tipepidine, Tiquizium Bromides, Timepidium Bromide, Dorzolamide, Tioconazole, Citizolam, Sertaconazole Nitrate and Benocyclidine also contain thiophene nucleus. Therefore, it seems to be a requirement to collect recent information in order to understand the current status of the thiophene nucleus in medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Prabhakar Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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24
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Antineoplastic Drug Loading and Delivery. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4040087. [PMID: 29168760 PMCID: PMC5750611 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells are a population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells possessing extensive self-renewal properties and the potential to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal lineage cells. They express broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the immune system and after transplantation can interact with the surrounding microenvironment, promoting tissue healing and regeneration. For this reason, mesenchymal stromal cells have been widely used in regenerative medicine, both in preclinical and clinical settings. Another clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to neoplastic cells, maximizing the cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and minimizing collateral damage to non-neoplastic tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are home to the stroma of several primary and metastatic neoplasms and hence can be used as vectors for targeted delivery of antineoplastic drugs to the tumour microenvironment, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and maximizing antitumour effects. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine are the chemotherapeutic drugs best loaded by mesenchymal stromal cells and delivered to neoplastic cells, whereas other agents, like pemetrexed, are not internalized by mesenchymal stromal cells and therefore are not suitable for advanced antineoplastic therapy. This review focuses on the state of the art of advanced antineoplastic cell therapy and its future perspectives, emphasizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical results and future clinical applications.
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26
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Pissarnitski DA, Zhao Z, Cole D, Wu WL, Domalski M, Clader JW, Scapin G, Voigt J, Soriano A, Kelly T, Powles MA, Yao Z, Burnett DA. Scaffold-hopping from xanthines to tricyclic guanines: A case study of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5534-5545. [PMID: 27670099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling of unbound tricyclic guanine scaffolds indicated that they can serve as effective bioisosteric replacements of xanthines. This notion was further confirmed by a combination of X-ray crystallography and SAR studies, indicating that tricyclic guanine DPP4 inhibitors mimic the binding mode of xanthine inhibitors, exemplified by linagliptin. Realization of the bioisosteric relationship between these scaffolds potentially will lead to a wider application of cyclic guanines as xanthine replacements in drug discovery programs for a variety of biological targets. Newly designed DPP4 inhibitors achieved sub-nanomolar potency range and demonstrated oral activity in vivo in mouse glucose tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Pissarnitski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Wen-Lian Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Martin Domalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - John W Clader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Theresa Kelly
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Mary Ann Powles
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zuliang Yao
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Duane A Burnett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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