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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, García-Del-Valle R, Bosh-Fonseca S, González-Pagán J, Díaz-Rosa A, Acevedo-Rosario K, Reyes-Vicente L, Colom A, Carballeira NM. Synthesis of the Novel N-(2-Hexadecynoyl)-l-Homoserine Lactone and Evaluation of Its Antiquorum Sensing Activity in Chromobacterium violaceum. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:32536-32546. [PMID: 39100292 PMCID: PMC11292648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is commonly found in soil and freshwater within tropical and subtropical regions. Although not a common occurrence, this bacterium has the potential to cause severe diseases in humans and animals, such as liver and lung abscesses and septicemia. Herein we report the synthesis of novel N-acyl homoserine lactones (HSLs) to evaluate their effectiveness as antiquorum sensing (anti-QS) agents in C. violaceum. The HSLs were prepared through three synthetic approaches, where hexanoic acid, decanoic acid, 6-decynoic acid, or 2-hexadecynoic acid (2-HDA) was treated with commercially available l-homoserine lactone (HSL) hydrobromide in either dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran in the presence of EDC and DMAP. The effectiveness of HSLs as anti-QS agents was assessed through susceptibility tests and violacein quantification. The most effective anti-QS inhibitor among all N-acyl-HSLs tested was the N-(2-hexadecynoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (HSL 4). Further experimental approaches, such as quantification of acyl-homoserine lactones and biofilm inhibitory tests, were carried out to determine the effect of HSL 4 on these QS-dependent mechanisms. These experiments showed that HSL 4 was highly effective at inhibiting the production of HSLs and biofilm in C. violaceum at 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg/mL. In addition, the cytotoxicity activity was evaluated against Vero cells to determine the selectivity of HSL 4 as a nontraditional antibacterial agent. HSL 4 was not toxic against Vero cells at concentrations ranging from 0.0039 to 1 mg/mL. Molecular docking experiments were conducted to study the interactions between novel HSLs and CviR (PDB ID 3QP5), a receptor that plays a significant role in C. violaceum QS. In silico studies indicate that HSL 4 exhibits better interactions with Leu 72 and Gln 95 of the CviR binding pocket when compared to the other analogs. These results validate previous in vitro studies, such as susceptibility tests and violacein production assays. The findings above indicate that novel acetylenic HSLs may potentially be agents that combat bacterial communication and biofilm formation. However, further investigation is necessary to expand the spectrum of bacterial strains capable of resisting antibiotics through QS and evaluate the compounds' cytotoxicity in other cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
- Medicinal
Research and Applications Laboratory, Inter
American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box
191293, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Rene García-Del-Valle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave
Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925, United States
| | - Sachel Bosh-Fonseca
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Joangely González-Pagán
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Alanis Díaz-Rosa
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Karina Acevedo-Rosario
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Luzmarie Reyes-Vicente
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
- Medicinal
Research and Applications Laboratory, Inter
American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box
191293, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Antonio Colom
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Inter American
University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, P.O. Box 191293, San
Juan, Puerto Rico 00919, United States
| | - Néstor M. Carballeira
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave
Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925, United States
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Islamov II, Yusupova AV, D’yakonov VA, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis of New Hybrid Molecules Based on Isomerically Pure 5Z,9Z-Alkadienoic Acids and Monocarbonyl Curcumin Analog. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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3
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Casillas-Vargas G, Ocasio-Malavé C, Medina S, Morales-Guzmán C, Del Valle RG, Carballeira NM, Sanabria-Ríos DJ. Antibacterial fatty acids: An update of possible mechanisms of action and implications in the development of the next-generation of antibacterial agents. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101093. [PMID: 33577909 PMCID: PMC8137538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of fatty acids (FA) is well known in the literature and represents a promising option for developing the next-generation of antibacterial agents to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. FA are highly involved in living organisms' defense system against numerous pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. When combined with other antibacterial agents, the remarkable ability of FA to enhance their bactericidal properties is a critical feature that is not commonly observed in other naturally-occurring compounds. More reviews focusing on FA antibacterial activity, traditional and non-traditional mechanisms and biomedical applications are needed. This review is intended to update the reader on the antibacterial properties of recent FA and how their chemical structures influence their antibacterial activity. This review also aims to better understand both traditional and non-traditional mechanisms involved in these recently explored FA antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Casillas-Vargas
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Natural Sciences, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, USA
| | - Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Natural Sciences, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, USA
| | - Solymar Medina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Natural Sciences, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, USA
| | - Christian Morales-Guzmán
- University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Department of Chemistry, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR 00925-2537, USA
| | - René García Del Valle
- University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Department of Chemistry, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR 00925-2537, USA
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Department of Chemistry, 17 Ave. Universidad Ste. 1701, San Juan, PR 00925-2537, USA.
| | - David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Natural Sciences, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, USA.
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4
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Propargylated monocarbonyl curcumin analogues: synthesis, bioevaluation and molecular docking study. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Recent advances in DNA gyrase-targeted antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Morales-Guzmán C, Mooney J, Medina S, Pereles-De-León T, Rivera-Román A, Ocasio-Malavé C, Díaz D, Chorna N, Carballeira NM. Antibacterial Activity of Hexadecynoic Acid Isomers toward Clinical Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lipids 2020; 55:101-116. [PMID: 31975430 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the structural characteristics that impart antibacterial activity to C16 alkynoic fatty acids (aFA) were further investigated. The syntheses of hexadecynoic acids (HDA) containing triple bonds at C-3, C-6, C-8, C-9, C-10, and C-12 were carried out in four steps and with an overall yield of 34-78%. In addition, HDA analogs containing a sulfur atom at either C-4 or C-5 were also prepared in 69-77% overall yields, respectively. Results from this study revealed that the triple bond at C-2 is pivotal for the antibacterial activity displayed by 2-HDA, while the farther the position of the triple bond from the carbonyl group, the lower its bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, including clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CIMRSA) strains. The potential of 2-HDA as an antibacterial agent was also assessed in five CIMRSA strains that were resistant to Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) demonstrating that 2-HDA was the most effective treatment in inhibiting their growth when compared with either Cipro alone or equimolar combinations of Cipro and 2-HDA. Moreover, it was proved that the inhibition of S. aureus DNA gyrase can be linked to the antibacterial activity displayed by 2-HDA. Finally, it was determined that the ability of HDA analogs to form micelles can be linked to their decreased activity against gram-positive bacteria, since critical micellar concentrations (CMC) between 50 and 300 μg/mL were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Christian Morales-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - Joseph Mooney
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Solymar Medina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Tomás Pereles-De-León
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Ashley Rivera-Román
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Damarith Díaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR, 00919, USA
| | - Nataliya Chorna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
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Hou W, Zhang G, Luo Z, Li D, Ruan H, Ruan BH, Su L, Xu H. Identification of a diverse synthetic abietane diterpenoid library and insight into the structure-activity relationships for antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5382-5386. [PMID: 29153424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A diverse natural product-like (NPL) synthetic abietane diterpenoid library containing 86 compounds were obtained and the SARs were studied based on their antibacterial potential. Further in vitro cytotoxic and in silico drug-like properties evaluation showed that the potent antibacterial compound 84 had good drug-like properties and displayed low cytotoxicity toward noncancerous mammalian cells, indicating the study of AA and DHAA might be a good starting point for the search of novel antimicrobial molecules. Future work should be focused on the optimization of their potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Evergene Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Di Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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Carballeira NM, Montano N, Morales C, Mooney J, Torres X, Díaz D, Sanabria-Rios DJ. 2-Methoxylated FA Display Unusual Antibacterial Activity Towards Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CIMRSA) and Escherichia coli. Lipids 2017; 52:535-548. [PMID: 28523480 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring (6Z)-(±)-2-methoxy-6-hexadecenoic acid (1) and (6Z)-(±)-2-methoxy-6-octadecenoic acid (2) were synthesized in 7-8 steps with 38 and 13% overall yields, respectively, by using an acetylide coupling approach, which made it possible to obtain a 100% cis-stereochemistry for the double bonds. In a similar fashion, the acetylenic analogs (±)-2-methoxy-6-hexadecynoic acid (3) and (±)-2-methoxy-6-octadecynoic acid (4) were also synthesized in 6-7 steps with 48 and 16% overall yields, respectively. The antibacterial activity of acids 1-4 was determined against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ClMRSA) and Escherichia coli. Among the series of compounds, acid 4 was the most active bactericide towards CIMRSA displaying IC50s (half maximal inhibitory concentrations) between 17 and 37 μg/mL, in sharp contrast to the 6-octadecynoic acid, which was not bactericidal at all. On the other hand, acids 1 and 3 were the only acids that displayed antibacterial activity towards E. coli, but 1 stood out as the best candidate with an IC50 of 21 μg/mL. The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of acids 1-4 were also determined. The C18 acids 2 and 4 displayed a five-fold lower CMC (15-20 μg/mL) than the C16 analogs 1 and 3 (70-100 μg/mL), indicating that 4 exerts its antibacterial activity in a micellar state. None of the studied acids were inhibitory towards S. aureus DNA gyrase discounting this type of enzyme inhibition as a possible antibacterial mechanism. It was concluded that the combination of α-methoxylation and C-6 unsaturation increases the bactericidal activity of the C16 and C18 FA towards the studied bacterial strains. Acids 1 and 4 stand out as viable candidates to be used against E. coli and CIMRSA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, 00931-3346, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Nashbly Montano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, 00931-3346, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Christian Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, 00931-3346, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Joseph Mooney
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, 00919, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Xiomara Torres
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, 00919, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Dakeishla Díaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, 00919, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - David J Sanabria-Rios
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, 00919, San Juan, PR, USA
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Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives - A review. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:205-233. [PMID: 28417091 PMCID: PMC5388087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several drugs have been developed deriving from traditional products and current drug research is actively investigating the possible therapeutic roles of many Ayruvedic and Traditional Indian medicinal therapies. Among those being investigated is Turmeric. Its most important active ingredient is curcuminoids. Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds commonly used as a spice, pigment and additive also utilized as a therapeutic agent used in several foods. Comprehensive research over the last century has revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. Various preclinical cell culture and animals studies suggest that curcuminoids have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-acidogenic, radioprotective and arthritis. Different clinical trials also suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcuminoids in numerous chronic diseases such as colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the chemistry, analog, metal complex, formulations of curcuminoids and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anitha Pius
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreerag Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs Pvt Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin, India
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Ripoll-Rozada J, García-Cazorla Y, Getino M, Machón C, Sanabria-Ríos D, de la Cruz F, Cabezón E, Arechaga I. Type IV traffic ATPase TrwD as molecular target to inhibit bacterial conjugation. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:912-21. [PMID: 26915347 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation is the main mechanism responsible for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Hence, the search for specific conjugation inhibitors is paramount in the fight against the spread of these genes. In this pursuit, unsaturated fatty acids have been found to specifically inhibit bacterial conjugation. Despite the growing interest on these compounds, their mode of action and their specific target remain unknown. Here, we identified TrwD, a Type IV secretion traffic ATPase, as the molecular target for fatty acid-mediated inhibition of conjugation. Moreover, 2-alkynoic fatty acids, which are also potent inhibitors of bacterial conjugation, are also powerful inhibitors of the ATPase activity of TrwD. Characterization of the kinetic parameters of ATPase inhibition has led us to identify the catalytic mechanism by which fatty acids exert their activity. These results open a new avenue for the rational design of inhibitors of bacterial conjugation in the fight against the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Yolanda García-Cazorla
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - María Getino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Machón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - David Sanabria-Ríos
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico-Metropolitan Campus, Faculty of Science and Technology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Cabezón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
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