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Otake K, Ubukata M, Nagahashi N, Ogawa N, Hantani Y, Hantani R, Adachi T, Nomura A, Yamaguchi K, Maekawa M, Mamada H, Motomura T, Sato M, Harada K. Methyl and Fluorine Effects in Novel Orally Bioavailable Keap1-Nrf2 PPI Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:658-665. [PMID: 37197451 PMCID: PMC10184158 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the causes of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Activation of the antioxidant protein regulator Nrf2 by inhibition of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) is of interest as a potential treatment for CKD. We report the identification of the novel and weak PPI inhibitor 7 with good physical properties by a high throughput screening (HTS) campaign, followed by structural and computational analysis. The installation of only methyl and fluorine groups successfully provided the lead compound 25, which showed more than 400-fold stronger activity. Furthermore, these dramatic substituent effects can be explained by the analysis of using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Thus, the resulting 25, which exhibited high oral absorption and durability, would be a CKD therapeutic agent because of the dose-dependent manner for up-regulation of the antioxidant protein heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) in rat kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Otake
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Ubukata
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noboru Nagahashi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Hantani
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rie Hantani
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Adachi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamaguchi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mamada
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Motomura
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohide Sato
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Harada
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
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Poornashree M, Kumar H, Ajmeer R, Jain R, Jain V. Dual role of Nrf2 in cancer: molecular mechanisms, cellular functions and therapeutic interventions. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1871-1883. [PMID: 36513865 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nrf2 regulates oxidative stress, which is essential for cellular function. Fundamental initiation of Nrf2 in many malignancies increases prosurvival genes & endorses tumour cell propagation via metabolic reprogramming, suppression of tumour programmed cell death, & increased cancer stem cell self-renewal potential. More specifically, Nrf2 has been associated with cancer cell chemoresistance, radioresistance & inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Many Nrf2 inhibitors have been revealed for tumour treatment and targeting Nrf2 could be an effective cancer therapeutic method. Before spreading, cancer cells adapt to their surroundings. Cancer cells usually have mutations in tumor suppressor genes. In a variety of malignancies, somatic mutations & other anomalies in the Nrf2 genes, as well as renowned cancer suppressor genes including TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN & PIK3CA, have been found. In tumour cells, somatic mutations in the Nrf2 genes, as well as additional mechanisms that affect Nrf2 binding, and produce aberrant Nrf2 activation. Uncontrolled Nrf2 causes tumour cells to become resistant to antineoplastic drugs & reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as guiding them toward metabolic reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, Nrf2 has been studied as potential malignancy treatment target. We covered the pathways, mechanisms, and dual characteristics of Nrf2 in malignancy in this article. We also discussed how Nrf2 inhibitors are targeted against cancer in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poornashree
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, Mysuru, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, Mysuru, India
| | - Ramkishan Ajmeer
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, East Zone, 700020, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, Mysuru, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, 570015, Mysuru, India.
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Liu W, Jiang J, Lin Y, You Q, Wang L. Insight into Thermodynamic and Kinetic Profiles in Small-Molecule Optimization. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10809-10847. [PMID: 35969687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and structure-property relationships (SPRs) have been considered the most important factors during the drug optimization process. For medicinal chemists, improvements in the potencies and druglike properties of small molecules are regarded as their major goals. Among them, the binding affinity and selectivity of small molecules on their targets are the most important indicators. In recent years, there has been growing interest in using thermodynamic and kinetic profiles to analyze ligand-receptor interactions, which could provide not only binding affinities but also detailed binding parameters for small-molecule optimization. In this perspective, we are trying to provide an insight into thermodynamic and kinetic profiles in small-molecule optimization. Through a highlight of strategies on the small-molecule optimization with specific cases, we aim to put forward the importance of structure-thermodynamic relationships (STRs) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKRs), which could provide more guidance to find safe and effective small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingsheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yating Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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4
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Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) triggers homeostatic responses against a plethora of environmental or endogenous deviations in redox metabolism, inflammation, proteostasis, etc. Therefore, pharmacological activation of NRF2 is a promising therapeutic strategy for several chronic diseases that are underlined by low-grade oxidative inflammation and dysregulation of redox metabolism, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. While NRF2 activation is useful in inhibiting carcinogenesis, its inhibition is needed in constituted tumors where NRF2 provides a survival advantage in the challenging tumor niche. This review describes the electrophilic and non-electrophilic NRF2 activators with clinical projection in various chronic diseases. We also analyze the status of NRF2 inhibitors, which are for the moment in a proof-of-concept stage. Advanced in silico screening and medicinal chemistry are expected to provide new or repurposing small molecules with increased potential for fostering the development of targeted NRF2 modulators. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) is rapidly degraded by proteasomes under a basal condition in a Keap1-dependent manner. ROS oxidatively modifies Keap1 to release NRF2 and allow its nuclear translocation. Here it binds to the antioxidant response element to regulate gene transcription. An alternative mechanism controlling NRF2 stability is glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)-induced phosphorylation. Indicated in blue are NRF2-activating and NRF2-inhibiting drugs.
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Zhou J, Qi C, Fang X, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li D, Song J. DJ-1 modulates Nrf2-mediated MRP1 expression by activating Wnt3a/β-catenin signalling in A549 cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract and LPS. Life Sci 2021; 276:119089. [PMID: 33476627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction and abnormal inflammatory responses. Multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1) can reduce lung inflammation and damage by excreting various toxic exogenous substances and certain pro-inflammatory molecules. AIMS We studied whether DJ-1 modulates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by activating the Wnt3a/β-catenin signalling pathway to further regulate MRP1 expression and pulmonary antioxidant defences in alveolar epithelial (A549) cells treated with smoke extract (CSE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MAIN METHODS Marker expression was studied by western blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining of A549 cells. KEY FINDINGS A549 cells exposed to CSE and LPS showed downregulation of DJ-1, Wnt3a, MRP1 and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and upregulation of inflammatory factors. Additionally, Nrf2 protein levels were significantly decreased, while there was no change in Nrf2 mRNA levels. Overexpression of DJ-1 and Wnt3a activated Nrf2 signalling, increased MRP1 and HO-1 levels and decreased IL-6 protein expression, while knockdown of DJ-1 and Wnt3a had the opposite effects. Furthermore, DJ-1 overexpression and DJ-1 knockdown increased and decreased, respectively, the levels of Wnt3a and β-catenin. Interestingly, Nrf2 and Wnt3a deficiency reduced the protective effects of Wnt3a and DJ-1, respectively, in A549 cells. However, the levels of DJ-1 and Wnt3a were not altered by Wnt3a and Nrf2 deletion, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE In A549 cells treated with CSE and LPS, DJ-1 regulates Nrf2-mediated MRP1 expression and antioxidant defences by activating the Wnt3a/β-catenin signalling pathway. These findings may provide potential therapeutic targets for COPD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanzong Qi
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Dalang Li
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jue Song
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.
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6
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Zhou HS, Hu LB, Zhang H, Shan WX, Wang Y, Li X, Liu T, Zhao J, You QD, Jiang ZY. Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationships of Indoline-Based Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1-Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11149-11168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lv-Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Xin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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7
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Mou Y, Wen S, Li YX, Gao XX, Zhang X, Jiang ZY. Recent progress in Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112532. [PMID: 32668381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its main regulator, Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1 (Keap1) has been emerged as a feasible way to combat oxidative stress related diseases, due to the key role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress regulation. In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop potent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors with new chemical structures. Various molecules with diverse chemical structures have been reported and some compounds exhibit high potency. This review summarizes peptide and small molecule Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors reported recently. We also highlight the pharmacological effects and discuss the possible therapeutic application of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin-Xing Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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8
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Badr CE, da Hora CC, Kirov AB, Tabet E, Amante R, Maksoud S, Nibbs AE, Fitzsimons E, Boukhali M, Chen JW, Chiu NHL, Nakano I, Haas W, Mazitschek R, Tannous BA. Obtusaquinone: A Cysteine-Modifying Compound That Targets Keap1 for Degradation. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1445-1454. [PMID: 32338864 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the natural product obtusaquinone (OBT) as a potent antineoplastic agent with promising in vivo activity in glioblastoma and breast cancer through the activation of oxidative stress; however, the molecular properties of this compound remained elusive. We used a multidisciplinary approach comprising medicinal chemistry, quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics, functional studies in cancer cells, and pharmacokinetic analysis, as well as mouse xenograft models to develop and validate novel OBT analogs and characterize the molecular mechanism of action of OBT. We show here that OBT binds to cysteine residues with a particular affinity to cysteine-rich Keap1, a member of the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This binding promotes an overall stress response and results in ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Keap1 and downstream activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the PET-tracer 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG), we confirm that OBT is able to penetrate the brain and functionally target brain tumors. Finally, we show that an OBT analog with improved pharmacological properties, including enhanced potency, stability, and solubility, retains the antineoplastic properties in a xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Badr
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Cintia Carla da Hora
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Aleksandar B. Kirov
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Elie Tabet
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Romain Amante
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Antoinette E. Nibbs
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Evelyn Fitzsimons
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - John W. Chen
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Norman H. L. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Caroline 27402, United States
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, United States
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bakhos A. Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Activators and Inhibitors of NRF2: A Review of Their Potential for Clinical Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9372182. [PMID: 31396308 PMCID: PMC6664516 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9372182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) triggers the first line of homeostatic responses against a plethora of environmental or endogenous deviations in redox metabolism, proteostasis, inflammation, etc. Therefore, pharmacological activation of NRF2 is a promising therapeutic approach for several chronic diseases that are underlined by oxidative stress and inflammation, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. A particular case is cancer, where NRF2 confers a survival advantage to constituted tumors, and therefore, NRF2 inhibition is desired. This review describes the electrophilic and nonelectrophilic NRF2 activators with clinical projection in various chronic diseases. We also analyze the status of NRF2 inhibitors, which at this time provide proof of concept for blocking NRF2 activity in cancer therapy.
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10
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Cuadrado A, Manda G, Hassan A, Alcaraz MJ, Barbas C, Daiber A, Ghezzi P, León R, López MG, Oliva B, Pajares M, Rojo AI, Robledinos-Antón N, Valverde AM, Guney E, Schmidt HHHW. Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Diseases: A Systems Medicine Approach. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:348-383. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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11
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Tian D, Shi Y, Chen D, Liu Q, Fan F. The Wnt inhibitor LGK-974 enhances radiosensitivity of HepG2 cells by modulating Nrf2 signaling. Int J Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28627706 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of antioxidant and detoxification activities that can eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced via irradiation. However, Nrf2 overexpression in liver cancer cells may cause both radioresistance and chemoresistance. Reducing Nrf2 levels can enhance the radiosensitivity of HepG2 cells. Wingless/int-3A (Wnt3A) is a Wnt family protein that mainly activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Recent studies showed that the Axin1-GSK-3β protein complex, a component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, can capture Nrf2 and facilitate its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm. This protein complex is degraded upon activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. In the present study, we treated HepG2 cells with the Wnt3A inhibitor LGK-974, an effective and specific PORCN inhibitor that can prevent the formation of a proper folding of the Wnt protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. We found that HepG2 cells became more sensitive to radiation with increasing LGK-974 concentrations. Upon 2 Gy or 4 Gy irradiation, the cells treated with LGK-974 more frequently underwent apoptosis and grew less rapidly. PCR and western blot results showed that inhibiting the secretion of Wnt3A blocked the Wnt signaling pathway and prevented Nrf2 signaling. Notably, the Wnt inhibitor may serve as a radiosensitizing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tian
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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12
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Jiang ZY, Lu MC, You QD. Discovery and Development of Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10837-10858. [PMID: 27690435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of the cellular defense system, and enhancing Nrf2 activity has potential usages in various diseases, especially chronic age-related and inflammatory diseases. Recently, directly targeting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) has been an emerging strategy to selectively and effectively activate Nrf2. This Perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors, including the Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms, biochemical techniques for inhibitor identification, and approaches for identifying peptide and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as discusses privileged structures and future directions for further development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Lu MC, Ji JA, Jiang ZY, You QD. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway As a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target: An Update. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:924-63. [PMID: 27192495 DOI: 10.1002/med.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE ((Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1) nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway is one of the most important defense mechanisms against oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses, and it is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. In recent years, progress has been made in strategies aimed at modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. The Nrf2 activator DMF (Dimethylfumarates) has been approved by the FDA as a new first-line oral drug to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, while a phase 3 study of another promising candidate, CDDO-Me, was terminated for safety reasons. Directly inhibiting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions as a novel Nrf2-modulating strategy has many advantages over using electrophilic Nrf2 activators. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors has become a topic of intense research, and potent inhibitors of this target have been identified. In addition, inhibiting Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention because it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system. The main focus of this review is on recent progress in studies of agents that target the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and the therapeutic applications of such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian-Ai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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