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Aekwattanaphol N, Das SC, Khadka P, Nakpheng T, Ali Khumaini Mudhar Bintang M, Srichana T. Development of a proliposomal pretomanid dry powder inhaler as a novel alternative approach for combating pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2024; 664:124608. [PMID: 39163929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) continue as public health concerns. Inhaled drug therapy for TB has substantial benefits in combating the causal agent of TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Pretomanid is a promising candidate in an optional combined regimen for XDR-TB. Pretomanid has demonstrated high potency against M. tuberculosis in both the active and latent phases. Conventional spray drying was used to formulate pretomanid as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for deep lung delivery using a proliposomal system with a trehalose coarse excipient to enhance the drug solubility. Co-spray drying with L-leucine protected hygroscopic trehalose in formulations and improved powder aerosolization. Higher amounts of L-leucine (40-50 % w/w) resulted in the formation of mesoporous particles with high percentages of drug content and entrapment efficiency. The aerosolized powders demonstrated both geometric and median aerodynamic diameters < 5 µm with > 90 % emitted dose and > 50 % fine particle fraction. Upon reconstitution in simulated physiological fluid, the proliposomes completely converted to liposomes, exhibiting suitable particle sizes (130-300 nm) with stable colloids and improving drug solubility, leading to higher drug dissolution compared to the drug alone. Inhalable pretomanid showed higher antimycobacterial activity than pretomanid alone. The formulations were safe for all broncho-epithelial cell lines and alveolar macrophages, thus indicating their potential suitability for DPIs targeting pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanit Aekwattanaphol
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Prakash Khadka
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Titpawan Nakpheng
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Ali Khumaini Mudhar Bintang
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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2
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Goh JJN, Wang Q, Zhang N, de Castro Suarez N, Bustion AE, Nuermberger EL, Savic R. Prospectively predicting BPaMZ phase IIb/III trial outcomes using a translational mouse-to-human platform. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0061524. [PMID: 39287403 PMCID: PMC11459968 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00615-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite known treatments, tuberculosis (TB) remains the world's top infectious killer, highlighting the pressing need for new drug regimens. To prioritize the most efficacious drugs for clinical testing, we previously developed a PK-PD translational platform with bacterial dynamics that reliably predicted short-term monotherapy outcomes in Phase IIa trials from preclinical mouse studies. In this study, we extended our platform to include PK-PD models that account for drug-drug interactions in combination regimens and bacterial regrowth in our bacterial dynamics model to predict cure at the end of treatment and relapse 6 months post-treatment. The Phase III STAND trial testing a new regimen comprised of pretomanid (Pa), moxifloxacin (M), and pyrazinamide (Z) (PaMZ) was suspended after a separate ongoing trial (NC-005) suggested that adding bedaquiline (B) to the PaMZ regimen would improve efficacy. To forecast if the addition of B would, indeed, benefit the PaMZ regimen, we applied an extended translational platform to both regimens. We predicted currently available short- and long-term clinical data well for drug combinations related to BPaMZ. We predicted the addition of B to PaMZ to shorten treatment duration by 2 months and to have similar bacteriological success to standard HRZE treatment (considering only treatment success but not withdrawal from side effects and other adverse events), both at the end of treatment for treatment efficacy and 6 months after treatment has ended in relapse prevention. Using BPaMZ as a case study, we have demonstrated our translational platform can predict Phase II and III outcomes prior to actual trials, allowing us to better prioritize the regimens most likely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J. N. Goh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Niurys de Castro Suarez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Annamarie E. Bustion
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric L. Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rada Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Prasher P, Sharma M. Hybridization of antimicrobial oxazolidinones with commercial drugs: A fight against the "superbugs". Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1337-1345. [PMID: 37583273 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance caused by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes, termed as "superbugs," poses a grave healthcare concern in the contemporary era. Though this phenomenon is natural, an incessant use of antibiotics due to their unregulated over-the-counter availability, and a lack of compliance with the legislation seem to be major contributing factors. This phenomenon has further complicated the treatment of common infectious diseases thereby leading to prolonged illness, disability, and even death. In addition, a sizeable impact on the healthcare cost is met due to a prolonged stay at the medical facilities to receive an intensive care. Overall, the gains of "Millennium Development Goals" and the accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals are at risk due to the emerging antimicrobial resistance. Since an early identification and development of novel antibiotic classes that evade antimicrobial resistance appears improbable, the strategy of hybridization of the existing antibiotics with efficacious pharmacophores and drug molecules with a different mechanism of antimicrobial action can be a silver lining for the management of superbugs. In this regard, we aim to provide a perspective for the applicability of the hybridization of oxazolidinone class of antibiotics with other drugs for evading antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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4
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Ernest JP, Goh JJN, Strydom N, Wang Q, van Wijk RC, Zhang N, Deitchman A, Nuermberger E, Savic RM. Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in-patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2300165. [PMID: 37321622 PMCID: PMC10469274 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00165-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase 2a trials in tuberculosis typically use early bactericidal activity (EBA), the decline in sputum CFU over 14 days, as the primary end-point for testing the efficacy of drugs as monotherapy. However, the cost of phase 2a trials can range from USD 7 million to USD 19.6 million on average, while >30% of drugs fail to progress to phase 3. Better utilising pre-clinical data to predict and prioritise the most likely drugs to succeed will thus help to accelerate drug development and reduce costs. We aim to predict clinical EBA using pre-clinical in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) data and a model-based translational pharmacology approach. METHODS AND FINDINGS First, mouse PK, PD and clinical PK models were compiled. Second, mouse PK-PD models were built to derive an exposure-response relationship. Third, translational prediction of clinical EBA studies was performed using mouse PK-PD relationships and informed by clinical PK models and species-specific protein binding. Presence or absence of clinical efficacy was accurately predicted from the mouse model. Predicted daily decreases of CFU in the first 2 days of treatment and between day 2 and day 14 were consistent with clinical observations. CONCLUSION This platform provides an innovative solution to inform or even replace phase 2a EBA trials, to bridge the gap between mouse efficacy studies and phase 2b and phase 3 trials, and to substantially accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Ernest
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Janice Jia Ni Goh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Rob C van Wijk
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shared authorship ordered alphabetically
| | - Amelia Deitchman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Rada M Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fernandes GFS, Manieri KF, Bonjorno AF, Campos DL, Ribeiro CM, Demarqui FM, Ruiz DAG, Nascimento-Junior NM, Denny WA, Thompson AM, Pavan FR, Dos Santos JL. Synthesis and Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine Derivatives against Multidrug-Resistant Strains. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300015. [PMID: 37002895 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has raised concerns due to the greater difficulties in patient treatment and higher mortality rates. Herein, we revisited the 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine scaffold and identified potent new carbamate derivatives having MIC90 values of 0.18-1.63 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Compounds 47-49, 51-53, and 55 exhibited remarkable activity against a panel of clinical isolates, displaying MIC90 values below 0.5 μM. In Mtb-infected macrophages, several compounds demonstrated a 1-log greater reduction in mycobacterial burden than rifampicin and pretomanid. The compounds tested did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against three cell lines or any toxicity to Galleria mellonella. Furthermore, the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine derivatives did not show substantial activity against other bacteria or fungi. Finally, molecular docking studies revealed that the new compounds could interact with the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) in a similar manner to pretomanid. Collectively, our findings highlight the chemical universe of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines and their promising potential against MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Karyn F Manieri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Andressa F Bonjorno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Debora L Campos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Camila M Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Demarqui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Daniel A G Ruiz
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
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Shinde A, Thakare PP, Nandurkar Y, Chavan A, Shaikh ALN, Mhaske PC. Synthesis of 2-(6-substituted quinolin-4-yl)-1-alkoxypropan-2-ol as potential antimycobacterial agents. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2023; 77:3791-3802. [PMID: 37252671 PMCID: PMC9961301 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotic drugs has directed global health security to a life-threatening situation due to mycobacterial infections. In search of a new potent antimycobacterial, a series of (±) 2-(6-substituted quinolin-4-yl)-1-alkoxypropan-2-ol (8a-p) have been synthesized. The structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were characterized by spectrometric analysis. Derivatives 8a-p were evaluated for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 25177), antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis (NCIM2388), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2065), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM2063) Staphylococcus albus (NCIM 2178) and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (NCIM 3100), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 504). Thirteen 2-(6-substituted quinolin-4-yl)-1-alkoxypropan-2-ol (8a-m) derivatives reported moderate to good antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC 9.2-106.4 μM. Compounds 8a and 8h showed comparable activity with respect to the standard drug pyrazinamide. The active compounds screened for cytotoxicity activity against L929 mouse fibroblast cells showed no significant cytotoxic activity. Compounds 8c, 8d, 8e, 8g, 8k, and 8o displayed good activity against S. albus. Compounds 8c and 8n showed good activity against P. mirabilis and E. coli, respectively. The potential antimycobacterial activities imposed that the 2-(6-substituted quinolin-4-yl)-1-alkoxypropan-2-ol derivatives could lead to compounds that could treat tuberculosis. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02741-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
| | - Prashant P. Thakare
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
| | - Yogesh Nandurkar
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
- Department of Chemistry, N. Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Abhijit Chavan
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
| | - Abdul Latif N. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
- Department of Chemistry, Jijamata College of Science and Arts (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Bhende, Ahmednagar, India
| | - Pravin C. Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to, Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune, 411030 India
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Ernest JP, Ni Goh JJ, Strydom N, Wang Q, van Wijk RC, Zhang N, Deitchman A, Nuermberger E, Savic RM. Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in-patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524608. [PMID: 36711493 PMCID: PMC9882354 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Phase 2a trials in tuberculosis typically use early bactericidal activity (EBA), the decline in sputum colony forming units (CFU) over 14 days, as the primary outcome for testing the efficacy of drugs as monotherapy. However, the cost of phase 2a trials can range from 7 to 19.6 million dollars on average, while more than 30% of drugs fail to progress to phase 3. Better utilizing preclinical data to predict and prioritize the most likely drugs to succeed will thus help accelerate drug development and reduce costs. We aim to predict clinical EBA using preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) data and a model-based translational pharmacology approach. Methods and Findings First, mouse PK, PD and clinical PK models were compiled. Second, mouse PKPD models were built to derive an exposure response relationship. Third, translational prediction of clinical EBA studies was performed using mouse PKPD relationships and informed by clinical PK models and species-specific protein binding. Presence or absence of clinical efficacy was accurately predicted from the mouse model. Predicted daily decreases of CFU in the first 2 days of treatment and between day 2 and day 14 were consistent with clinical observations. Conclusion This platform provides an innovative solution to inform or even replace phase 2a EBA trials, to bridge the gap between mouse efficacy studies and phase 2b and phase 3 trials, and to substantially accelerate drug development.
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8
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Shinde A, Ugale SR, Nandurkar Y, Modak M, Chavan AP, Mhaske PC. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Some Novel 3-(2-(3-(Substituted benzyloxy)oxetan-3-yl)-3-fluorophenoxy)-8-fluoro-2-methylquinoline Derivatives as Potential Antimycobacterial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47096-47107. [PMID: 36570236 PMCID: PMC9773968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections remain a grave threat to global health security due to increasing antibiotic resistance. The coronavirus pandemic has increased the risk of microbial infection. To combat these infections, the search for new therapeutic agents is in high demand. A series of new 3-(2-(3-(substituted benzyloxy)oxetan-3-yl)-3-fluorophenoxy)-8-fluoro-2-methylquinoline (9a-i) derivatives have been synthesized. The structure of synthesized compounds was analyzed by spectroscopic methods. The newly synthesized oxetanyl-quinoline derivatives were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2574), Proteus mirabilis (NCIM 2388), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2063), Staphylococcus albus (NCIM 2178), and in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (ATCC 504) and Candida albicans (NCIM 3100). Six oxetanyl-quinoline derivatives 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, and 9h have shown good antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis with MIC 31.25-62.5 μM, 3-(((3-(2-fluoro-6-((8-fluoro-2-methylquinolin-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)oxetan-3-yl)oxy)methyl)benzonitrile (9f) reporting comparable activity against P. mirabilis with respect to the standard drug streptomycin. Compound 9a also showed good activity against B. subtilis with MIC 31.25 μM. The eight compounds 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9f, 9g, 9h, and 9i have shown good antifungal activity against A. niger. The synthesized compounds were also screened for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by MTT assay. Among the nine derivatives, compounds 9b, 9c, 9d, 9f, 9g, 9h, and 9i showed excellent antimycobacterial activity with MIC 3.41-12.23 μM, and two derivatives showed good activity with MIC 27.29-57.73 μM. All the derivatives were further evaluated for cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line and were found to be nontoxic. The in silico study of compounds 9a-i was performed against ATP synthase (PDB ID: 4V1F) and most of the compounds showed the stable and significant binding to ATP synthase, confirming their plausible mode of action as ATP synthase inhibitors. Thus, the significant antimycobacterial activity of 3-(2-(3-(substituted benzyloxy)oxetan-3-yl)-3-fluorophenoxy)-8-fluoro-2-methylquinoline derivatives has suggested that the oxatenyl-quinoline compounds could assist in the development of lead compounds to treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Shinde
- Post-Graduate
Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s
Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai
Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
| | - Sandip R. Ugale
- Post-Graduate
Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s
Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai
Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
| | - Yogesh Nandurkar
- Post-Graduate
Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s
Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai
Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune 411 001, India
| | - Manisha Modak
- Department
of Zoology, S. P. Mandali’s Sir Parashurambhau
College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
| | - Abhijit P. Chavan
- Post-Graduate
Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s
Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai
Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
| | - Pravin C. Mhaske
- Post-Graduate
Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali’s
Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai
Phule Pune University), Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, India
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9
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Combination Therapy to Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Its Nonreplicating Persister Phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0069522. [PMID: 36165631 PMCID: PMC9578415 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00695-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exists in various metabolic states, including a nonreplicating persister (NRP) phenotype which may affect response to therapy. We have adopted a model-informed strategy to accelerate discovery of effective Mtb treatment regimens and previously found pretomanid (PMD), moxifloxacin (MXF), and bedaquiline (BDQ) to readily kill logarithmic- and acid-phase Mtb. Here, we studied multiple concentrations of each drug in flask-based, time-kill studies against NRP Mtb in single-, two- and three-drug combinations, including the active M2 metabolite of BDQ. We used nonparametric population algorithms in the Pmetrics package for R to model the data and to simulate the 95% confidence interval of bacterial population decline due to the two-drug combination regimen of PMD + MXF and compared this to observed declines with three-drug regimens. PMD + MXF at concentrations equivalent to average or peak human concentrations effectively eradicated Mtb. Unlike other states for Mtb, we observed no sustained emergence of less susceptible isolates for any regimen. The addition of BDQ as a third drug significantly (P < 0.05) shortened time to total bacterial suppression by 3 days compared to the two-drug regimen, similar to our findings for Mtb in logarithmic or acid growth phases.
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Surapuraju PKR, Juturu RR. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Related Substances in novel nitroimidazole anti TB drug, Pretomanid Drug Substance: Robustness by Design Expert and application to the Stability Studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5498. [PMID: 36065902 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the related substances of the novel anti TB drug, Pretomanid. Critical quality attributes were evaluated and established for the robust method conditions by using quality by design-based design of experiments. Forced degradation were carried out under acidic, basic, thermal, oxidative, and photolytic stress conditions. Pretomanid degrades when treated with base, and no significant degradation was observed by other stress conditions. The impurities separation was achieved on Baker bond C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1% of orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in a time gradient mode. The HPLC method was validated according to ICH tripartite guidelines. LOD and LOQ of Pretomanid and all the impurities were 0.1 μg ml-1 and 0.4 μg ml-1 respectively. The method was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient >0.99, precise (% RSD < 5.0), robust and accurate (% recovery 85-115%). Stability studies were evaluated according to ICH-Q1A and found stable in all the storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Raju Surapuraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendra Reddy Juturu
- Present Address: Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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11
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Reddy DS, Sinha A, Kumar A, Saini VK. Drug re-engineering and repurposing: A significant and rapid approach to tuberculosis drug discovery. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200214. [PMID: 35841594 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking it above all other contagious diseases. The problem to tackle this disease seems to become even worse due to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the complications related to drug-resistant TB, prolonged treatment regimens, and synergy between TB and HIV are significant drawbacks. There are several drugs to treat TB, but there is still no rapid and accurate treatment available. Intensive research is, therefore, necessary to discover newer molecular analogs that can probably eliminate this disease within a short span. An increase in efficacy can be achieved through re-engineering old TB-drug families and repurposing known drugs. These two approaches have led to the production of newer classes of compounds with novel mechanisms to treat multidrug-resistant strains. With respect to this context, we discuss structural aspects of developing new anti-TB drugs as well as examine advances in TB drug discovery. It was found that the fluoroquinolone, oxazolidinone, and nitroimidazole classes of compounds have greater potential to be further explored for TB drug development. Most of the TB drug candidates in the clinical phase are modified versions of these classes of compounds. Therefore, here we anticipate that modification or repurposing of these classes of compounds has a higher probability to reach the clinical phase of drug development. The information provided will pave the way for researchers to design and identify newer molecular analogs for TB drug development and also broaden the scope of exploring future-generation potent, yet safer anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Reddy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anamika Sinha
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Vipin K Saini
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
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12
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Liu J, Lin W, Sorochinsky AE, Butler G, Landa A, Han J, Soloshonok VA. Successful trifluoromethoxy-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Recent advancements and developments in search of anti-tuberculosis agents: A quinquennial update and future directions. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Parwani D, Bhattacharya S, Rathore A, Mallick C, Asati V, Agarwal S, Rajoriya V, Das R, Kashaw SK. Current Insights into the Chemistry and Antitubercular Potential of Benzimidazole and Imidazole Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:643-657. [PMID: 33138762 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201102094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affecting millions of people worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance is a major problem in the successful treatment of tuberculosis. Due to the commencement of MDR-TB (multi-drug resistance) and XDR-TB (extensively drug resistance), there is a crucial need for the development of novel anti-tubercular agents with improved characteristics such as low toxicity, enhanced inhibitory activity and short duration of treatment. In this direction, various heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among them, benzimidazole and imidazole containing derivatives have been found to have potential anti-tubercular activity. The present review focuses on various imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives (from 2015-2019) with their structure-activity relationships in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Parwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Sushanta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Akash Rathore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Chaitali Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Vaibhav Rajoriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Ratnesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
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15
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Malo A, Kellermann T, Ignatius EH, Dooley KE, Dawson R, Joubert A, Norman J, Castel S, Wiesner L. A validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the analysis of pretomanid in plasma samples from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113885. [PMID: 33406472 PMCID: PMC7868581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the extraction and quantification of pretomanid in 40 μL of human plasma, by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection was developed and validated. Samples were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction and chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell C18 column using an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 400 μL/min. Electrospray ionization with mass detection at unit resolution in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode on an AB Sciex API 3200 mass spectrometer was used. Over the validation period, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, recovery and stability were assessed. The calibration range was 10 - 10 000 ng/mL. Inter- and intra-day precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation (%CV), was shown to be lower than 9% at all concentrations tested with accuracies between 95.2 and 110 %. The recovery was 72.4 % overall and reproducible at the low, medium and high end of the calibration range. The method was shown to be specific for pretomanid with no significant matrix effects observed. The validated method facilitated the analysis of pretomanid in plasma collected from adults with pulmonary TB as part of a clinical pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andisiwe Malo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tracy Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa H Ignatius
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly E Dooley
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney Dawson
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anton Joubert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Norman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Kareem AI, Malan SF, Joubert J. Radical Releasing Anti-Tuberculosis Agents and the Treatment of Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Infections - An Overview. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:387-407. [PMID: 33605858 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210219161045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The treatment and management of tuberculosis (TB) is a major global concern. Approved drugs for the treatment of TB to date displayed various modes of action which can be grouped into radical releasing and non-radical releasing anti TB agents. Radical releasing agents are of special interest because they diffuse directly into the mycobacterium cell wall, interact with the host cell DNA causing DNA strand breakages and fatal destabilization of the DNA helix inhibiting nucleic acid synthase. As a therapeutic agent with aforementioned activity, nitroimidazoles and most especially bicyclic nitroimidazoles are currently in clinical use for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the approved drugs, pretomanid (PR) and delamanid (DE) are limited in their nitric oxide radical (NO•) releasing abilities to cause effective bactericidity. It is believed that their bactericidal activity can be improved by harnessing alternative strategies to increase NO• release. The last decade has witness the strategic inclusion of NO-donors into native drugs to improve their activities and/or reverse resistance. The rationale behind this strategy is the targeting of NO• release at specific therapeutic sites. This review therefore aims to highlight various radical releasing agents that may be effective in the treatment of TB. The review also investigates various structural modification to PR and DE and suggests alternative strategies to improve NO• release as well as some applications where NO-donor hybrid drugs have been used with good therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeez I Kareem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535. South Africa
| | - Sarel F Malan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535. South Africa
| | - Jacques Joubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535. South Africa
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17
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Wright SW, Simpson B, Chinigo G, Perry MA, Maguire RJ. Reduction of 2-hydroxy-3-arylmorpholines to 3-aryl morpholines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Ba Y, Wang S, Yang H, Hou X, Xu Z. Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:376-388. [PMID: 31260891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections especially tuberculosis caused by various bacteria including mycobacteria result in millions of lives every year, but the control of bacterial infections is challenged by the limitation of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant pathogens. Nitroimidazoles belong to a group of nitroheterocyclic compounds that have broad-spectrum activity against a series of organisms such as mycobacteria, anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and some of them have already been used in clinics or under clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, we made an overview of the recent advances in nitroimidazole-containing compounds with antibacterial and antitubercular activity in the recent 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ba
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Su Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuehui Hou
- Faculty of Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, 450046, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Zhi Xu
- Huanghuai University, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhumadian, PR China.
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20
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Fan YL, Jin XH, Huang ZP, Yu HF, Zeng ZG, Gao T, Feng LS. Recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:347-365. [PMID: 29544148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains one of the most common, communicable, and leading deadliest diseases known to mankind throughout the world. Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis which threatens to worsen the global tuberculosis epidemic has caused great concern in recent years. To overcome the resistance, the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of actions is of great importance. Imidazole-containing derivatives endow with various biological properties, and some of them demonstrated excellent anti-tubercular activity. As the most emblematic example, 4-nitroimidazole delamanid has already received approval for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infected patients. Thus, imidazole-containing derivatives have caused great interests in discovery of new anti-tubercular agents. Numerous of imidazole-containing derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo anti-mycobacterial activities against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogens. This review aims to outline the recent advances of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents, and summarize the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives. The enriched structure-activity relationship may pave the way for the further rational development of imidazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jin
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Hai-Feng Yu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Tao Gao
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
| | - Lian-Shun Feng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Schaaf HS, Garcia-Prats AJ, McKenna L, Seddon JA. Challenges of using new and repurposed drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 11:233-244. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1421067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Simon Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Garcia-Prats
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - James A. Seddon
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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22
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Ang CW, Jarrad AM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Nitroimidazoles: Molecular Fireworks That Combat a Broad Spectrum of Infectious Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7636-7657. [PMID: 28463485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives every year, but with the advent of drug resistance, therapeutic options to treat infections are inadequate. There is now an urgent need to develop new and effective treatments. Nitroimidazoles are a class of antimicrobial drugs that have remarkable broad spectrum activity against parasites, mycobacteria, and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While nitroimidazoles were discovered in the 1950s, there has been renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, particularly for the treatment of parasitic infections and tuberculosis. In this review, we summarize different classes of nitroimidazoles that have been described in the literature in the past five years, from approved drugs and clinical candidates to examples undergoing preclinical or early stage development. The relatively "nonspecific" mode of action and resistance mechanisms of nitromidazoles are discussed, and contemporary strategies to facilitate nitroimidazole drug development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angie M Jarrad
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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23
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Lu X, Tang J, Cui S, Wan B, Franzblauc SG, Zhang T, Zhang X, Ding K. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide hybrids: Design, synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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