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Beato A, Haudecoeur R, Boucherle B, Peuchmaur M. Expanding Chemical Frontiers: Approaches for Generating Diverse and Bioactive Natural Product-Like Compounds Libraries from Extracts. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304166. [PMID: 38372433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The realms of natural products and synthetic compounds exhibit distinct chemical spaces that not only differ but also complement each other. While the convergence of these two domains has been explored through semisynthesis and conventional pharmacomodulation endeavours applied to natural frameworks, a recent and innovative approach has emerged that involves the combinatorial generation of libraries of 'natural product-like compounds' (NPLCs) through the direct synthetic derivatization of natural extracts. This has led to the production of numerous NPLCs that incorporate structural elements from both their natural (multiple saturated rings, oxygen content, chiral centres) and synthetic (aromatic rings, nitrogen and halogen content, drug-like properties) precursors. Through careful selection of extracts and reagents, specific bioactivities have been achieved, and this strategy has been deployed in various ways, showing great promise without reaching its full potential to date. This review seeks to provide an overview of reported examples involving the chemical engineering of extracts, showcasing a spectrum of natural product alterations spanning from simple substitutions to complete scaffold remodelling. It also includes an analysis of the accomplishments, perspectives and technical challenges within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Beato
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, Bâtiment E Pôle Chimie BP 53, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Haudecoeur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, Bâtiment E Pôle Chimie BP 53, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Boucherle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, Bâtiment E Pôle Chimie BP 53, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, Bâtiment E Pôle Chimie BP 53, 38000, Grenoble, France
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2
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Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus (Paraconiothyrium brasiliense) through targeting dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shu HZ, Peng C, Bu L, Guo L, Liu F, Xiong L. Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids: Structural diversity and biological activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112927. [PMID: 34492546 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids, a class of monocyclic sesquiterpenoids, are widely distributed in nature and have a variety of biological activities. To provide a reference for the further research and development of these compounds, the phytochemical and biological properties of natural bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids (356 compounds in total) isolated between 1985 and 2020 from 24 families, primarily Compositae, Zingiberaceae, Aspergillaceae, Halichondriidae, and Aplysiidae were reviewed. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects are the most commonly reported pharmacological properties of bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids. Owing to their extensive significant effects, a lot of traditional medicines containing this type of compounds have been used for a long history. Thus, bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids are a rich source of important natural products, which show great potential for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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4
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Chen H, Farizyan M, Gemmeren M. Regioselective Olefination of 3‐Substituted Five‐Membered Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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Chen H, Farizyan M, Ghiringhelli F, van Gemmeren M. Sterically Controlled C-H Olefination of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12213-12220. [PMID: 32267990 PMCID: PMC7384109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of heteroarenes is a highly attractive synthetic target due to the prevalence of multiply substituted heteroarenes in nature and bioactive compounds. Some substitution patterns remain challenging: While highly efficient methods for the C2-selective olefination of 3-substituted five-membered heteroarenes have been reported, analogous methods to access the 5-olefinated products have remained limited by poor regioselectivities and/or the requirement to use an excess of the valuable heteroarene starting material. Herein we report a sterically controlled C-H olefination using heteroarenes as the limiting reagent. The method enables the highly C5-selective olefination of a wide range of heteroarenes and is shown to be useful in the context of late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstraße 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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6
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Chen H, Farizyan M, Ghiringhelli F, Gemmeren M. Sterically Controlled C−H Olefination of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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7
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Zhao C, Liu G, Liu X, Zhang L, Li L, Liu L. Pycnidiophorones A–D, four new cytochalasans from the wetland derived fungus Pycnidiophora dispersa. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40384-40390. [PMID: 35520825 PMCID: PMC9057502 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pycnidiophorones A–D (1–4), four new cytochalasans with a rare 5/6/6/5/6 pentacyclic skeleton incorporating the unique 12-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.02,7]dodecane core, and six known depsidones (5–10) were isolated from cultures of the wetland-soil-derived fungus Pycnidiophora dispersa. Their chemical structures were unambiguously determined using NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 3 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1–10 showed moderate cytotoxicity against a panel of five human tumor cell lines. Four new 5/6/6/5/6 pentacyclic cytochalasan pycnidiophorones A–D (1–4) and six known depsidones were identified from the wetland-soil-derived fungus Pycnidiophora dispersa.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
| | - Gaoran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy
- Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100101
- People's Republic of China
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8
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Ren F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Xiao J, Liu X, Su R, Che Y. Hawaiienols A-D, Highly Oxygenated p-Terphenyls from an Insect-Associated Fungus, Paraconiothyrium hawaiiense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1752-1759. [PMID: 30024750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new highly oxygenated p-terphenyls, hawaiienols A-D (1-4), have been isolated from cultures of Paraconiothyrium hawaiiense, a fungus associated with the Septobasidium-infected insect Diaspidiotus sp.; their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2-4 were assigned by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kα radiation and via electronic circular dichroism calculations, respectively. Compound 1 incorporated the first naturally occurring 4,7-dioxatricyclo[3.2.1.03,6]octane unit in its p-terphenyl skeleton and showed cytotoxicity toward six human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shenxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junhai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
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9
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Quang TH, Nhiem NX, Tai BH, Yen PH, Dung DT, Ngan NTT, Le Tuan Anh H, Van Minh C, Van Kiem P. Secondary metabolites from the marine-derived fungus Paraconiothyrium
sp. VK-13. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/vjch.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Hong Quang
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | - Pham Hai Yen
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | - Duong Thi Dung
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | | | | | - Chau Van Minh
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institue of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
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10
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Li G, Lou HX. Strategies to diversify natural products for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1255-1294. [PMID: 29064108 DOI: 10.1002/med.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural product libraries contain specialized metabolites derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms that play a pivotal role in drug discovery due to their immense structural diversity and wide variety of biological activities. The strategies to greatly extend natural product scaffolds through available biological and chemical approaches offer unique opportunities to access a new series of natural product analogues, enabling the construction of diverse natural product-like libraries. The affordability of these structurally diverse molecules has been a crucial step in accelerating drug discovery. This review provides an overview of various approaches to exploit the diversity of compounds for natural product-based drug development, drawing upon a series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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11
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Sidarovich A, Will CL, Anokhina MM, Ceballos J, Sievers S, Agafonov DE, Samatov T, Bao P, Kastner B, Urlaub H, Waldmann H, Lührmann R. Identification of a small molecule inhibitor that stalls splicing at an early step of spliceosome activation. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28300534 PMCID: PMC5354520 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of pre-mRNA splicing are important tools for identifying new spliceosome assembly intermediates, allowing a finer dissection of spliceosome dynamics and function. Here, we identified a small molecule that inhibits human pre-mRNA splicing at an intermediate stage during conversion of pre-catalytic spliceosomal B complexes into activated Bact complexes. Characterization of the stalled complexes (designated B028) revealed that U4/U6 snRNP proteins are released during activation before the U6 Lsm and B-specific proteins, and before recruitment and/or stable incorporation of Prp19/CDC5L complex and other Bact complex proteins. The U2/U6 RNA network in B028 complexes differs from that of the Bact complex, consistent with the idea that the catalytic RNA core forms stepwise during the B to Bact transition and is likely stabilized by the Prp19/CDC5L complex and related proteins. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the RNP rearrangements and extensive exchange of proteins that occurs during spliceosome activation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23533.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhalika Sidarovich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cindy L Will
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria M Anokhina
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Javier Ceballos
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dmitry E Agafonov
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timur Samatov
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Penghui Bao
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berthold Kastner
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry Göttingen, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lührmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Ren F, Zhu S, Wang B, Li L, Liu X, Su R, Che Y. Hypocriols A-F, Heterodimeric Botryane Ethers from Hypocrea sp., an Insect-Associated Fungus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1848-1856. [PMID: 27328173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The new heterodimeric botryane ethers hypocriols A-F (1-6) and the known compounds 4β-acetoxy-9β,10β,15α-trihydroxyprobotrydial (7), dihydrobotrydial (8), 10-oxodehydrodihydrobotrydial (9), and dehydrobotrydienol (10) were isolated from the solid cultures of an insect-associated fungus Hypocrea sp. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned using the modified Mosher method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, whereas those for 3-5, and 2 and 6 were deduced via ECD calculations and circular dichroism data, respectively. Compounds 1-6 appear to be the first heterodimeric botryane ethers and showed antiproliferative effects against a small panel of four human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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