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Romanucci V, Pagano R, Kandhari K, Zarrelli A, Petrone M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R, Di Fabio G. 7- O-tyrosyl Silybin Derivatives as a Novel Set of Anti-Prostate Cancer Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38671866 PMCID: PMC11047488 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silybin is a natural compound extensively studied for its hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer properties. Envisioning the enhancement of silybin potential by suitable modifications in its chemical structure, here, a series of new 7-O-alkyl silybins derivatives were synthesized by the Mitsunobu reaction starting from the silybins and tyrosol-based phenols, such as tyrosol (TYR, 3), 3-methoxytyrosol (MTYR, 4), and 3-hydroxytyrosol (HTYR, 5). This research sought to explore the antioxidant and anticancer properties of eighteen new derivatives and their mechanisms. In particular, the antioxidant properties of new derivatives outlined by the DPPH assay showed a very pronounced activity depending on the tyrosyl moiety (HTYR > MTYR >> TYR). A significant contribution of the HTYR moiety was observed for silybins and 2,3-dehydro-silybin-based derivatives. According to the very potent antioxidant activity, 2,3-dehydro-silybin derivatives 15ab, 15a, and 15b exerted the most potent anticancer activity in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis for cell cycle and apoptosis revealed that 15ab, 15a, and 15b induce strong G1 phase arrest and increase late apoptotic population in PC-3 cells. Additionally, Western blotting for apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 confirmed apoptosis induction by these silybin derivatives in PC-3 cells. These findings hold significant importance in the investigation of anticancer properties of silybin derivatives and strongly encourage swift investigation in pre-clinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Rita Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Petrone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.K.); (C.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (M.P.)
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Wu H, Zeng J, Wu Q, Dong J, Liang C, Wei X, Chen J, Shi S, Yang Z, Lan T. Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Efficacy of Novel Silibinin Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu S, Chen G, Zhang Q, Wang G, Chen QH. 3- O-Carbamoyl-5,7,20- O-trimethylsilybins: Synthesis and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation. Molecules 2021; 26:6421. [PMID: 34770829 PMCID: PMC8588252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for novel androgen receptor (AR) modulators for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), naturally occurring silibinin was sought after as a lead compound because it possesses a moderate potency towards AR-positive prostate cancer cells and its chemical scaffold is dissimilar to all currently marketed AR antagonists. On the basis of the structure-activity relationships that we have explored, this study aims to incorporate carbamoyl groups to the alcoholic hydroxyl groups of silibinin to improve its capability in selectively suppressing AR-positive prostate cancer cell proliferation together with water solubility. To this end, a feasible approach was developed to regioselectively introduce a carbamoyl group to the secondary alcoholic hydroxyl group at C-3 without causing the undesired oxidation at C2-C3, providing an avenue for achieving 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins. The application of the synthetic method can be extended to the synthesis of 3-O-carbamoyl-3',4',5,7-O-tetramethyltaxifolins. The antiproliferative potency of 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and its nine 3-carbamoyl derivatives were assessed in an AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and two AR-null prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). Our preliminary bioassay data imply that 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and four 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins emerge as very promising lead compounds due to the fact that they can selectively suppress AR-positive LNCaP cell proliferation. The IC50 values of these five 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins against the LNCaP cells fall into the range of 0.11-0.83 µM, which exhibit up to 660 times greater in vitro antiproliferative potency than silibinin. Our findings suggest that carbamoylated 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins could serve as a natural product-based scaffold for new antiandrogens for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; (Q.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; (Q.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
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Jiang Z, Sekhon A, Oka Y, Chen G, Alrubati N, Kaur J, Orozco A, Zhang Q, Wang G, Chen QH. 23- O-Substituted-2,3-Dehydrosilybins Selectively Suppress Androgen Receptor-Positive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20922326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our ongoing project to search for natural product-based antiandrogens, nine derivatives of 2,3-dehydrosilybin have been synthesized for the evaluation of its antiproliferative activity in an androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer cell model. Specifically, 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin was synthesized through two approaches, and eight 23- O-substituted-3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins were achieved from 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin. The antiproliferative potency of 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin and its eight derivatives were assessed in an androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line, as well as in two AR-negative (PC-3 and DU145) prostate cancer cell models as a comparison. Our WST cell proliferation assay data indicate 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin and most of its 23- O-substituents can selectively inhibit AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation. Our data suggest that 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilibins could serve as a natural product-based scaffold for new antiandrogens for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Arman Sekhon
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Yogeshwari Oka
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Nagat Alrubati
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Alexia Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
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Vue B, Zhang S, Vignau A, Chen G, Zhang X, Diaz W, Zhang Q, Zheng S, Wang G, Chen QH. O-Aminoalkyl- O-Trimethyl-2,3-Dehydrosilybins: Synthesis and In Vitro Effects Towards Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123142. [PMID: 30501133 PMCID: PMC6320956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of our ongoing silybin project, this study aims to introduce a basic nitrogen-containing group to 7-OH of 3,5,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin or 3-OH of 5,7,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin via an appropriate linker for in vitro evaluation as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. The synthetic approaches to 7-O-substituted-3,5,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins through a five-step procedure and to 3-O-substituted-5,7,20-O-trimethyl-2,3- dehydrosilybins via a four-step transformation have been developed. Thirty-two nitrogen-containing derivatives of silybin have been achieved through these synthetic methods for the evaluation of their antiproliferative activities towards both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145) using the WST-1 cell proliferation assay. These derivatives exhibited greater in vitro antiproliferative potency than silibinin. Among them, 11, 29, 31, 37, and 40 were identified as five optimal derivatives with IC50 values in the range of 1.40⁻3.06 µM, representing a 17- to 52-fold improvement in potency compared to silibinin. All these five optimal derivatives can arrest the PC-3 cell cycle in the G₀/G₁ phase and promote PC-3 cell apoptosis. Derivatives 11, 37, and 40 are more effective than 29 and 31 in activating PC-3 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Vue
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Andre Vignau
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - William Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenues, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
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Vue B, Zhang X, Lee T, Nair N, Zhang S, Chen G, Zhang Q, Zheng S, Wang G, Chen QH. 5- or/and 20-O-alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins: Synthesis and biological profiles on prostate cancer cell models. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4845-4854. [PMID: 28756013 PMCID: PMC5568090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of alkylation at 5-OH and 20-OH of 2,3-dehydrosilybin on prostate cancer cell proliferation, the synthetic approaches to 5- or/and 20-O-alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins, through a multi-step sequence from commercially available silybin, have been successfully developed. The first three reactions in the syntheses were completed through a one-pot procedure by managing anaerobic and aerobic conditions. With these synthetic methods in hand, twenty-one 2,3-dehydrosilybins, including seven 20-O-alkyl, seven 5,20-O-dialkyl, and seven 5-O-alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins, have been achieved for the evaluation of their biological profiles. Our WST-1 cell proliferation assay data indicate that nineteen out of the twenty-one 2,3-dehydrosilybins possess significantly improved antiproliferative potency as compared with silybin toward both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). 5-O-Alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins were identified as the optimal subgroup that can consistently inhibit cell proliferation in three prostate cancer cell models with all IC50 values lower than 8µM. Our flow cytometry-based assays also demonstrate that 5-O-heptyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin effectively arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and activates PC-3 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Vue
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Timmy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Nandini Nair
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Shilong Zheng
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
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