Facile synthesis of autophagonizer and evaluation of its activity to induce autophagic cell death in apoptosis-defective cell line

Molecular mechanisms of quinalizarin induces apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle of human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells depends on MAPK, STAT3, and NF-κB signaling pathways

Quinalizarin (Quina) is one of the main components of many herbal medicines and has good anti-tumor activity. However, the exact mode of cytotoxic action and signaling pathways on Quina in human esophageal cancer has not yet been confirmed. In this study, we explored the anticancer effect of Quina against human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells and the underlying mechanisms. The results of the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that Quina inhibited the viability of human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. It also inhibited HCE-4 cells proliferation and induced apoptosis by increasing the levels of Bad, caspase-3, and PARP, decreasing the level of Bcl-2. The results of the cell cycle analysis suggested that Quina arrested HCE-4 cells in the G0/G1 cycle by downregulating cyclin-dependent (CDK) 2/4, cyclin D1/E and upregulating the levels of p21 and p27. We also found that Quina activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, Quina significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The pretreatment of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) blocked the apoptosis induced by Quina and inhibited the activities of MAPK, STAT3, and NF-κB signaling pathways. These results indicate that Quina induces the apoptosis in HCE-4 cells, which is via accumulating ROS generation and regulating MAPK, STAT3, and NF-κB. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Quina have good therapeutic effects on human esophageal cancer cells.