1
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The development of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitors since 2018. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Vellingiri A, George J, Georgepeter GK, Alagusundaram P. A facile and green synthetic protocol for 1,2,3-triazole linked thioethers/thioesters. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1992440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vellingiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Jaabil George
- Department of Science and Humanities, DMI Engineering College, Kanyakumari, India
| | - Gnana kumar Georgepeter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Ponnuswamy Alagusundaram
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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3
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Kazi MI, Perry BW, Card DC, Schargel RD, Ali HB, Obuekwe VC, Sapkota M, Kang KN, Pellegrino MW, Greenberg DE, Castoe TA, Boll JM. Discovery and characterization of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitor peptides that potentiate meropenem-dependent killing of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2843-2851. [PMID: 32591801 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are an emerging class of antimicrobial resistance enzymes that degrade β-lactam antibiotics, including last-resort carbapenems. Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasingly prevalent, but treatment options are limited. While several serine-dependent β-lactamase inhibitors are formulated with commonly prescribed β-lactams, no MBL inhibitors are currently approved for combinatorial therapies. New compounds that target MBLs to restore carbapenem activity against CPE are therefore urgently needed. Herein we identified and characterized novel synthetic peptide inhibitors that bound to and inhibited NDM-1, which is an emerging β-lactam resistance mechanism in CPE. METHODS We leveraged Surface Localized Antimicrobial displaY (SLAY) to identify and characterize peptides that inhibit NDM-1, which is a primary carbapenem resistance mechanism in CPE. Lead inhibitor sequences were chemically synthesized and MBCs and MICs were calculated in the presence/absence of carbapenems. Kinetic analysis with recombinant NDM-1 and select peptides tested direct binding and supported NDM-1 inhibitor mechanisms of action. Inhibitors were also tested for cytotoxicity. RESULTS We identified approximately 1700 sequences that potentiated carbapenem-dependent killing against NDM-1 Escherichia coli. Several also enhanced meropenem-dependent killing of other CPE. Biochemical characterization of a subset indicated the peptides penetrated the bacterial periplasm and directly bound NDM-1 to inhibit enzymatic activity. Additionally, each demonstrated minimal haemolysis and cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our approach advances a molecular platform for antimicrobial discovery, which complements the growing need for alternative antimicrobials. We also discovered lead NDM-1 inhibitors, which serve as a starting point for further chemical optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha I Kazi
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Blair W Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Daren C Card
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Richard D Schargel
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Hana B Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Victor C Obuekwe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Madhab Sapkota
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Katie N Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Mark W Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - David E Greenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Boll
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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4
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Soni S, Pali P, Ansari MA, Singh MS. Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Eosin Y: HAT and Complementing MS-CPET Strategy to Trifluoromethylation of β-Ketodithioesters with Langlois' Reagent. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10098-10109. [PMID: 32648747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A metal- and oxidant-free photoinduced strategy for thioxo sulfur-selective trifluoromethylation of β-ketodithioesters at room temperature is reported. Excellent Z/E-stereoselectivity has been achieved with cheap and viable Langlois' reagent (CF3SO2Na, sodium triflinate) in the presence of eosin Y, which acts as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. The reaction proceeds via disulfide intermediate disulfanediylbis(3-(alkylthio)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one) (a dimer of β-ketodithioester) followed by complementing proton-coupled electron transfer-mediated reverse HAT cycle of eosin Y. This operationally simple and efficient protocol allows direct access to triflinated α-oxoketene dithioacetals in good to excellent yields bearing diverse synthetically useful functional groups of different electronic and steric nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pragya Pali
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monish Arbaz Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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5
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Kadam KR. An expedient carbon–sulfur bond formation explored through the cellulose sulfonic acid (CSA) catalyzed dithioacetal protection of carbonyl compounds. J Sulphur Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2020.1775835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailas R. Kadam
- Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College Pravaranagar, Ahmednagar, India
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6
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Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors Inspired on Snapshots from the Catalytic Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060854. [PMID: 32503337 PMCID: PMC7356002 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are the most widely prescribed antibacterial drugs due to their low toxicity and broad spectrum. Their action is counteracted by different resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria. Among them, the most common strategy is the expression of β-lactamases, enzymes that hydrolyze the amide bond present in all β-lactam compounds. There are several inhibitors against serine-β-lactamases (SBLs). Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are Zn(II)-dependent enzymes able to hydrolyze most β-lactam antibiotics, and no clinically useful inhibitors against them have yet been approved. Despite their large structural diversity, MBLs have a common catalytic mechanism with similar reaction species. Here, we describe a number of MBL inhibitors that mimic different species formed during the hydrolysis process: substrate, transition state, intermediate, or product. Recent advances in the development of boron-based and thiol-based inhibitors are discussed in the light of the mechanism of MBLs. We also discuss the use of chelators as a possible strategy, since Zn(II) ions are essential for substrate binding and catalysis.
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7
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Zhang YJ, Liu XL, Wang WM, Chen C, Zhao MH, Yang KW. Amino Acid Thioesters Exhibit Inhibitory Activity against B1–B3 Subclasses of Metallo-β-lactamases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:135-142. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
| | - Xiao-Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
| | - Mu-Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University
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8
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Konaklieva MI. Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance through New Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry Strategies. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:419-439. [PMID: 30523713 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, a multitude of derivatives of structural scaffolds with established antimicrobial potential have been prepared and tested, and a variety of new scaffolds have emerged. The effectiveness of antibiotics, however, is in sharp decline because of the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms. The prevalence of drug resistance, both in clinical and community settings, is a consequence of bacterial ingenuity in altering pathways and/or cell morphology, making it a persistent threat to human health. The fundamental ability of pathogens to survive in a multitude of habitats can be triggered by recognition of chemical signals that warn organisms of exposure to a potentially harmful environment. Host immune defenses, including reactive oxygen intermediates and antibacterial substances, are among the multitude of chemical signals that can subsequently trigger expression of phenotypes better adapted for survival in that hostile environment. Thus, resistance development appears to be unavoidable, which leads to the conclusion that developing an alternative perspective for treatment options is vital. This review will discuss emerging medicinal chemistry approaches for addressing the global multidrug resistance in the 21st century.
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9
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Du K, Wang S, Basha RS, Lee C. Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Thioacetalization of Aldehydes Under Metal‐Free and Solvent‐Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Du
- Department of ChemistryNational Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan 402, R.O.C
| | - Shao‐Chien Wang
- Department of ChemistryNational Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan 402, R.O.C
| | - R. Sidick Basha
- Department of ChemistryNational Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan 402, R.O.C
| | - Chin‐Fa Lee
- Department of ChemistryNational Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan 402, R.O.C
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology (RCSEN)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA)
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Tehrani KHME, Martin NI. β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: an update. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1439-1456. [PMID: 30288219 PMCID: PMC6151480 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00342d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance caused by β-lactamase production continues to present a growing challenge to the efficacy of β-lactams and their role as the most important class of clinically used antibiotics. In response to this threat however, only a handful of β-lactamase inhibitors have been introduced to the market over the past thirty years. The first-generation β-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam) are all β-lactam derivatives and work primarily by inactivating class A and some class C serine β-lactamases. The newer generations of β-lactamase inhibitors including avibactam and vaborbactam are based on non-β-lactam structures and their spectrum of inhibition is extended to KPC as an important class A carbapenemase. Despite these advances several class D and virtually all important class B β-lactamases are resistant to existing inhibitors. The present review provides an overview of recent FDA-approved β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations as well as an update on research efforts aimed at the discovery and development of novel β-lactamase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleddin H M E Tehrani
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery , Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery , Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
- Biological Chemistry Group , Institute of Biology Leiden , Leiden University , Sylvius Laboratories, Sylviusweg 72 , 2333 BE Leiden , The Netherlands . ; Tel: +31 (0)6 1878 5274
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11
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Chen C, Xiang Y, Liu Y, Hu X, Yang KW. Mercaptoacetate thioesters and their hydrolysate mercaptoacetic acids jointly inhibit metallo-β-lactamase L1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1172-1177. [PMID: 30109005 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 'superbug' infection caused by metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) including L1 has grown into an emerging threat. To probe whether mercaptoacetate thioesters inhibiting L1 is a contribution of the thioester itself or its hydrolysate, ten mercaptoacetate thioesters 1-10 were synthesized, which specifically inhibited L1, exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 0.17 to 1.2 μM, and 8 was found to be the best inhibitor (IC50 = 0.17 μM). These thioesters restored the antimicrobial activity of cefazolin against E. coli expressing L1 by 2-4-fold. UV-vis monitoring showed that 1, 8 and 9 were unhydrolyzed in Tris buffer (pH 6.0-8.5), but hydrolyzed by L1; further HPLC monitoring indicated that 1/3 of the thioester 9 was converted to mercaptoacetic acid. STD-NMR monitoring suggested that both the thioester and its hydrolysate mercaptoacetic acid jointly inhibited L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Innovation Laboratory of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China .
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Innovation Laboratory of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China .
| | - Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Innovation Laboratory of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China .
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Innovation Laboratory of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China .
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Innovation Laboratory of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China .
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12
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Discovery of a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor That Potentiates Meropenem Activity against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018. [PMID: 29530861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00074-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are increasingly prevalent and have become a major worldwide threat to human health. Carbapenem resistance is driven primarily by the acquisition of β-lactamase enzymes, which are able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics (hence termed carbapenemases) and result in high levels of resistance and treatment failure. Clinically relevant carbapenemases include both serine β-lactamases (SBLs; e.g., KPC-2 and OXA-48) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), such as NDM-1. MBL-producing strains are endemic within the community in many Asian countries, have successfully spread worldwide, and account for many significant CRE outbreaks. Recently approved combinations of β-lactam antibiotics with β-lactamase inhibitors are active only against SBL-producing pathogens. Therefore, new drugs that specifically target MBLs and which restore carbapenem efficacy against MBL-producing CRE pathogens are urgently needed. Here we report the discovery of a novel MBL inhibitor, ANT431, that can potentiate the activity of meropenem (MEM) against a broad range of MBL-producing CRE and restore its efficacy against an Escherichia coli NDM-1-producing strain in a murine thigh infection model. This is a strong starting point for a chemistry lead optimization program that could deliver a first-in-class MBL inhibitor-carbapenem combination. This would complement the existing weaponry against CRE and address an important and growing unmet medical need.
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13
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Kuciński K, Hreczycho G. S-Acetylation of Thiols Mediated by Triflic Acid: A Novel Route to Thioesters. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hreczycho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Chang YN, Xiang Y, Zhang YJ, Wang WM, Chen C, Oelschlaeger P, Yang KW. Carbamylmethyl Mercaptoacetate Thioether: A Novel Scaffold for the Development of L1 Metallo-β-lactamase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:527-532. [PMID: 28523105 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the clinical importance of metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs), a new scaffold, N-substituted carbamylmethyl mercaptoacetate thioether, was constructed. The obtained molecules 1-16 inhibited MβLs from all three subclasses, but preferentially L1 from subclass B3. Compound 9 with a p-carboxyphenyl substituent exhibited the broadest spectrum with at least 70% inhibition of enzymes from all subclasses at 100 μM, while compound 5 with a p-methylphenyl substituent was the most potent inhibitor of any individual enzyme, with 97% inhibition at 100 μM and an IC50 value of 0.41 μM against L1. Isothermal titration calorimetry assays corroborate findings from UV-vis spectrophotometric assays that the inhibition of L1 by 5 is dose-dependent. Docking studies suggest that the carboxyl group, the sulfide atom, and the carbonyl group of the carbamyl coordinate Zn2 in a chelating fashion. Using E. coli cells expressing L1, 6 and 8 were able to decrease cefazolin minimum inhibitory concentration 8-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Chang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Juan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Peter Oelschlaeger
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, California 91766, United States
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Innovation Laboratory,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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15
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Abstract
The global overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria can combat β-lactams by expressing β-lactamases. Inhibitors of one class of β-lactamase, the serine-β-lactamases, are used clinically to prevent degradation of β-lactam antibiotics. However, a second class of β-lactamase, the metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), function by a different mechanism to serine-β-lactamases and no inhibitors of MBLs have progressed to be used in the clinic. Bacteria that express MBLs are an increasingly important threat to human health. This review outlines various approaches taken to discover MBL inhibitors, with an emphasis on the different chemical classes of inhibitors. Recent progress, particularly new screening methods and the rational design of potent MBL inhibitors are discussed.
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