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Dickson MC, Walker A, Grattan C, Perry H, Williams N, Ratia N, Dewit O, Gisbert S, Metz M, Maurer M. Effects of a topical treatment with spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor in healthy subjects and patients with cold urticaria or chronic spontaneous urticaria: Results of a phase 1a/b randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4797-4808. [PMID: 34020509 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PD) of GSK2646264 using skin challenge models. METHODS Healthy volunteers (HV) with a positive allergen skin prick test received GSK2646264 (0.5% or 1% ww) and placebo creams on up to 10% body surface area (BSA). Cold (ColdU) or chronic spontaneous (CSU) urticaria patients received 1% GSK2646264 or placebo on up to 10% BSA. PD assessments included weal characteristics after skin allergen challenge, critical temperature threshold (CTT) in ColdU patients and defined area urticaria activity score in CSU patients. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were randomised (17 HV, 12 ColdU, 5 CSU). Topical application of GSK2646264 and placebo was well tolerated. Systemic pharmacokinetics (AUC [0-24] h*ng/mL) was similar between HVs (Geomean 97.9 [%CV 37]) and ColdU patients (Geomean 68.2 [%CV 14; 3.5% BSA] or 167 [%CV 120; 10% BSA]). Whilst in HVs a similar reduction in skin allergen challenge weal area was observed following 3 applications of GSK2646264 and placebo, a trend towards a greater reduction was seen in ColdU with GSK2646264 compared to placebo. A clinically meaningful reduction in CTT, in ColdU patients treated with GSK2646264, was observed in 4 of 9 patients, who demonstrated either a complete inhibition of ColdU to ≤4°C (n = 2) or partial response (reduction by >4°C, n = 2). Due to the small number of CSU patients recruited, no meaningful conclusions could be drawn from the defined area urticaria activity score PD endpoint. CONCLUSION This Phase 1/1b study confirms that GSK2646264 cream applied topically penetrates the skin and some reduction in CTT was observed. (NCT02424799).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clive Grattan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Nirav Ratia
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Brentford, Middlesex, UK
| | - Odile Dewit
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Brentford, Middlesex, UK
| | | | - Martin Metz
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Sweidan K. Review on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Structure, Signaling Pathways, Interactions, and Recent Updates of EGFR Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:815-834. [PMID: 32124699 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. EGFR signaling cascade is a key regulator in cell proliferation, differentiation, division, survival, and cancer development. In this review, the EGFR structure and its mutations, signaling pathway, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, EGF/EGFR interaction, and the progress in the development of EGFR inhibitors have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Oebbeke M, Siefker C, Wagner B, Heine A, Klebe G. Fragment‐Bindung an die Kinase‐Scharnier‐Region: Wenn Ladungsverteilung und lokale p
K
a
‐Verschiebungen etablierte Bioisosterie‐Konzepte fehlleiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Oebbeke
- Philipps Universität Marburg Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Marbacher Weg 6 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Christof Siefker
- Philipps Universität Marburg Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Marbacher Weg 6 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Björn Wagner
- Roche Innovation Center Grenzacherstr. 124 4070 Basel Schweiz
| | - Andreas Heine
- Philipps Universität Marburg Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Marbacher Weg 6 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Philipps Universität Marburg Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Marbacher Weg 6 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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Oebbeke M, Siefker C, Wagner B, Heine A, Klebe G. Fragment Binding to Kinase Hinge: If Charge Distribution and Local pK a Shifts Mislead Popular Bioisosterism Concepts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:252-258. [PMID: 33021032 PMCID: PMC7821265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal-chemistry optimization follows strategies replacing functional groups and attaching larger substituents at a promising lead scaffold. Well-established bioisosterism rules are considered, however, it is difficult to estimate whether the introduced modifications really match the required properties at a binding site. The electron density distribution and pKa values are modulated influencing protonation states and bioavailability. Considering the adjacent H-bond donor/acceptor pattern of the hinge binding motif in a kinase, we studied by crystallography a set of fragments to map the required interaction pattern. Unexpectedly, benzoic acid and benzamidine, decorated with the correct substituents, are totally bioisosteric just as carboxamide and phenolic OH. A mono-dentate pyridine nitrogen out-performs bi-dentate functionalities. The importance of correctly designing pKa values of attached functional groups by additional substituents at the parent scaffold is rendered prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Oebbeke
- Philipps Universität MarburgInstitut für Pharmazeutische ChemieMarbacher Weg 635032MarburgGermany
| | - Christof Siefker
- Philipps Universität MarburgInstitut für Pharmazeutische ChemieMarbacher Weg 635032MarburgGermany
| | - Björn Wagner
- Roche Innovation CenterGrenzacherstr. 1244070BaselSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Heine
- Philipps Universität MarburgInstitut für Pharmazeutische ChemieMarbacher Weg 635032MarburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Philipps Universität MarburgInstitut für Pharmazeutische ChemieMarbacher Weg 635032MarburgGermany
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Ramirez Molina C, Falkencrone S, Skov PS, Hooper-Greenhill E, Barker M, Dickson MC. GSK2646264, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuates the release of histamine in ex vivo human skin. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1135-1142. [PMID: 30735243 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic spontaneous urticaria presents as a heterogeneous syndrome characterised by wheals, angioedema, or both for greater than 6 weeks. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates allergen-induced mast cell degranulation via the IgE signalling pathway, a central component of wheal formation and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of perfused or topically administered GSK2646264 on IgE-mediated histamine release from mast cells in an ex vivo human skin model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a novel SkiP device, ex vivo human skin from mastectomy surgeries was challenged with anti-IgE, complement 5a (C5a), and buffer to induce histamine release from skin mast cells. Histamine was collected via microdialysis fibres and measured fluorometrically. GSK2646264 was delivered via perfusion either using microdialysis fibres or topically in a cream. Drug concentrations in the skin were measured by LC-MS, and a pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship developed. KEY RESULTS Perfused GSK2646264 significantly inhibited anti-IgE (but not C5a)-induced histamine release in a concentration-dependent manner. The 0.5, 1, and 3% cream delivered GSK2646264 to the dermis above the IC90 and dose-dependently attenuated anti-IgE-induced histamine release. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GSK2646264 administered topically or direct to the dermis blocked histamine release from in situ skin mast cells. A PK/PD relationship curve suggests that dermal concentrations above 6.8 μM should lead to approximately 90% inhibition of histamine release from skin mast cells following activation of the Fc fragment of IgE receptor 1a, implicating a potential use for the compound in skin mast cell diseases such as urticaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Per S Skov
- Contract Research, RefLab ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Barker MD, Liddle J, Atkinson FL, Wilson DM, Dickson MC, Ramirez-Molina C, Lewis H, Davis RP, Somers DO, Neu M, Jones E, Watson R. Discovery of potent and selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3458-3462. [PMID: 30249354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and lead optimisation of a novel series of SYK inhibitors is described. These were optimised for SYK potency and selectivity against Aurora B. Compounds were profiled in a human skin penetration study to identify a suitable candidate molecule for pre-clinical development. Compound 44 (GSK2646264) was selected for progression and is currently in Phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Barker
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - John Liddle
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Francis L Atkinson
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Matthew Wilson
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marion C Dickson
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cesar Ramirez-Molina
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Huw Lewis
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rob P Davis
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Donald O Somers
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Margarete Neu
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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Manallack DT, Yuriev E, Chalmers DK. The influence and manipulation of acid/base properties in drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 27:41-47. [PMID: 30103862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness of the importance of acid/base properties in medicinal chemistry research. In many drug classes, ionisable groups are present that make critical interactions with the receptor and are essential for potency. Yet the presence of these groups may cause problems with oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, or toxicity. Manipulating pKa values during drug development or applying pro-drug techniques are strategies that can overcome potential deficits in a variety of these areas. Knowledge of drug ionisation states coupled with a consideration of pH-specific cellular environments can be used advantageously to target chemoresistance. As modern drug research ventures into drug candidates that exceed the rule of 5, such exploration requires an understanding of drug acid/base properties and how these factors affect ADMET characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Manallack
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Yuriev
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David K Chalmers
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1342] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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