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Griffett K, Burris TP. Development of LXR inverse agonists to treat MAFLD, NASH, and other metabolic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1102469. [PMID: 36817797 PMCID: PMC9932051 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of LXR activity by synthetic agonists has been the focus of many drug discovery efforts with a focus on treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Many agonists have been developed, but all have been hindered due to their ability to efficaciously stimulate de novo lipogenesis. Here, we review the development of LXR inverse agonists that were originally optimized for their ability to enable recruitment of corepressors leading to silencing of genes that drive de novo lipogenesis. Such compounds have efficacy in animal models of MAFLD, dyslipidemia, and cancer. Several classes of LXR inverse agonists have been identified and one is now in clinical trials for treatment of severe dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- The University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas P. Burris,
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Griffett K, Hayes M, Bedia-Diaz G, Appourchaux K, Sanders R, Boeckman MP, Koelblen T, Zhang J, Schulman IG, Elgendy B, Burris TP. Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Gut-Restricted LXR Inverse Agonists. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1143-1154. [PMID: 35417135 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and increased circulating cholesterol levels are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are regulators of de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol transport and have been validated as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. However, efforts to develop LXR agonists to reduce cardiovascular diseases have failed due to poor clinical outcomes-associated increased hepatic lipogenesis and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C). Here, we report that LXR inverse agonists are effective in lowering plasma LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in several models of hyperlipidemia, including the Ldlr null mouse model of atherosclerosis. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that LXR directly regulates the expression of Soat2 enzyme in the intestine, which is directly responsible for the re-uptake or excretion of circulating lipids. Oral administration of a gut-specific LXR inverse agonist leads to reduction of Soat2 expression in the intestine and effectively lowers circulating LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels without modulating LXR target genes in the periphery. In summary, our studies highlight the therapeutic potential of the gut-restricted molecules to treat hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis through the intestinal LXR-Soat2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Matthew Hayes
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Gonzalo Bedia-Diaz
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ryan Sanders
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Michael P. Boeckman
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Thomas Koelblen
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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3
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Xing S, Xia H, Wang C, Wang Y, Hao L, Wang K, Zhu B. A Stepwise Synthesis of Spiroindoline Compounds via Ring Opening of Aziridines and C−H Activation/Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
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Zhou LM, Qu RY, Yang GF. An overview of spirooxindole as a promising scaffold for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:603-625. [PMID: 32106717 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1733526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Spirooxindole, a unique and versatile scaffold, has been widely studied in some fields such as pharmaceutical chemistry and synthetic chemistry. Especially in the application of medicine, quite a few compounds featuring spirooxindole motif have displayed excellent and broad pharmacological activities. Many identified candidate molecules have been used in clinical trials, showing promising prospects.Areas covered: This article offers an overview of different applications and developments of spirooxindoles (including the related natural products and their derivatives) in the process of drug innovation, including such as in anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimalarial, and antiviral activities. Furthermore, the crucial structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, and main synthetic methods of spirooxindoles-based derivatives are also reviewed.Expert opinion: Recent progress in the biological activity profiles of spirooxindole derivatives have demonstrated their significant position in present-day drug discovery. Furthermore, we believe that the multidirectional development of novel drugs containing this core scaffold will continue to be the research hotspot in medicinal chemistry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Tanaka F, Pasha M, Sohail M. Intramolecular Oxa-Michael Reactions of Aldols Generated from Enones and Isatins to Afford Spirooxindole Tetrahydropyrans. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-s(f)26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Song J, Li Z, Wang G, Zhang N, Chen C, Chen J, Ren H, Pan W. Controllable Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Spirooxindoles and 3,3‐Bistryptophol Oxindoles via Fe(ClO
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O‐Promoted Hetero‐Pictet‐Spengler Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Rong Song
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Yao Li
- Guizhou University Huaxi Avenue South Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Guang‐Di Wang
- Guizhou University Huaxi Avenue South Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Ren
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Pan
- State key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences / Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
- Guizhou University Huaxi Avenue South Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
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Abuzhalihan J, Wang YT, Ma YT, Fu ZY, Yang YN, Ma X, Li XM, Liu F, Chen BD. SOAT1 methylation is associated with coronary heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:192. [PMID: 31684966 PMCID: PMC6829990 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to investigate whether differential DNA methylationin of cholesterol absorption candidate genes can function as a biomarker for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods DNA methylation levels of the candidate genes FLOT1, FLOT2 and SOAT1 were measured in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 99 patients diagnosed with CHD and 89 control subjects without CHD. A total of 110 CPG sites around promoter regions of them were examined. Results Compared with groups without CHD, patients with CHD had lower methylation levels of SOAT1 (P<0.001). When each candidate genes were divided into different target segments, patients with CHD also had lower methylation levels of SOAT1 than patients without (P = 0.005). After adjustment of other confounders, methylation levels of SOAT1 were still associated with CHD (P = 0.001, OR = 0.290, 95% CI: 0.150–0.561). Conclusions SOAT1 methylation may be associated with development of CHD. Patients with lower methylation levels in SOAT1 may have increased risks for CHD. Further studies on the specific mechanisms of this relationship are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Abuzhalihan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
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Xu N, Meng H, Liu TY, Feng YL, Qi Y, Zhang DH, Wang HL. Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 deficiency improves defective insulin signaling in the brains of mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ganesh M, Rao MP, Mirajakar SJ. Part I: Diastereoselective Reactions Involving β-Mono- and β,β′-Disubstituted Alkylidene Oxindoles: Pondering Alkene Geometry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1908, B.M.S.; College of Engineering; Bull Temple Road Bengaluru 560019 India
| | - Madhuri P. Rao
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1908, B.M.S.; College of Engineering; Bull Temple Road Bengaluru 560019 India
| | - Shruti J. Mirajakar
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1908, B.M.S.; College of Engineering; Bull Temple Road Bengaluru 560019 India
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