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Xu Z, Li F, Liu Q, Ma T, Feng X, Zhao G, Zeng D, Li D, Jie H. Chemical composition and microbiota changes across musk secretion stages of forest musk deer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1322316. [PMID: 38505545 PMCID: PMC10948612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest musk deer is the most important animal for natural musk production, and the musk composition changes periodically during musk secretion, accompanied by variation in the com-position of deer-symbiotic bacteria. GC-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing were conducted in this study, the dynamic changes to correlated chemical composition and the microbiota across musk secretion periods (prime musk secretion period, vigorous musk secretion period and late musk secretion period) were investigated by integrating its serum testosterone level in different mating states. Results showed that the testosterone level, musk composition and microbiota changed with annual cycle of musk secretion and affected by its mating state. Muscone and the testosterone level peaked at vigorous musk secretion period, and the microbiota of this stage was distinct from the other 2 periods. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were dominant bacteria across musk secretion period. PICRUSt analysis demonstrated that bacteria were ubiquitous in musk pod and involved in the metabolism of antibiotics and terpenoids in musk. "Carbohydrates and amino acids," "fatty acids and CoA" and "secretion of metabolites" were enriched at 3 periods, respectively. Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Sulfuricurvum were potential biomarkers across musk secretion. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of genetic mechanism during musk secretion, emphasizing the importance of Actinobacteria and Corynebacterium in the synthesis of muscone and etiocholanone during musk secretion, which required further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Xu
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Li
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Sichuan Wildlife Rehabilitation and Breeding Research Center, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Tianyuan Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Guijun Zhao
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dejun Zeng
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Jie
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Motoyama T, Yun CS, Osada H. Biosynthesis and biological function of secondary metabolites of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab058. [PMID: 34379774 PMCID: PMC8788799 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have many secondary metabolism genes and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with complex and unique structures. However, the role of most secondary metabolites remains unclear. Moreover, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are silent or poorly expressed under laboratory conditions and are difficult to utilize. Pyricularia oryzae, the causal pathogen of rice blast disease, is a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus. P. oryzae also has a large number of secondary metabolism genes and appears to be a suitable organism for analyzing secondary metabolites. However, in case of this fungus, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized. Among two of the four groups of secondary metabolites, biosynthetic genes were identified by activating secondary metabolism. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrid enzyme; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi, including plant pathogens and endophytes, and pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis and biological functions of the four groups of P. oryzae secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Motoyama T, Ishii T, Kamakura T, Osada H. Screening of tenuazonic acid production-inducing compounds and identification of NPD938 as a regulator of fungal secondary metabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2200-2208. [PMID: 34379730 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The control of secondary metabolism in fungi is essential for the regulation of various cellular functions. In this study, we searched the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library for inducers of tenuazonic acid (TeA) production in the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae and identified NPD938. NPD938 transcriptionally induced TeA production. We explored the mode of action of NPD938 and observed that this compound enhanced TeA production via LAE1, a global regulator of fungal secondary metabolism. NPD938 could also induce production of terpendoles and pyridoxatins in Tolypocladium album RK99-F33. Terpendole production was induced transcriptionally. We identified the pyridoxatin biosynthetic gene cluster among transcriptionally induced secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Therefore, NPD938 is useful for the control of fungal secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoaki Ishii
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Secondary Metabolites of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae: Biosynthesis and Biological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228698. [PMID: 33218033 PMCID: PMC7698770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with unique and complex structures. However, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are poorly expressed under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the relationship between pathogenicity and secondary metabolites remains unclear. To activate silent gene clusters in fungi, successful approaches such as epigenetic control, promoter exchange, and heterologous expression have been reported. Pyricularia oryzae, a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus, is the causal pathogen of rice blast disease. P. oryzae is also rich in secondary metabolism genes. However, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized in this fungus. Biosynthetic genes for two of the four groups of secondary metabolites have been identified by activating secondary metabolism. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and roles of the four groups of secondary metabolites produced by P. oryzae. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi including endophytes and plant pathogens; and tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique NRPS-PKS enzyme.
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Advances in microbial culturing conditions to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters for novel metabolite production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:1381-1400. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) produced by bacteria and fungi are often used as therapeutic agents due to their complex structures and wide range of bioactivities. Enzymes that build NPs are encoded by co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and genome sequencing has recently revealed that many BGCs are “silent” under standard laboratory conditions. There are numerous methods used to activate “silent” BGCs that rely either upon altering culture conditions or genetic modification. In this review, we discuss several recent microbial cultivation methods that have been used to expand the scope of NPs accessible in the laboratory. These approaches are divided into three categories: addition of a physical scaffold, addition of small molecule elicitors, and co-cultivation with another microbe.
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Xu LL, Hai P, Zhang SB, Xiao JF, Gao Y, Ma BJ, Fu HY, Chen YM, Yang XL. Prenylated Indole Diterpene Alkaloids from a Mine-Soil-Derived Tolypocladium sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:221-231. [PMID: 30702286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ten new prenylated indole diterpene alkaloids, tolypocladin A-J (1-10), including four chlorinated metabolites, have been isolated from a culture of a mine-soil-derived fungus, Tolypocladium sp. XL115. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-10 were determined by spectroscopic analysis, ECD calculations, and comparison with known compounds. Compounds 1 and 8 displayed significant antimicrobial activities. In addition, compound 1 also showed weak cytotoxic activity against all tested human cancer cell lines and suppressed the growth and viability of the patient-derived HCC cells T1224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Hai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Yibin University , Yibin 644000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Xiao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education of China , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Yibin University , Yibin 644000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Ji Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Henan Agricultural University , Wenhua Road 12 , Zhengzhou 450002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Miao Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education of China , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , People's Republic of China
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Borowiecki P, Justyniak I, Ochal Z. Lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution approach toward enantiomerically enriched 1-(β-hydroxypropyl)indoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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