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Das BC, Chokkalingam P, Shareef MA, Shukla S, Das S, Saito M, Weiss LM. Methionine aminopeptidases: Potential therapeutic target for microsporidia and other microbes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13036. [PMID: 39036929 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) have emerged as a target for medicinal chemists in the quest for novel therapeutic agents for treating cancer, obesity, and other disorders. Methionine aminopeptidase is a metalloenzyme with two structurally distinct forms in humans, MetAP-1 and MetAP-2. The MetAP2 inhibitor fumagillin, which was used as an amebicide in the 1950s, has been used for the successful treatment of microsporidiosis in humans; however, it is no longer commercially available. Despite significant efforts and investments by many pharmaceutical companies, no new MetAP inhibitors have been approved for the clinic. Several lead compounds have been designed and synthesized by researchers as potential inhibitors of MetAP and evaluated for their potential activity in a wide range of diseases. MetAP inhibitors such as fumagillin, TNP-470, beloranib, and reversible inhibitors and their analogs guide new prospects for MetAP inhibitor development in the ongoing quest for new pharmacological indications. This perspective provides insights into recent advances related to MetAP, as a potential therapeutic target in drug discovery, bioactive small molecule MetAP2 inhibitors, and data on the role of MetAP-2 as a therapeutic target for microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Parthiban Chokkalingam
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mohammed Adil Shareef
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Srushti Shukla
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sasmita Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Carducci MA, Wang D, Habermehl C, Bödding M, Rohdich F, Lignet F, Duecker K, Karpenko O, Pudelko L, Gimmi C, LoRusso P. A First-in-human, Dose-escalation Study of the Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Inhibitor M8891 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1638-1647. [PMID: 37637935 PMCID: PMC10448909 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) is essential to endothelial cell growth and proliferation during tumor angiogenesis. M8891 is a novel orally bioavailable, potent, selective, reversible MetAP2 inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in preclinical studies. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of M8891 monotherapy were assessed in a phase I, first-in-human, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study (NCT03138538). Patients with advanced solid tumors received 7-80 mg M8891 once daily in 21-day cycles. The primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during cycle 1, with the aim to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Twenty-seven patients were enrolled across six dose levels. Two DLTs (platelet count decrease) were reported, one each at 60 and 80 mg/once daily M8891, resolving after treatment discontinuation. MTD was not determined. The most common treatment-emergent adverse event was platelet count decrease. M8891 plasma concentration showed dose-linear increase up to 35 mg and low-to-moderate variability; dose-dependent tumor accumulation of methionylated elongation factor 1α, a MetAP2 substrate, was observed, demonstrating MetAP2 inhibition. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic response data showed that preclinically defined target levels required for in vivo efficacy were achieved at safe, tolerated doses. Seven patients (25.9%) had stable disease for 42-123 days. We conclude that M8891 demonstrates a manageable safety profile, with dose-proportional exposure and low-to-moderate interpatient variability at target pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic levels at ≤35 mg M8891 once daily. On the basis of the data, 35 mg M8891 once daily is the recommended phase II dose for M8891 monotherapy. This study forms the basis for future development of M8891 in monotherapy and combination studies. Significance M8891 represents a novel class of reversible MetAP2 inhibitors and has demonstrated preclinical antitumor activity. This dose-escalation study assessed M8891 treatment for patients with advanced solid tumors. M8891 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics, tumoral target engagement, and a manageable safety profile, and thus represents a novel antitumor strategy warranting further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ding Wang
- Phase 1 Clinical Trials Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Matthias Bödding
- Clinical Pharmacology, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Floriane Lignet
- Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Duecker
- Clinical Biomarkers, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Linda Pudelko
- Clinical Development, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claude Gimmi
- Clinical Development, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Zhang K, Hu J, Zhao Z. Fumagillin regulates stemness and malignancies in cancer stem-like cells derived from liver cancer via targeting to MetAP-2. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289024. [PMID: 37506053 PMCID: PMC10381083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer relapse is associated with the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which lead to multidirectional differentiation and unrestricted proliferative replication. Fumagillin, a myocotoxin produced by the saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, has been reported to affect malignant characteristics in hepatocellular cancer cells. However, its exact role in CSCs is still unknown. METHODS CSCs were enriched by culturing cancer cells in serum-free medium. The effects of fumagillin on malignant cell characteristics and mitochondrial function were measured. The regulatory role of fumagillin on methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) was assessed. RESULTS When it was supplemented in medium, fumagillin treatment inhibited sphere formation and the maintenance of stemness of CSCs without disturbing cell growth. Fumagillin also decreased stemness-related markers and the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)-positive proportion, which demonstrated that fumagillin decreases stemness in CSCs. It was also found to inhibit malignant traits in CSCs, including cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor formation, and sensitize CSCs to chemoagents, including sorafenib and doxorubicin, by promoting chemoagent-induced apoptosis. Moreover, fumagillin treatment was found to disturb mitochondrial membrane homeostasis, ATP synthesis and mitochondrial transcriptional activity. In addition, we found that fumagillin decreased MetAP-2 protein levels and exerted anti-CSC effects potentially by regulating MetAP-2. We also found that fumagillin treatment activated p53 and its transcriptional activity and thus caused cell cycle blockade. Moreover, fumagillin treatment significantly decreased tumor formation in nude mice. CONCLUSION This work offers evidence for fumagillin as a specific inhibitor of liver cancer CSCs and proposes a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Hu
- The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
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4
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Gamerdinger M, Jia M, Schloemer R, Rabl L, Jaskolowski M, Khakzar KM, Ulusoy Z, Wallisch A, Jomaa A, Hunaeus G, Scaiola A, Diederichs K, Ban N, Deuerling E. NAC controls cotranslational N-terminal methionine excision in eukaryotes. Science 2023; 380:1238-1243. [PMID: 37347872 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal methionine excision from newly synthesized proteins, catalyzed cotranslationally by methionine aminopeptidases (METAPs), is an essential and universally conserved process that plays a key role in cell homeostasis and protein biogenesis. However, how METAPs interact with ribosomes and how their cleavage specificity is ensured is unknown. We discovered that in eukaryotes the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) controls ribosome binding of METAP1. NAC recruits METAP1 using a long, flexible tail and provides a platform for the formation of an active methionine excision complex at the ribosomal tunnel exit. This mode of interaction ensures the efficient excision of methionine from cytosolic proteins, whereas proteins targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum are spared. Our results suggest a broader mechanism for how access of protein biogenesis factors to translating ribosomes is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gamerdinger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Schloemer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laurenz Rabl
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mateusz Jaskolowski
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin M Khakzar
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeynel Ulusoy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annalena Wallisch
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ahmad Jomaa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gundula Hunaeus
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alain Scaiola
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, Molecular Bioinformatics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nenad Ban
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elke Deuerling
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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The synthesis of New 5-R-aminoazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones from an N,S-acetal Derivative of Meldrum’s Acid. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-023-03164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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6
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Dai XJ, Xue LP, Ji SK, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zheng YC, Liu HM, Liu HM. Triazole-fused pyrimidines in target-based anticancer drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115101. [PMID: 36724635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the development of targeted drugs has featured prominently in the treatment of cancer, which is among the major causes of mortality globally. Triazole-fused pyrimidines, a widely-used class of heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, have attracted considerable interest as potential anticancer agents that target various cancer-associated targets in recent years, demonstrating them as valuable templates for discovering novel anticancer candidates. The current review concentrates on the latest advancements of triazole-pyrimidines as target-based anticancer agents, including works published between 2007 and the present (2007-2022). The structure-activity relationships (SARs) and multiple pathways are also reviewed to shed light on the development of more effective and biotargeted anticancer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei-Peng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Shi-Kun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
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7
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Goya Grocin A, Kallemeijn WW, Tate EW. Targeting methionine aminopeptidase 2 in cancer, obesity, and autoimmunity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:870-882. [PMID: 34446297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) has been a tentative drug target for the treatment of cancer, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. Currently, no MetAP2 inhibitors (MetAP2i) have reached the clinic yet, despite considerable investment by major pharmaceutical companies. Here, we summarize the key series of MetAP2i developed to date and discuss their clinical development, progress, and issues. We coalesce the currently disparate knowledge regarding MetAP2i mechanism of action and discuss discrepancies across varied studies. Finally, we highlight the current knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to enable successful development of MetAP2 inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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8
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Albayati S, Uba AI, Yelekçi K. Potential inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidase type II identified via structure-based pharmacophore modeling. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1005-1016. [PMID: 33846894 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2) is a metal-containing enzyme that removes initiator methionine from the N-terminus of a newly synthesized protein. Inhibition of the enzyme is crucial in diminishing cancer growth and metastasis. Fumagillin-a natural irreversible inhibitor of MetAP2-and its derivatives are used as potent MetAP2 inhibitors. However, because of their adverse effects, none of them has progressed to clinical studies. In search for potential reversible inhibitors, we built structure-based pharmacophore models using the crystal structure of MetAP2 complexed with fumagillin (PDB ID: 1BOA). The pharmacophore models were validated using Gunner-Henry scoring method. The best pharmacophore consisting of 1 H-bond donor, 1 H-bond acceptor, and 3 hydrophobic features was used to conduct pharmacophore-based virtual screening of ZINC15 database against MetAP2. The top 10 compounds with pharmacophore fit values > 3.00 were selected for further analysis. These compounds were subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction and found to have druglike properties. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations was performed on these hits using AutoDock4 to predict their binding mode and binding energy. Three diverse compounds: ZINC000014903160, ZINC000040174591, and ZINC000409110720 with respective binding energy/docking scores of - 9.22, - 9.21, and -817 kcal/mol, were submitted to 100 ns (MD) simulations using Nanoscale MD (NAMD) software. The compounds showed stable binding mode over time. Therefore, they may serve as a scaffold for further computational and experimental optimization toward the design of more potent and safer MetAP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safana Albayati
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.,Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kemal Yelekçi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Hirst DJ, Brandt M, Bruton G, Christodoulou E, Cutler L, Deeks N, Goodacre JD, Jack T, Lindon M, Miah A, Page K, Parr N, Shukla L, Sims M, Thomas P, Thorpe J, Holmes DS. Structure-based optimisation of orally active & reversible MetAP-2 inhibitors maintaining a tight 'molecular budget'. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127533. [PMID: 32919012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based led optimisation of orally active reversible Methionine Aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitors utilising a 'molecular budget' medicinal chemistry strategy is described. The key physicochemical parameters of target molecules (cLogP, molecular size and H-bond donor count) were monitored through straightforward and intuitive use of atom count and distribution. The balance between structure-based design and an awareness of the physicochemical properties of the compounds synthesised enabled the rapid identification of a potent molecule with good oral pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics by making fewer, higher quality compounds. The resulting candidate quality molecule was validated in a mechanistic cellular assay and a rodent secondary immunisation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hirst
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Martin Brandt
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gordon Bruton
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Erica Christodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Leanne Cutler
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nigel Deeks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jonathan D Goodacre
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Torquil Jack
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Matthew Lindon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Afjal Miah
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kevin Page
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nigel Parr
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lena Shukla
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Sims
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pamela Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - James Thorpe
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Duncan S Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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10
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Pinheiro S, Pinheiro EMC, Muri EMF, Pessôa JC, Cadorini MA, Greco SJ. Biological activities of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and analogs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Dick BL, Patel A, Cohen SM. Effect of heterocycle content on metal binding isostere coordination. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6907-6914. [PMID: 33209243 PMCID: PMC7597899 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02717k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioisostere replacement is a core concept in modern medicinal chemistry and in this work new metal-binding isosteres (MBIs) are synthesized and evaluated for use in metalloenzyme inhibitors.
Bioisostere replacement is a core concept in modern medicinal chemistry and has proven an invaluable strategy to address pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic limitations of therapeutics. The success of bioisostere replacement is often dependent on the scaffold that is being modified (i.e., “context dependence”). The application of bioisostere replacement to a picolinic acid fragment was recently demonstrated as a means to expand a library of metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) to modulate their physicochemical properties, while retaining their metal binding and metalloenzyme inhibitory activity. Here, metal binding isosteres (MBIs) with different nitrogen-containing heteroarenes is explored. This resulted in a number of new MBIs that were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and metal binding features. It was observed that the coordination behavior of an MBI is dependent on the identity and arrangement of the heteroatoms within each heteroarene. To further understand the observed coordination chemistry trends, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. Theory indicates that preferences in coordination geometry are largely determined by the electronic character of the heteroarene scaffold. These results provide important insights into the development of novel MBI scaffolds that can serve to broaden the scope of scaffolds for metalloenzyme inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla , CA 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla , CA 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla , CA 92093-0358 , USA .
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Heinrich T, Seenisamy J, Becker F, Blume B, Bomke J, Dietz M, Eckert U, Friese-Hamim M, Gunera J, Hansen K, Leuthner B, Musil D, Pfalzgraf J, Rohdich F, Siegl C, Spuck D, Wegener A, Zenke FT. Identification of Methionine Aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) Inhibitor M8891: A Clinical Compound for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11119-11134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Heinrich
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Frank Becker
- Intana Bioscience GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 29a, D-82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beatrix Blume
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Bomke
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Melanie Dietz
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uwe Eckert
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manja Friese-Hamim
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jakub Gunera
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kerrin Hansen
- Intana Bioscience GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 29a, D-82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Djordje Musil
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Pfalzgraf
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Siegl
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dieter Spuck
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ansgar Wegener
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Ming XX, Tian ZY, Zhang CP. Base-Mediated O-Arylation of Alcohols and Phenols by Triarylsulfonium Triflates. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3370-3379. [PMID: 31464363 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A mild and efficient protocol for O-arylation of alcohols and phenols (ROH) by triarylsulfonium triflates was developed under transition-metal-free conditions. Various alcohols, including primary, secondary and tertiary, and phenols bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl rings were smoothly converted to form the corresponding aromatic ethers in moderate to excellent yields. The reactions were conducted at 50 or 80 °C for 24 h in the presence of a certain base and showed good functional group tolerance. The base-mediated arylation with asymmetric triarylsulfonium salts could selectively transfer the aryl groups of sulfoniums to ROH, depending on their inherent electronic nature. The mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction might proceed through the nucleophilic attack of the in situ formed alkoxy or phenoxy anions at the aromatic carbon atoms of the C-S bonds of triarylsulfonium cations to furnish the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ming
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Tian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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14
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Heinrich T, Seenisamy J, Blume B, Bomke J, Calderini M, Eckert U, Friese-Hamim M, Kohl R, Lehmann M, Leuthner B, Musil D, Rohdich F, Zenke FT. Discovery and Structure-Based Optimization of Next-Generation Reversible Methionine Aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5025-5039. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Heinrich
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Beatrix Blume
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Bomke
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michel Calderini
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uwe Eckert
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manja Friese-Hamim
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rainer Kohl
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Djordje Musil
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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16
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Oukoloff K, Lucero B, Francisco KR, Brunden KR, Ballatore C. 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:332-346. [PMID: 30703745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (TP) heterocycle, in spite of its relatively simple structure, has proved to be remarkably versatile as evidenced by its use in many different applications reported over the years in different areas of drug design. For example, as the ring system of TPs is isoelectronic with that of purines, this heterocycle has been proposed as a possible surrogate of the purine ring. However, depending on the choice of substituents, the TP ring has also been described as a potentially viable bio-isostere of the carboxylic acid functional group and of the N-acetyl fragment of ε-N-acetylated lysine. In addition, the metal-chelating properties of the TP ring have also been exploited to generate candidate treatments for cancer and parasitic diseases. In the present review article, we discuss recent applications of the TP scaffold in medicinal chemistry, and provide an overview of its properties and methods of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bobby Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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17
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Fischer G. Recent advances in 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Węglarz-Tomczak E, Talma M, Giurg M, Westerhoff HV, Janowski R, Mucha A. Neutral metalloaminopeptidases APN and MetAP2 as newly discovered anticancer molecular targets of actinomycin D and its simple analogs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29365-29378. [PMID: 30034623 PMCID: PMC6047675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent transcription inhibitor Actinomycin D is used with several cancers. Here, we report the discovery that this naturally occurring antibiotic inhibits two human neutral aminopeptidases, the cell-surface alanine aminopeptidase and intracellular methionine aminopeptidase type 2. These metallo-containing exopeptidases participate in tumor cell expansion and motility and are targets for anticancer therapies. We show that the peptide portions of Actinomycin D and Actinomycin X2 are not required for effective inhibition, but the loss of these regions changes the mechanism of interaction. Two structurally less complex Actinomycin D analogs containing the phenoxazone chromophores, Questiomycin A and Actinocin, appear to be competitive inhibitors of both aminopeptidases, with potencies similar to the non-competitive macrocyclic parent compound (Ki in the micromolar range). The mode of action for all four compounds and both enzymes was demonstrated by molecular modeling and docking in the corresponding active sites. This knowledge gives new perspectives to Actinomycin D's action on tumors and suggests new avenues and molecules for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Węglarz-Tomczak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michał Talma
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Lee S, Elaskandrany M, Lau LF, Lazzaro D, Grant MB, Chaqour B. Interplay between CCN1 and Wnt5a in endothelial cells and pericytes determines the angiogenic outcome in a model of ischemic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1405. [PMID: 28469167 PMCID: PMC5431199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CYR61-CTGF-NOV (CCN)1 is a dynamically expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with critical functions in cardiovascular development and tissue repair. Angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs) are a major cellular source of CCN1 which, once secreted, associates with the ECM and the cell surface and tightly controls the bidirectional flow of information between cells and the surrounding matrix. Endothelium-specific CCN1 deletion in mice using a cre/lox strategy induces EC hyperplasia and causes blood vessels to coalesce into large flat hyperplastic sinuses with no distinctive hierarchical organization. This is consistent with the role of CCN1 as a negative feedback regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor activation. In the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), pericytes become the predominant CCN1 producing cells. Pericyte-specific deletion of CCN1 significantly decreases pathological retinal neovascularization following OIR. CCN1 induces the expression of the non-canonical Wnt5a in pericyte but not in EC cultures. In turn, exogenous Wnt5a inhibits CCN1 gene expression, induces EC proliferation and increases hypersprouting. Concordantly, treatment of mice with TNP470, a non-canonical Wnt5a inhibitor, reestablishes endothelial expression of CCN1 and significantly decreases pathological neovascular growth in OIR. Our data highlight the significance of CCN1-EC and CCN1-pericyte communication signals in driving physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Menna Elaskandrany
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Douglas Lazzaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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