1
|
Wang X, Li S, Du M, Liu N, Shan Q, Zou Y, Wang J, Zhu Y. A novel glycine-rich peptide from Zophobas atratus, coleoptericin B, targets bacterial membrane and protects against Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced mastitis in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:417-428. [PMID: 38267384 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The growing occurrence of bacterial resistance has spawned the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides, a class of small molecules with antimicrobial activity, have been regarded as the ideal alternatives to antibiotics. METHODS In this study, we amplified a new type of Zophobas atratus coleoptericin (denoted coleoptericin B) through rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR and expressed recombinant Z. atratus coleoptericin B (rZA-col B) by prokaryotic expression. Subsequently, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect and biocompatibility of rZA-col B in vivo, investigated its antimicrobial mechanism, and assessed its therapeutic effect in a murine model of mastitis caused by MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. RESULTS The in vivo studies demonstrated that rZA-col B possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It exhibited less than 1.5% haemolysis and 10% cytotoxicity, even at a concentration of 128 μM. Additionally, rZA-col B had a minimal risk of inducing drug resistance. Furthermore, rZA-col B could disrupt the integrity of bacterial membranes, induce membrane permeabilization and ultimately lead to bacterial death. Importantly, rZA-col B also alleviated mastitis caused by MDR K. pneumoniae in a murine model by enhancing bacterial clearance, reducing neutrophil infiltration, decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β expression, and protecting the mammary barrier. CONCLUSIONS rZA-col B may be a promising antibacterial agent to combat MDR bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Mengze Du
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Yunjing Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Makwana P, Rahul K, Ito K, Subhadra B. Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051161. [PMID: 37240807 DOI: 10.3390/life13051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that the present-day world is witnessing that poses a serious threat to global health. The decline in the development of novel therapeutics over the last couple of decades has exacerbated the situation further. In this scenario, the pursuit of new alternative therapeutics to commonly used antibiotics has gained predominance amongst researchers across the world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from natural sources have drawn significant interest in the recent years as promising pharmacological substitutes over the conventional antibiotics. The most notable advantage of AMPs is that microorganisms cannot develop resistance to them. Insects represent one of the potential sources of AMPs, which are synthesized as part of an innate immune defence against invading pathogens. AMPs from different insects have been extensively studied, and silkworm is one of them. Diverse classes of AMPs (including attacins, cecropins, defensins, enbocins, gloverins, lebocins and moricins) were identified from silkworm that exhibit antimicrobial property against bacteria, fungi and viruses, indicating their potential therapeutic benefits. This review briefs about the immune responses of silkworm to invading pathogens, the isolation of AMPs from silkworms, AMPs reported in silkworms and their activity against various microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Makwana
- Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Berhampore, Murshidabad 742101, West Bengal, India
| | - Kamidi Rahul
- Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Berhampore, Murshidabad 742101, West Bengal, India
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bindu Subhadra
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, NY 11548, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits, and Application Value of Edible Insects: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243961. [PMID: 36553703 PMCID: PMC9777846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, edible insects have been used as food to alleviate hunger and improve malnutrition. Some insects have also been used as medicines because of their therapeutic properties. This is not only due to the high nutritional value of edible insects, but more importantly, the active substances from edible insects have a variety of biofunctional activities. In this paper, we described and summarized the nutritional composition of edible insects and discussed the biological functions of edible insects and their potential benefits for human health. A summary analysis of the findings for each active function confirms that edible insects have the potential to develop functional foods and medicines that are beneficial to humans. In addition, we analyzed the issues that need to be considered in the application of edible insects and the current status of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical applications. We concluded with a discussion of regulations related to edible insects and an outlook on future research and applications of edible insects. By analyzing the current state of research on edible insects, we aim to raise awareness of the use of edible insects to improve human health and thus promote their better use and development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Park SJ, Kim KY, Baik MY, Koh YH. Sericulture and the edible-insect industry can help humanity survive: insects are more than just bugs, food, or feed. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:657-668. [PMID: 35646418 PMCID: PMC9133288 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most serious threat which humans face is rapid global climate change, as the Earth shifts rapidly into a regime less hospitable to humans. To address the crisis caused by severe global climate change, it will be necessary to modify humankind's way of life. Because livestock production accounts for more than 14.5% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is critical to reduce the dependence of humans on protein nutrients and calories obtained from livestock. One way to do so is to use insects as food. Compared with typical livestock, farming edible insects (or "mini-livestock") produce fewer GHG emissions, require less space and water, involve shorter life cycles, and have higher feed conversion rates. It has been recently reported that consumption of certain insects can prevent or treat human diseases. This review goes beyond entomophagy to entomotherapy and their application to the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee-Young Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Baik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Innovation and Health, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pérez C, Díaz-Roa A, Bernal Y, Arenas NE, Kalume DE, Côrtes LMDC, da PI, Varela Y, Patarroyo MA, Torres O, Bello FJ. Characterising four Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval fat body-derived antimicrobial peptides. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200587. [PMID: 34287503 PMCID: PMC8291954 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the accelerated growth of resistance to antibiotics. The search for new therapeutic strategies (i.e., antimicrobial peptides-AMPs) has thus become a pressing need. OBJECTIVE Characterising and evaluating Sarconesiopsis magellanica larval fat body-derived AMPs. METHODS Fat body extracts were analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC); mass spectrometry was used for characterising the primary structure of the AMPs so found. ProtParam (Expasy) was used for analysing the AMPs' physico-chemical properties. Synthetic AMPs' antibacterial activity was evaluated. FINDINGS Four new AMPs were obtained and called sarconesin III, IV, V and VI. Sarconesin III had an α-helix structure and sarconesins IV, V and VI had linear formations. Oligomer prediction highlighted peptide-peptide interactions, suggesting that sarconesins III, V and VI could form self-aggregations when in contact with the microbial membrane. AMPs synthesised from their native molecules' sequences had potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, against Gram-negative and drug-resistant bacteria. Sarconesin VI was the most efficient AMP. None of the four synthetic AMPs had a cytotoxic effect. MAIN CONCLUSIONS S. magellanica larval fat body-derived antimicrobial peptides are an important source of AMPs and could be used in different antimicrobial therapies and overcoming bacterial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Pérez
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Díaz-Roa
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Toxinología Aplicada, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y de Medio Ambiente, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yuly Bernal
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nelson E Arenas
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dario Eluan Kalume
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luzia Monteiro de Castro Côrtes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pedro I da
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Toxinología Aplicada, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Yahson Varela
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad Santo Tomás, Health Sciences Division, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Orlando Torres
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felio J Bello
- Universidad de La Salle, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Studies of Novel Cationic Amphipathic Cyclic Undecapeptides and Their Linear Counterparts against Virulent Bacterial Strains. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired resistance against almost all antibiotics because of the misuse of antibacterial agents and long periods of treatment. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the most encouraging candidates to solve this problem, as they possess high prokaryotic selectivity, and affect the bacteria by a unique mode of action. Novel cyclic undecapeptides (QNRNFYFNRNQ and QNRNFHFNRNQ) and their linear counterparts were investigated for their antibacterial activity against virulent strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that tyrosine and histidine AMPs have promising antibacterial activity against virulent bacteria. The MIC values against the P. aeruginosa PA14, E. coli O157:H7 CR3, S. aureus 209P, and B. subtilis ATCC 6633 bacterial strains were evaluated for the cyclic peptide containing tyrosine, and their values were 6.25, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, for the linear form, they were 9.3, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 µM, respectively. The cyclic-peptide–containing histidines’ MIC values were 6.25, 3.1, 6.25, and 3.1 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, for the linear form, they were 3.1, 3.1, 3.1, and 6.25 µM, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the new AMPs were compared with that of gentamicin sulfate, and showed relatively higher potencies. Time-inhibition studies demonstrated the rapid antibacterial effects of the novel AMPs, which were more likely to be concentration-dependent, rather than time-dependent. At double the MIC concentration, all of the tested peptides exhibited relatively stable antibacterial effects up to 24 h, especially the peptides containing tyrosine, which showed an improved antibacterial effect.
Collapse
|
7
|
Farrag HN, Metwally K, Ikeno S, Kato T. Design and Synthesis of a New Amphipathic Cyclic Decapeptide with Rapid, Stable, and Continuous Antibacterial Effects. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.28.s2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens can acquire high resistance against even the most powerful antibiotics because of the long periods of treatment and high usage of antimicrobial agents. In addition, the severe side effects of commonly used antibiotics can initiate secondary diseases or may lead to death. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported to exhibit prokaryotic selectivity and low microbial resistance. Furthermore, AMPs show a good ability to penetrate the cell walls of microorganisms. In this study, a cyclic decapeptide and its linear counterpart were synthesized by a standard solid phase peptide synthesis method (SPPS) in a quantitative yield of the linear decapeptide (97%) and a good yield of the cyclic form (45%). Antibacterial studies were performed using Escherichia coli (a widespread Gram-negative pathogen) and Bacillus thuringiensis as a representative Gram-positive pathogen. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were evaluated by the broth microdilution method. The cyclic peptide and its linear counterpart exhibited MIC values of 0.16 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively, against Escherichia coli. Against Bacillus thuringiensis, the peptides had the same MIC value of 0.24 mg/mL. Time-kill studies were performed using E. coli, which indicated a fast killing effect of both peptides (≥ 99% of the bacterial cells) after 1 h of incubation using a concentration of two times the MIC value for each peptide. Moreover, bacterial cell viability studies against E. coli carried out using a high bacterial concentration showed that both peptides have a maximum killing effect of more than 80% of the tested bacterial cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chou S, Wang J, Shang L, Akhtar MU, Wang Z, Shi B, Feng X, Shan A. Short, symmetric-helical peptides have narrow-spectrum activity with low resistance potential and high selectivity. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2394-2409. [PMID: 30919848 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antibiotics have, until now, been the mainstay of antibiotic therapy. However, the increasing threat of drug-resistant bacteria and the ecological imbalance of normal microbial communities have forced a reconsideration of the best strategies to treat such pathogens. Therefore, antibacterial agents with specific abilities of eliminating pathogens may provide long-term protection. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which can be optimized by modifying their primary sequences, are regarded as potentially valuable in development of pathogen-specific agents. To obtain efficient narrow-spectrum AMPs, database-filtering technology, which filters the most probable amino acid composition, positive charge, sequence length and hydrophobic content of peptides against Gram-negative bacteria, was taken as the first step. Then, the filtered parameters were distributed and modified into an α-helical symmetrical structure by considering the structure-function relationship of synthesized antimicrobial peptides. Finally, short, safe and stable peptides against Escherichia coli, Salmonella pullorum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were successfully identified. The potential peptides F1 and F4 showed low cell toxicity, low resistance potential and low salt sensitivity. CD spectroscopy of the peptides illustrated that F1 and F4 exhibited a tendency towards an α-helical structure in a membrane-mimetic environment. Indeed, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses indicated that the shorter potential sequence F4 killed the bacteria by causing physical destruction of the bacterial membrane and cytosol leakage. In the mouse model test, F4 reduced the bacterial load in major organs and the cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) levels in serum significantly (P < 0.05). Collectively, this symmetric-helical distribution, dependent on database-filtering parameters, is a promising strategy for designing effective smart AMPs with high cell selectivity, and it also provides new insights into the design and optimization of pathogen-specific biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Chou
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, The Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
From biomedicinal to in silico models and back to therapeutics: a review on the advancement of peptidic modeling. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2313-2331. [PMID: 31581914 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides participate in numerous metabolic functions of living organisms and have emerged as potential therapeutics on a diverse range of diseases. Albeit peptide design does not go without challenges, overwhelming advancements on in silico methodologies have increased the scope of peptide-based drug design and discovery to an unprecedented amount. Within an in silico model versus an experimental validation scenario, this review aims to summarize and discuss how different in silico techniques contribute at present to the design of peptide-based molecules. Published in silico results from 2014 to 2018 were selected and discriminated in major methodological groups, allowing a transversal analysis, promoting a landscape vision and asserting its increasing value in drug design.
Collapse
|
10
|
Two novel cationic antifungal peptides isolated from Bacillus pumilus HN-10 and their inhibitory activity against Trichothecium roseum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:21. [PMID: 29302801 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Public concern for food safety and environmental issues and the increase in fungicide-resistant pathogen have enhanced the interest in developing alternative methods to fungicides to control postharvest fruit decay. In this study, a bacterial strain isolated from stale potato vermicelli was identified as Bacillus pumilus HN-10 based on morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Furthermore, two novel cationic antifungal peptides named P-1 and P-2 were purified from B. pumilus HN-10 using macroporous adsorbent resin AB-8, Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The primary structure of P-1 and P-2, which were proved to be novel antifungal peptides by BLAST search in NCBI database, was PLSSPATLNSR and GGSGGGSSGGSIGGR with a molecular weight of 1142.28 and 1149.14 Da, respectively, as indicated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Both P-1 and P-2 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Trichothecium roseum with minimum inhibitory concentrations starting from 1 μg/mL. The two novel antifungal peptides were stable below 80 °C for 2 h, but lost their activity in 15 min at 121 °C. In addition, they were resistant to the proteolytic action of pepsin, trypsin, and papain, and stable within a wide range of pH (2.0-12.0). These results showed that P-1 and P-2 are novel cationic antifungal peptides with specific activity against T. roseum.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pujols J, Peña-Díaz S, Ventura S. AGGRESCAN3D: Toward the Prediction of the Aggregation Propensities of Protein Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1762:427-443. [PMID: 29594784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7756-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is responsible for the onset and spread of many human diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative disorders to cancer and diabetes. Moreover, it is one of the major bottlenecks for the production of protein-based therapeutics such as antibodies or enzymes. AGGRESCAN3D (A3D) is a web server aimed to identify and evaluate structural aggregation prone regions, overcoming the limitations of sequence-based algorithms in the prediction of the aggregation propensity of globular proteins. A3D allows the redesign of protein solubility by predicting in silico the impact of mutations and protein conformational fluctuations on the aggregation of native polypeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pujols
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Samuel Peña-Díaz
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|