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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Dantsu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Advances in Therapeutic L-Nucleosides and L-Nucleic Acids with Unusual Handedness. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:46. [PMID: 35052385 PMCID: PMC8774879 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic-acid-based small molecule and oligonucleotide therapies are attractive topics due to their potential for effective target of disease-related modules and specific control of disease gene expression. As the non-naturally occurring biomolecules, modified DNA/RNA nucleoside and oligonucleotide analogues composed of L-(deoxy)riboses, have been designed and applied as innovative therapeutics with superior plasma stability, weakened cytotoxicity, and inexistent immunogenicity. Although all the chiral centers in the backbone are mirror converted from the natural D-nucleic acids, L-nucleic acids are equipped with the same nucleobases (A, G, C and U or T), which are critical to maintain the programmability and form adaptable tertiary structures for target binding. The types of L-nucleic acid drugs are increasingly varied, from chemically modified nucleoside analogues that interact with pathogenic polymerases to nanoparticles containing hundreds of repeating L-nucleotides that circulate durably in vivo. This article mainly reviews three different aspects of L-nucleic acid therapies, including pharmacological L-nucleosides, Spiegelmers as specific target-binding aptamers, and L-nanostructures as effective drug-delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Dantsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Łukasik B, Mikina M, Mikołajczyk M, Pawłowska R, Żurawiński R. A novel route to a chiral building block for the preparation of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides. Synthesis and anticancer activity of enantiomeric neplanocins A. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31838-31847. [PMID: 35518147 PMCID: PMC9056547 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl-4,5-O-isopropylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-ol was accomplished in six steps based on optically inactive dimethyl meso-tartrate. This key intermediate in the synthesis of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides was subsequently applied in the preparation of enantiomeric neplanocins A. The toxic effect of these compounds was investigated for a series of suspension and adherent cancer cell lines and normal human fibroblasts. (-)-Neplanocin A ((-)-NPA) was more toxic against all tested cancer cell lines than its dextrorotary counterpart. The highest toxicity with IC50 values of 7 and 10 μM was observed for the MOLT-4 and A431 cells, respectively. Moreover, (-)-NPA also induced apoptosis in A431 cell while this effect was not observed for (+)-NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łukasik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Maciej Mikina
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Marian Mikołajczyk
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Róża Pawłowska
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
| | - Remigiusz Żurawiński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
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5'-Nor-3-Deaza-1',6'-Isoneplanocin, the Synthesis and Antiviral Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173865. [PMID: 32854369 PMCID: PMC7503852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The arbocyclic nucleosides aristeromycin and neplanocin have been studied as a source for new antiviral agents. A convenient synthesis of C-5'-truncated 3-deaza-1',6'-isoneplanocin, which combines the features of antiviral candidates 5'-noraristeromycin and 3-deaza-1',6'-isoneplanocin is reported from (-)-cyclopentenone to give the two C-4' epimers of 5'-nor-3-deaza isoneplanocin. Antiviral assays showed activity against the JC virus (EC50 = 1.12 µM for (4'R)-8; EC50 = 59.14 µM for (4'S)-7) and inactivity of both compounds against several DNA and RNA viruses. Both compounds lacked cytotoxicity.
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Harusawa S. Development of New Synthetic Reactions Using Hetero-Heavy Atoms and Their Application to Synthesis of Biofunctional Molecules. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:1-33. [PMID: 31902899 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel reactions using hetero-heavy atoms (P, S, Si, Se, and Sn) were developed and applied to the synthesis of biofunctional molecules and some medicine-candidates, in which the following items are covered. 1) Development of introduction of C1-unit using cyanophosphates (CPs). 2) Carbene-generation under neutral condition from CPs and its application to organic synthesis. 3) [3,3]Sigmatropic rearrangement-ring expansion reactions of medium-sized cyclic thionocarbonates containing a sulfur atom and their application to natural product synthesis. 4) Stereoselective synthesis of novel β-imidazole C-nucleosides via diazafulvene intermediates and their application to investigating ribozyme reaction mechanism. 5) Developments of novel histamine H3- and H4-receptor ligands using new synthetic methods involving Se or Sn atoms.
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Hasaneen N, Ebead A, Hassan M, Afifi H, Hunter H, Lee-Ruff E, El-Gohary NS, Maarouf AR, El-Emam AA. Synthesis of Cyclobutane Analogue 4: Preparation of Purine and Pyrimidine Carbocyclic Nucleoside Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E3235. [PMID: 31491981 PMCID: PMC6767184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of 2-bromo-3-benzoyloxycyclobutanone with purine under basic conditions produces two regioisomers consisting of the N-7 and N-9 alkylated products in equal amounts in their racemic forms. The distribution of the isomers is consistent with the charge delocalization between the N-7 and N-9 positions of the purinyl anion. The structural assignments and relative stereochemistry of each regioisomer were based on 1 and 2D NMR techniques. The relative stereochemistry of the C-2 and C-3 substituents in each regioisomer was the trans orientation consistent with steric factors in the coupling step. The N-9 regioisomer was reduced with sodium borohydride to give the all trans cyclobutanol as the major product in a stereoselective manner. The alcohol was debenzoylated with sodium methoxide in a transesterification step to give the nucleoside analogue. The regioisomeric pyrimidine nucleosides were prepared by Vorbrüggen coupling of the 3-hydroxymethylcyclobutanone triflate with either thymine or uracil followed by stereoselective hydride addition. Regiospecificity of the coupling at the N-1 position was observed and stereoselective reduction to the trans-disubstituted cyclobutanol structure assignments was based on NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Hasaneen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Ebead
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Arish, Egypt
| | - Murtaza Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hanan Afifi
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Howard Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Edward Lee-Ruff
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Nadia S El-Gohary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Azza R Maarouf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Chen Q, Smith A. l-like 3-deazaneplanocin analogues: Synthesis and antiviral properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126613. [PMID: 31431358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potent antiviral properties of 3-deazaneplanocin, 3-deaza-isoneplanocins (1) and recently discovered l-like carbocyclic nucleosides (2, 3 and 4) prompted us to pursue rationally conceived l-like 3-deazaneplanocin analogues. The synthesis of those analogues including l-like 3-deazaneplanocin (5), l-like 3-bromo-3-deazaneplanocin (6), and l-like 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxy-3-deazaneplanocin (7), was accomplished from a common intermediate, (-)-cyclopentenone (8). Antiviral analysis found 5 and 6 to display favorable activity against the Ebola virus, as expected for 3-deazaadenine carbocyclic nucleosides. Compound 5 also showed activity against arenaviruses, including Pinchinde and Tacaribe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States.
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States
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Hassan MM, Yaseen A, Ebead A, Audette G, Lee-Ruff E. Synthesis of cyclobutane nucleoside analogues 3: Preparation of carbocyclic derivatives of oxetanocin. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:518-531. [PMID: 30188772 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of cyclobutene nucleoside analogs in which the nucleobase is tethered by a methylene group is described. The coupling of 6-chloropurine with 3-hydroxymethyl-cyclobutanone proceeds via its triflate to give both N-7 and N-9 regioisomers with relative yields corresponding to the calculated charge distribution of the 6-chloropurinyl anion. The stereoselective reduction of the N-alkylated ketones yielded quantitatively one stereoisomer in each case. The structural assignments were based on spectroscopic data and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Attempts to photoexcite the N-7 and N-9 ketones in order to promote ring-expansion did not ensue. Preliminary evidence suggests a photodecarbonylation to cyclopropanes took place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayat Yaseen
- a Department of Chemistry , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Gerald Audette
- a Department of Chemistry , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Edward Lee-Ruff
- a Department of Chemistry , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Syntheses of cyclopentyl nucleoside (−)-neplanocin A through tetrazole-fragmentation from cyanophosphates. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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