1
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Zhang J, Yu J, Liu M, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. Small-molecule modulators of tumor immune microenvironment. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107251. [PMID: 38442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy, aimed at increasing the activity of immune cells and reducing immunosuppressive effects, has attracted wide attention. Among them, immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) is the most commonly explored therapeutic approach. All approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are clinically effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with biological agents, small-molecule drugs have many unique advantages in tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, they also play an important role. Immunosuppressive signals such as PD-L1, IDO1, and TGF-β, etc. overexpressed in tumor cells form the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, the efficacy of multi-pathway combined immunotherapy has also been reported and verified. Here, we mainly reviewed the mechanism of tumor immunotherapy, analyzed the research status of small-molecule modulators, and discussed drug candidates' structure-activity relationship (SAR). It provides more opportunities for further research to design more immune small-molecule modulators with novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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2
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Graziano G, Stefanachi A, Contino M, Prieto-Díaz R, Ligresti A, Kumar P, Scilimati A, Sotelo E, Leonetti F. Multicomponent Reaction-Assisted Drug Discovery: A Time- and Cost-Effective Green Approach Speeding Up Identification and Optimization of Anticancer Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076581. [PMID: 37047554 PMCID: PMC10095429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry due to their widespread applications in drug discovery and development. MCRs are flexible transformations in which three or more substrates react to form structurally complex products with high atomic efficiency. They are being increasingly appreciated as a highly exploratory and evolutionary tool by the medicinal chemistry community, opening the door to more sustainable, cost-effective and rapid synthesis of biologically active molecules. In recent years, MCR-based synthetic strategies have found extensive application in the field of drug discovery, and several anticancer drugs have been synthesized through MCRs. In this review, we present an overview of representative and recent literature examples documenting different approaches and applications of MCRs in the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Graziano
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Poulami Kumar
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
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3
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascenção K, Irving M, Coukos G, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structure-based optimization of type III indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1773-1811. [PMID: 35758198 PMCID: PMC9246256 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2089665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The haem enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism and plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and ageing. Expression of IDO1 in cancer cells results in the suppression of an immune response, and therefore IDO1 inhibitors have been developed for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report an extension of our previously described highly efficient haem-binding 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole inhibitor series, the best compound having both enzymatic and cellular IC50 values of 34 nM. We provide enzymatic inhibition data for almost 100 new compounds and X-ray diffraction data for one compound in complex with IDO1. Structural and computational studies explain the dramatic drop in activity upon extension to pocket B, which has been observed in diverse haem-binding inhibitor scaffolds. Our data provides important insights for future IDO1 inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascenção
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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4
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Röhrig UF, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structure and Plasticity of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). J Med Chem 2021; 64:17690-17705. [PMID: 34907770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the implication of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in tumoral immune resistance in 2003, the search for inhibitors has been intensely pursued both in academia and in pharmaceutical companies, supported by the publication of the first crystal structure of IDO1 in 2006. More recently, it has become clear that IDO1 is an important player in various biological pathways and diseases ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to infection and autoimmunity. Its inhibition may lead to clinical benefit in different therapeutic settings. At present, over 50 experimental structures of IDO1 in complex with different ligands are available in the Protein Data Bank. Our analysis of this wealth of structural data sheds new light on several open issues regarding IDO1's structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Ludwig Cancer Research─Lausanne Branch, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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5
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Fallarini S, Bhela IP, Aprile S, Torre E, Ranza A, Orecchini E, Panfili E, Pallotta MT, Massarotti A, Serafini M, Pirali T. The [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine as a New Player in the Field of IDO1 Catalytic Holo-Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3439-3450. [PMID: 34355531 PMCID: PMC9291769 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) are considered a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy as they are able to boost the immune response and to work in synergy with other immunotherapeutic agents. Despite the fact that no IDO1 inhibitor has been approved so far, recent studies have shed light on the additional roles that IDO1 mediates beyond its catalytic activity, conferring new life to the field. Here we present a novel class of compounds originated from a structure-based virtual screening made on IDO1 active site. The starting hit compound is a novel chemotype based on a [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine scaffold, so far underexploited among the heme binding moieties. Thanks to the rational and in silico-guided design of analogues, an improvement of the potency to sub-micromolar levels has been achieved, with excellent in vitro metabolic stability and exquisite selectivity with respect to other heme-containing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Irene P. Bhela
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Enza Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Alice Ranza
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugia06132Italy
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugia06132Italy
| | - Maria T. Pallotta
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugia06132Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
- Current address: Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte OrientaleLargo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
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6
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Tang K, Wang B, Yu B, Liu HM. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors and PROTAC-based degraders for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113967. [PMID: 34752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a known immunosuppressive enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), has received increasing attention as an attractive immunotherapeutic target for cancer therapy. Up to now, eleven small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. In addition, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based degraders also provide prospects for cancer therapy. Herein we present a comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry strategies and potential therapeutic applications of IDO1 inhibitors in nonclinical trials and IDO1-PROTAC degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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7
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Sharma P, LaRosa C, Antwi J, Govindarajan R, Werbovetz KA. Imidazoles as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Update on Recent Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144213. [PMID: 34299488 PMCID: PMC8307698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings are common structural components of marketed drugs. Among these heterocycles, imidazole/fused imidazole rings are present in a wide range of bioactive compounds. The unique properties of such structures, including high polarity and the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and coordination chemistry, allow them to interact with a wide range of biomolecules, and imidazole-/fused imidazole-containing compounds are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review summarizes recent reports of imidazole/fused imidazole derivatives as anticancer agents appearing in the peer-reviewed literature from 2018 through 2020. Such molecules have been shown to modulate various targets, including microtubules, tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases, histone deacetylases, p53-Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), G-quadraplexes, and other targets. Imidazole-containing compounds that display anticancer activity by unknown/undefined mechanisms are also described, as well as key features of structure-activity relationships. This review is intended to provide an overview of recent advances in imidazole-based anticancer drug discovery and development, as well as inspire the design and synthesis of new anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Chris LaRosa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Janet Antwi
- Division of Mathematics, Computer & Natural Sciences Division, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, OH 43219, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Bhela IP, Serafini M, Del Grosso E, Tron GC, Pirali T. Tritylamine as an Ammonia Surrogate in the Ugi Reaction Provides Access to Unprecedented 5-Sulfamido Oxazoles Using Burgess-type Reagents. Org Lett 2021; 23:3610-3614. [PMID: 33913716 PMCID: PMC8289289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Starting from a wide
range of α-acylamino amide substructures
synthesized using tritylamine as an ammonia surrogate in the Ugi reaction,
Burgess-type reagents enable cyclodehydration and afford unprecedented
oxazole scaffolds with four points of diversity, including a sulfamide
moiety in the 5-position. The synthetic procedure employs readily
available starting materials and proceeds smoothly under mild reaction
conditions with good tolerance for a variety of functional groups,
coming to fill a gap in the field of oxazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Preet Bhela
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy.,ChemICare S.r.l., Enne3, Corso Trieste 15/A, Novara 28100, Italy
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9
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Tang K, Wu YH, Song Y, Yu B. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:68. [PMID: 33883013 PMCID: PMC8061021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune escape via catalyzing the initial step of the kynurenine pathway, and overexpression of IDO1 is also associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. Currently, several small-molecule candidates and peptide vaccines are currently being assessed in clinical trials. Furthermore, the "proteolysis targeting chimera" (PROTAC) technology has also been successfully used in the development of IDO1 degraders, providing novel therapeutics for cancers. Herein, we review the biological functions of IDO1, structural biology and also extensively summarize medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of IDO1 inhibitors in clinical trials. The emerging PROTAC-based IDO1 degraders are also highlighted. This review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview on IDO1 inhibitors and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yihui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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10
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Chen S, Tan J, Zhang A. The ups, downs and new trends of IDO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104815. [PMID: 33773223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an emerging driving force in the development of innovative strategies to fight against cancer. Despite the significant clinical benefits that many cancer patients have gained, the generally average response rate of ~ 20% is far behind the expectation for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Combination of ICIs with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors is considered as an alternative solution and has proved effective in tremendous preclinical studies. However, the failure of phase III ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 trial seriously dampened the enthusiasm on the rationality of IDO1-targeting strategy. Fortunately, in spite of the ups and downs in the developmental journey of IDO1 inhibitors, multiple new approaches have been proposed to bridge the gap between lab to the clinic. Here, we review the recent advances in the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting IDO1 especially the new trend of IDO1 inhibitors after ECHO-301 clinical trials, including dual or pan-inhibitors targeting IDO1 and TDO or IDO2, apo-IDO1 inhibitors, IDO1 PROTACs, as well as other IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascencao K, Irving M, Coukos G, Vogel P, Michielin O, Zoete V. Azole-Based Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2205-2227. [PMID: 33557523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and aging through catalysis of the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Many IDO1 inhibitors with different chemotypes have been developed, mainly targeted for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Lead optimization of direct heme iron-binding inhibitors has proven difficult due to the remarkable selectivity and sensitivity of the heme-ligand interactions. Here, we present experimental data for a set of closely related small azole compounds with more than 4 orders of magnitude differences in their inhibitory activities, ranging from millimolar to nanomolar levels. We investigate and rationalize their activities based on structural data, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. Our results not only expand the presently known four confirmed chemotypes of sub-micromolar heme binding IDO1 inhibitors by two additional scaffolds but also provide a model to predict the activities of novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascencao
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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12
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Kim GS, Jang JP, Kwon M, Oh TH, Heo KT, Lee B, Lee JS, Ko SK, Hong YS, Ahn JS, Jang JH. Jejucarbazoles A–C, carbazole glycosides with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitory activity from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA151. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19805-19812. [PMID: 35479225 PMCID: PMC9033820 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioassay-guided investigation led to the isolation of three new carbazole glycosides, jejucarbazoles A–C (1–3), from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA151. Their planar structures were elucidated by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis with a literature study. Their relative and absolute configurations were established by ROESY correlations, coupling constants, LC-MS analysis of thiocarbamoyl-thiazolidine carboxylate derivatives, and ECD calculation. Compounds 1–3 showed indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 18.38, 9.17, and 8.81 μM. The molecular docking analysis suggested that all compounds act as heme-displacing inhibitors against IDO1 enzyme. This study presents the isolation and structure elucidation of jejucarbazoles A–C, isolated from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA15 and their inhibitory effect and molecular docking analysis against the IDO1 enzyme.![]()
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13
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Singh R, Salunke DB. Diverse chemical space of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113071. [PMID: 33341650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the first and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway accounting for the major contributor of L-Tryptophan degradation. The Kynurenine metabolites are identified as essential cofactors, antagonists, neurotoxins, immunomodulators, antioxidants as well as carcinogens. The catalytic active site of IDO1 enzyme consists of hydrophobic Pocket-A positioned in the distal heme site and remains connected to a second hydrophobic Pocket-B towards the entrance of the active site. IDO1 enzyme also relates directly to the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Various studies proved that the over expression of IDO1 enzyme play a predominant role in the escape of immunity during cancer progression. Recently, there has been considerable interest in evaluating the potential of IDO1 inhibitors to mobilize the body's immune system against solid tumours. In the last two decades, enormous attempts to advance new IDO1 inhibitors are on-going both in pharmaceutical industries and in academia which resulted in the discovery of a diverse range of selective and potent IDO1 inhibitors. The IDO1 inhibitors have therapeutic utility in various diseases and in the near future, it may have utility in the treatment of COVID-19. Despite various reviews on IDO1 inhibitors in last five years, none of the reviews provide a complete overview of diverse chemical space including naturally occurring and synthetic IDO1 inhibitors with detailed structure activity relationship studies. The present work provides a complete overview on the IDO1 inhibitors known in the literature so far along with the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in each class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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14
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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15
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Dolšak A, Gobec S, Sova M. Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases as important future therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107746. [PMID: 33212094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine is the first and rate-limiting step of the tryptophan metabolic pathway (i.e., the kynurenine pathway). This conversion is catalyzed by three enzyme isoforms: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). As this pathway generates numerous metabolites that are involved in various pathological conditions, IDOs and TDO represent important targets for therapeutic intervention. This pathway has especially drawn attention due to its importance in tumor resistance. Over the last decade, a large number of IDO and TDO inhibitors have been developed, many of which have entered clinical trials. Here, detailed structural comparisons of these three enzymes (with emphasis on their active sites), their involvement in cellular signaling, and their role(s) in pathological conditions are discussed. Furthermore, the most important recent inhibitors described in papers and patents and involved in clinical trials are reviewed, with a focus on both selective and multiple inhibitors. A short overview of the biochemical and cellular assays used for inhibitory potency evaluation is also presented. This review summarizes recent advances on IDO and TDO as potential drug targets, and provides the key features and perspectives for further research and development of potent inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolšak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Serafini M, Torre E, Aprile S, Grosso ED, Gesù A, Griglio A, Colombo G, Travelli C, Paiella S, Adamo A, Orecchini E, Coletti A, Pallotta MT, Ugel S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Fallarini S. Discovery of Highly Potent Benzimidazole Derivatives as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) Inhibitors: From Structure-Based Virtual Screening to in Vivo Pharmacodynamic Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3047-3065. [PMID: 32150677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a successful medicinal chemistry campaign that exploited virtual, biophysical, and biological investigations led to the identification of a novel class of IDO1 inhibitors based on a benzimidazole substructure. This family of compounds is endowed with an extensive bonding network in the protein active site, including the interaction with pocket C, a region not commonly exploited by previously reported IDO1 inhibitors. The tight packing of selected compounds within the enzyme contributes to the strong binding interaction with IDO1, to the inhibitory potency at the low nanomolar level in several tumoral settings, and to the selectivity toward IDO1 over TDO and CYPs. Notably, a significant reduction of L-Kyn levels in plasma, together with a potent effect on abrogating immunosuppressive properties of MDSC-like cells isolated from patients affected by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, was observed, pointing to this class of molecules as a valuable template for boosting the antitumor immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Enza Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gesù
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alessia Griglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paiella
- General and Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Annalisa Adamo
- University Hospital and Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona37126, Italy
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ugel
- University Hospital and Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona37126, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
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17
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Discovery of 5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole-4,7-diones as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Insuasty D, Castillo J, Becerra D, Rojas H, Abonia R. Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules through Multicomponent Reactions. Molecules 2020; 25:E505. [PMID: 31991635 PMCID: PMC7038231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Focusing on the literature progress since 2002, the present review explores the highly significant role that multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have played as a very important tool for expedite synthesis of a vast number of organic molecules, but also, highlights the fact that many of such molecules are biologically active or at least have been submitted to any biological screen. The selected papers covered in this review must meet two mandatory requirements: (1) the reported products should be obtained via a multicomponent reaction; (2) the reported products should be biologically actives or at least tested for any biological property. Given the diversity of synthetic approaches utilized in MCRs, the highly diverse nature of the biological activities evaluated for the synthesized compounds, and considering their huge structural variability, much of the reported data are organized into concise schemes and tables to facilitate comparison, and to underscore the key points of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Insuasty
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biología, Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 vía Puerto Colombia 1569, Barranquilla Atlántico 081007, Colombia;
| | - Juan Castillo
- Grupo de Catálisis, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (J.C.); (D.B.); (H.R.)
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Diana Becerra
- Grupo de Catálisis, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (J.C.); (D.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Hugo Rojas
- Grupo de Catálisis, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (J.C.); (D.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali A. A. 25360, Colombia
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19
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Tsujino H, Uno T, Yamashita T, Katsuda M, Takada K, Saiki T, Maeda S, Takagi A, Masuda S, Kawano Y, Meguro K, Akai S. Correlation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxigenase 1 inhibitory activity of 4,6-disubstituted indazole derivatives and their heme binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Röhrig UF, Reynaud A, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Pojer F, Zoete V. Inhibition Mechanisms of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). J Med Chem 2019; 62:8784-8795. [PMID: 31525930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, which is involved in immunity, neuronal function, and aging. Its implication in pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has stimulated the development of IDO1 inhibitors. However, negative phase III clinical trial results of the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat in cancer immunotherapy call for a better understanding of the role and the mechanisms of IDO1 inhibition. In this work, we investigate the molecular inhibition mechanisms of four known IDO1 inhibitors and of two quinones in detail, using different experimental and computational approaches. We also determine for the first time the X-ray structure of the highly efficient 1,2,3-triazole inhibitor MMG-0358. Based on our results and a comprehensive literature overview, we propose a classification scheme for IDO1 inhibitors according to their inhibition mechanism, which will be useful for further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology , University of Lausanne, Ludwig Lausanne Branch , 1066 Epalinges , Switzerland
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21
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Serafini M, Torre E, Aprile S, Massarotti A, Fallarini S, Pirali T. Synthesis, Docking and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Class of Imidazothiazoles as IDO1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:E1874. [PMID: 31096672 PMCID: PMC6572114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO1, a key dioxygenase in tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism, appeared in the last 10 years at the vanguard of druggable targets in cancer therapy due to its well-established role both in immune escape and inflammatory neovascularization. Among the pool of IDO1 inhibitors that have entered clinical trials, none have reached approval. The identification of novel inhibitors endowed with better clinical profile, together with the further comprehension of the interactions with residues in IDO1 active site, are still a need. In this context, we have synthesized a novel class of imidazothiazole derivatives as IDO1 inhibitors and identified three compounds with inhibitory potency in the low micromolar range. This report strengthens the role played by pocket C in the active site of IDO1, providing novel directions in the design of IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Enza Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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22
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Jain S, Bhardwaj B, Amin SA, Adhikari N, Jha T, Gayen S. Exploration of good and bad structural fingerprints for inhibition of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase enzyme in cancer immunotherapy using Monte Carlo optimization and Bayesian classification QSAR modeling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1683-1696. [PMID: 31057090 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1615000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an extrahepatic, heme-containing and tryptophan-catalyzing enzyme responsible for causing blockade of T-cell proliferation and differentiation by depleting tryptophan level in cancerous cells. Therefore, inhibition of IDO1 may be a useful strategy for immunotherapy against cancer. In this study, 448 structurally diverse IDO1 inhibitors with a wide range of activity has been taken into consideration for classification QSAR analysis through Monte Carlo Optimization by using different splits as well as different combinations of SMILES-based, graph-based and hybrid descriptors. The best model from Monte Carlo optimization was interpreted to find out the good and bad structural fingerprints for IDO1 and further justified by using Bayesian classification QSAR modeling. Among the three splits in Monte Carlo optimization, the statistics of the best model was obtained from Split 3: sensitivity = 0.87, specificity = 0.91, accuracy = 0.89 and MCC = 0.78. In Bayesian classification modeling, the ROC scores for training and test set were found to be 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. The combined modeling analysis revealed that the presence of aryl hydrazyl sulphonyl moiety, furazan ring, halogen substitution, nitro group and hetero atoms in aromatic system can be very useful in designing IDO1 inhibitors. All the good and bad structural fingerprints for IDO1 were identified and are justified by correlating these fragments to the inhibition of IDO1 enzyme. These structural fingerprints will guide the researchers in this field to design better inhibitors against IDO1 enzyme for cancer immunotherapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskar Jain
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. HarisinghGour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. HarisinghGour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. HarisinghGour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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23
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Melge AR, Kumar LG, K P, Nair SV, K M, C GM. Predictive models for designing potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia for understanding its molecular mechanism of resistance by molecular docking and dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4747-4766. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1559765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu R. Melge
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
| | - Lekshmi G. Kumar
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
| | - Pavithran K
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
| | - Manzoor K
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
| | - Gopi Mohan C
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus, Kerala State, India
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