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Castellino NJ, Montgomery AP, Danon JJ, Kassiou M. Late-stage Functionalization for Improving Drug-like Molecular Properties. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37285604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies, particularly C-H functionalization, has revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. Over the past decade, medicinal chemists have begun to implement LSF strategies into their drug discovery programs, allowing for the drug discovery process to become more efficient. Most reported applications of late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like molecules have been to rapidly diversify screening libraries to explore structure-activity relationships. However, there has been a growing trend toward the use of LSF methodologies as an efficient tool for improving drug-like molecular properties of promising drug candidates. In this review, we have comprehensively reviewed recent progress in this emerging area. Particular emphasis is placed on case studies where multiple LSF techniques were implemented to generate a library of novel analogues with improved drug-like properties. We have critically analyzed the current scope of LSF strategies to improve drug-like properties and commented on how we believe LSF can transform drug discovery in the future. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of LSF techniques as tools for efficiently improving drug-like molecular properties, anticipating its continued uptake in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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2
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Humphreys WG. Biosynthesis using cytochrome P450 enzymes: Focus on synthesis of drug metabolites. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:177-194. [PMID: 35953155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While modern synthetic chemistry provides the ability to synthesize an incredible variety of new structures, the natural world provides unmatched chemical diversity. This diversity can be employed in the drug discovery process either through isolation of an organic molecule from a biological source as a drug candidate, usually referred to as natural product chemistry, or by providing enzymes that are capable to performing chemistry not available through synthetic chemistry approaches. Natural or engineered enzymes can be used in candidate discovery to generate chemical diversity in conjunction with synthetic efforts. As a candidate progresses into develop there is often a need to characterize metabolites, thus a need for metabolite standard synthesis. Metabolite synthesis is best accomplished with a flexible application of both chemical and biosynthetic approaches. This overview of the use of biosynthesis to aid in the drug discovery and development process will cover multiple methodologies with a focus on the use of microbes as a flexible and cost-effective resource.
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3
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Shanu-Wilson J, Evans L, Wrigley S, Steele J, Atherton J, Boer J. Biotransformation: Impact and Application of Metabolism in Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2087-2107. [PMID: 33214818 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation has a huge impact on the efficacy and safety of drugs. Ultimately the effects of metabolism can be the lynchpin in the discovery and development cycle of a new drug. This article discusses the impact and application of biotransformation of drugs by mammalian systems, microorganisms, and recombinant enzymes, covering active and reactive metabolites, the impact of the gut microbiome on metabolism, and how insights gained from biotransformation studies can influence drug design from the combined perspectives of a CRO specializing in a range of biotransformation techniques and pharma biotransformation scientists. We include a commentary on how biology-driven approaches can complement medicinal chemistry strategies in drug optimization and the in vitro and surrogate systems available to explore and exploit biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - James Atherton
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jason Boer
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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Lall MS, Bassyouni A, Bradow J, Brown M, Bundesmann M, Chen J, Ciszewski G, Hagen AE, Hyek D, Jenkinson S, Liu B, Obach RS, Pan S, Reilly U, Sach N, Smaltz DJ, Spracklin DK, Starr J, Wagenaar M, Walker GS. Late-Stage Lead Diversification Coupled with Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Identify New Structure–Activity Relationship Vectors at Nanomole-Scale Synthesis: Application to Loratadine, a Human Histamine H1 Receptor Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7268-7292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Asser Bassyouni
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Bradow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Bundesmann
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Ciszewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anne E. Hagen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis Hyek
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Senliang Pan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Usa Reilly
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Smaltz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas K. Spracklin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy Starr
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Melissa Wagenaar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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6
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Natural Compounds as Pharmaceuticals: The Key Role of Cytochromes P450 Reactivity. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:511-525. [PMID: 32413326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of drugs from natural products is a re-emerging area due to the need for bioactive compounds. The exploitation of natural products and their derivatives obtained by biocatalysis is in line with the higher attention given today to new sustainable technologies that better preserve the environment (green chemistry). The research field of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is continuously providing new enzymes and mutants that produce metabolites suitable for late-stage functionalization for new potential drugs. This review provides an overview of the exploitation of CYPs as biocatalysts in drug synthesis. Additionally, recent progress in protein and metabolic engineering is provided to show how these enzymes offer a toolbox that can be combined with other biocatalytic or chemical processes to build new platforms for the green production of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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Hayashi T, Ligibel M, Sager E, Voss M, Hunziker J, Schroer K, Snajdrova R, Buller R. Evolved Aliphatic Halogenases Enable Regiocomplementary C−H Functionalization of a Pharmaceutically Relevant Compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18535-18539. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Ligibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emine Sager
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Moritz Voss
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hunziker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Schroer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologyZürich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
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8
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Hayashi T, Ligibel M, Sager E, Voss M, Hunziker J, Schroer K, Snajdrova R, Buller R. Evolvierte aliphatische Halogenasen ermöglichen die regiokomplementäre C‐H‐Funktionalisierung einer hochwertigen Chemikalie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Mathieu Ligibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Emine Sager
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Moritz Voss
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Jürg Hunziker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Kirsten Schroer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Kompetenzzentrum für Biokatalyse, Institut für Chemie und BiotechnologieZürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
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