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Wright EB, Lannigan DA. Therapeutic targeting of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297292. [PMID: 38169775 PMCID: PMC10758423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are downstream effectors of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and are activated in response to tyrosine kinase receptor or G-protein coupled receptor signaling. RSK contains two distinct kinase domains, an N-terminal kinase (NTKD) and a C-terminal kinase (CTKD). The sole function of the CTKD is to aid in the activation of the NTKD, which is responsible for substrate phosphorylation. RSK regulates various homeostatic processes including those involved in transcription, translation and ribosome biogenesis, proliferation and survival, cytoskeleton, nutrient sensing, excitation and inflammation. RSK also acts as a major negative regulator of ERK1/2 signaling. RSK is associated with numerous cancers and has been primarily studied in the context of transformation and metastasis. The development of specific RSK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics has lagged behind that of other members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, a pan-RSK inhibitor, PMD-026, is currently in phase I/1b clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer. However, there are four members of the RSK family, which have overlapping and distinct functions that can vary in a tissue specific manner. Thus, a problem for transitioning a RSK inhibitor to the clinic may be the necessity to develop isoform specific inhibitors, which will be challenging as the NTKDs are very similar to each other. CTKD inhibitors have limited use as therapeutics as they are not able to inhibit the activity of the NTKD but could be used in the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wright
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Lannigan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Fang G, Chen H, Cheng Z, Tang Z, Wan Y. Azaindole derivatives as potential kinase inhibitors and their SARs elucidation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115621. [PMID: 37423125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, heterocycles have occupied an important position in the fields of drug design. Among them, azaindole moiety is regarded as one privileged scaffold to develop therapeutic agents. Since two nitrogen atoms of azaindole increase the possibility to form hydrogen bonds in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site, azaindole derivatives are important sources of kinase inhibitors. Moreover, some of them have been on the market or in clinical trials for the treatment of some kinase-related diseases (e.g., vemurafenib, pexidartinib, decernotinib). In this review, we focused on the recent development of azaindole derivatives as potential kinase inhibitors based on kinase targets, such as adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), AXL, cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), dual-specificity tyrosine (Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and proviral insertion site in moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of most azaindole derivatives were also elucidated. In addition, the binding modes of some azaindoles complexed with kinases were also investigated during the SARs elucidation. This review may offer an insight for medicinal chemists to rationally design more potent kinase inhibitors bearing the azaindole scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Zilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Yichao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China.
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Sun Y, Tang L, Wu C, Wang J, Wang C. RSK inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Discovery, optimization, and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115229. [PMID: 36898330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family is a group of serine/threonine kinases, including four isoforms (RSK1/2/3/4). As a downstream effector of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway, RSK participates in many physiological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, and migration, and is intimately involved in tumor occurrence and development. As a result, it is recognized as a potential target for anti-cancer and anti-resistance therapies. There have been several RSK inhibitors discovered or designed in recent decades, but only two have entered clinical trials. Low specificity, low selectivity, and poor pharmacokinetic properties in vivo limit their clinical translation. Published studies performed structure optimization by increasing interaction with RSK, avoiding hydrolysis of pharmacophores, eliminating chirality, adapting to binding site shape, and becoming prodrugs. Besides enhancing efficacy, the focus of further design will move towards selectivity since there are functional differences among RSK isoforms. This review summarized the types of cancers associated with RSK, along with the structural characteristics and optimization process of the reported RSK inhibitors. Furthermore, we addressed the importance of RSK inhibitors' selectivity and discussed future drug development directions. This review is expected to shed light on the emergence of RSK inhibitors with high potency, specificity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lichao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, United States
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Song N, Zheng X, Wang J, Zhu L, Wang C, Cai L, Ding Z. Cytotoxicity and molecular-docking approach of a new rosane-type diterpenoid from the roots of Euphorbia nematocypha. Front Chem 2022; 10:912738. [PMID: 36003622 PMCID: PMC9393309 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.912738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rosane-type diterpenoid (1) along with nine known diterpenoids (2–10), were isolated from the dried roots of Euphorbia nematocypha. The absolute configuration was elucidated from spectroscopic (nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and electronic circular dichroism) and optical-rotation analyses. Cytotoxicity and the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals were determined. Compound 1 showed remarkable cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, CT26, and HCC 1806) in vitro. The interaction between compound 1 and proteins of ribosomal S6 kinase was revealed using molecular docking and provided valuable insights into the cytotoxic mechanism of action of compound 1. The latter could be developed as a pharmaceutical agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nali Song
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Central Laboratory, Yunnan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chengyao Wang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Le Cai
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Le Cai, ; Zhongtao Ding,
| | - Zhongtao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
- *Correspondence: Le Cai, ; Zhongtao Ding,
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Moghadam ES, Mireskandari K, Abdel-Jalil R, Amini M. An approach to pharmacological targets of pyrrole family from a medicinal chemistry viewpoint. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2486-2561. [PMID: 35339175 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220325150531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole is one of the most widely used heterocycles in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the importance of pyrrole structure in drug design and development, herein, we tried to conduct an extensive review of the bioactive pyrrole based compounds reported recently. The bioactivity of pyrrole derivatives varies, so in the review, we categorized them based on their direct pharmacologic targets. Therefore, readers are able to find the variety of biologic targets for pyrrole containing compounds easily. This review explains around seventy different biologic targets for pyrrole based derivatives, so, it is helpful for medicinal chemists in design and development novel bioactive compounds for different diseases. This review presents an extensive meaningful structure activity relationship for each reported structure as much as possible. The review focuses on papers published between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Saeedian Moghadam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14176, Iran.
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, P.O. Box 36, P.C. 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Katayoon Mireskandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Raid Abdel-Jalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, P.O. Box 36, P.C. 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14176, Iran.
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wright EB, Fukuda S, Li M, Li Y, O'Doherty GA, Lannigan DA. Identifying requirements for RSK2 specific inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1798-1809. [PMID: 34348556 PMCID: PMC8344253 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1957862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying isoform-specific inhibitors for closely related kinase family members remains a substantial challenge. The necessity for achieving this specificity is exemplified by the RSK family, downstream effectors of ERK1/2, which have divergent physiological effects. The natural product, SL0101, a flavonoid glycoside, binds specifically to RSK1/2 through a binding pocket generated by an extensive conformational rearrangement within the RSK N-terminal kinase domain (NTKD). In modelling experiments a single amino acid that is divergent in RSK3/4 most likely prevents the required conformational rearrangement necessary for SL0101 binding. Kinetic analysis of RSK2 association with SL0101 and its derivatives identified that regions outside of the NTKD contribute to stable inhibitor binding. An analogue with an n-propyl-carbamate at the 4” position on the rhamnose moiety was identified that forms a highly stable inhibitor complex with RSK2 but not with RSK1. These results identify a SL0101 modification that will aid the identification of RSK2 specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Wright
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Malykhin RS, Sukhorukov AY. Nucleophilic Halogenation of Heterocyclic
N
‐Oxides: Recent Progress and a Practical Guide. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Malykhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory, 1, str. 3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny per. 36 Moscow 117997 Russia
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A Novel Protein-Protein Interaction between RSK3 and IκBα and a New Binding Inhibitor That Suppresses Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122973. [PMID: 34198590 PMCID: PMC8231827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cancer-related biological processes are mediated by protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Through interactions with a variety of factors, members of the ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family play roles in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. In particular, RSK3 contributes to cancer viability, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We performed a kinase library screen to find IκBα PPI binding partners and identified RSK3 as a novel IκBα binding partner using a cell-based distribution assay. In addition, we discovered a new PPI inhibitor using mammalian two-hybrid (MTH) analysis. We assessed the antitumor effects of the new inhibitor using cell proliferation and colony formation assays and monitored the rate of cell death by FACS apoptosis assay. IκBα is phosphorylated by the active form of the RSK3 kinase. A small-molecule inhibitor that targets the RSK3/IκBα complex exhibited antitumor activity in breast cancer cells and increased their rate of apoptosis. RSK3 phosphorylation and RSK3/IκBα complex formation might be functionally important in breast tumorigenesis. The RSK3/IκBα-specific binding inhibitor identified in this study represents a lead compound for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Casalvieri KA, Matheson CJ, Warfield BM, Backos DS, Reigan P. N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116220. [PMID: 34034149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RSK2 kinase is the downstream effector of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, that is often aberrantly activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, we reported a structure-activity study for BI-D1870, the pan-RSK inhibitor, and identified pteridinones that inhibited cellular RSK2 activity that did not result in concomitant cytotoxicity. In the current study, we developed a series of pyrrolopyrimidines and purines to replace the pteridinone ring of BI-D1870, with a range of N-substituents that extend to the substrate binding site to probe complementary interactions, while retaining the 2,6-difluorophenol-4-amino group to maintain interactions with the hinge domain and the DFG motif. Several compounds inhibited cellular RSK2 activity, and we identified compounds that uncoupled cellular RSK2 inhibition from potent cytotoxicity in the MOLM-13 AML cell line. These N-substituted probes have revealed an opportunity to further examine substituents that extend from the ATP- to the substrate-binding site may confer improved RSK potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Casalvieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Becka M Warfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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The importance of indole and azaindole scaffold in the development of antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112506. [PMID: 32688198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With some indoles and azaindoles being successfully developed as anticancer drugs, the design and synthesis of indole and azaindole derivatives with remarkable antitumor activity has received increasing attention and significant progress has been made. This paper reviews the recent progress in the study of tumorigenesis, mechanism of actions and structure activity relationships about anticancer indole and azindole derivatives. Combining structure activity relationships and molecular targets-related knowledge, this review will help researchers design more effective, safe and cost-effective anticancer indoles and azindoles agents.
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