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Recent Progress in the Development of Indole-Based Compounds Active against Malaria, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010319. [PMID: 35011552 PMCID: PMC8746838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human protozoan diseases represent a serious health problem worldwide, affecting mainly people in social and economic vulnerability. These diseases have attracted little investment in drug discovery, which is reflected in the limited available therapeutic arsenal. Authorized drugs present problems such as low efficacy in some stages of the disease or toxicity, which result in undesirable side effects and treatment abandonment. Moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains makes necessary an even greater effort to develop safe and effective antiparasitic agents. Among the chemotypes investigated for parasitic diseases, the indole nucleus has emerged as a privileged molecular scaffold for the generation of new drug candidates. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the indole-based compounds developed against important parasitic diseases, namely malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, by focusing on the design, optimization and synthesis of the most relevant synthetic indole scaffolds recently reported.
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Ikeda Y, Matsukawa Y, Yonekura K, Shirakawa E. Amidoalkylation of Sulfonylheteroarenes with Alkylamides through a Radical Chain Mechanism. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Yuko Matsukawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Kyohei Yonekura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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Albino SL, da Silva JM, de C Nobre MS, de M E Silva YMS, Santos MB, de Araújo RSA, do C A de Lima M, Schmitt M, de Moura RO. Bioprospecting of Nitrogenous Heterocyclic Scaffolds with Potential Action for Neglected Parasitosis: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4112-4150. [PMID: 32611290 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701160904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases are a group of infections currently considered as a worldwide concern. This fact can be attributed to the migration of these diseases to developed and developing countries, associated with therapeutic insufficiency resulted from the low investment in the research and development of new drugs. In order to overcome this situation, bioprospecting supports medicinal chemistry in the identification of new scaffolds with therapeutically appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Among them, we highlight the nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, as they are secondary metabolites of many natural products with potential biological activity. The objective of this work was to review studies within a 10-year timeframe (2009- 2019), focusing on the pharmacological application of nitrogen bioprospectives (pyrrole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, acridine, and their respective derivatives) against neglected parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, trypanosomiases, and schistosomiasis), and their application as a template for semi-synthesis or total synthesis of potential antiparasitic agents. In our studies, it was observed that among the selected articles, there was a higher focus on the attempt to identify and obtain novel antimalarial compounds, in a way that an extensive amount of studies involving all heterocyclic nitrogen nuclei were found. On the other hand, the parasites with the lowest number of publications up until the present date have been trypanosomiasis, especially those caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and schistosomiasis, where some heterocyclics have not even been cited in recent years. Thus, we conclude that despite the great biodiversity on the planet, little attention has been given to certain neglected tropical diseases, especially those that reach countries with a high poverty rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaly L Albino
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Jamire M da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Michelangela S de C Nobre
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Yvnni M S de M E Silva
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Mirelly B Santos
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S A de Araújo
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Maria do C A de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Martine Schmitt
- Universite de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIT UMR 7200, Laboratoire d'innovation therapeutique, Illkirch, France
| | - Ricardo O de Moura
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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Ciammaichella A, Ferrigno F, Basta A, D'Amico M, Biancofiore I, Nardi V, Ponzi S, Graziani R, Gennari N, Vittoria Orsale M, Fini I, Paonessa G, Summa V, Harper S, Ontoria JM. Optimization of 2-(1H-imidazo-2-yl)piperazines series of Trypanosoma brucei growth inhibitors as potential treatment for the second stage of HAT. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127207. [PMID: 32354566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A previous publication from our laboratory reported the identification of a new class of 2-(1H-imidazo-2-yl)piperazines as potent T. brucei growth inhibitors as potential treatment for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). This work describes the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around the hit compound 1, which led to the identification of the optimized compound 18, a single digit nanomolar inhibitor (EC50 7 nM), not cytotoxic and with optimal in vivo profile that made it a suitable candidate for efficacy studies in a mouse model mimicking the second stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ciammaichella
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Ferrigno
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andreina Basta
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania D'Amico
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biancofiore
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ponzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Graziani
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Orsale
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Fini
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Paonessa
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jesus M Ontoria
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM S.p.A, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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