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Bułakowska A, Sławiński J, Hałasa R, Hering A, Gucwa M, Ochocka JR, Stefanowicz-Hajduk J. An In Vitro Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of N–[(2–Arylmethylthio)phenylsulfonyl]cinnamamide Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073087. [PMID: 37049849 PMCID: PMC10096175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acid is a plant metabolite with antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Its synthetic derivatives are often more effective in vitro than parent compounds due to stronger biological activities. In our study, we synthesized ten new N–(4–chloro–2–mercapto–5–methylphenylsulfonyl)cinnamamide derivatives, containing two pharmacophore groups: cinnamic acid moiety and benzenesulfonamide. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds was estimated using different types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungus species of Candida albicans, as well as clinical strains. The compounds were evaluated on biofilm formation and biofilm formed by Staphylococcus clinical strains (methicillin–resistance S. aureus MRSA and methicillin–resistance coagulase–negative Staphylococcus MRCNS). Furthermore, blood bacteriostatic activity test was performed using S. aureus and S. epidermidis. In cytotoxic study, we performed in vitro hemolysis assay on domestic sheep peripheral blood and MTT [3–(4,5–dimethylthiazol–2–yl)–2,5–diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay on human cervical HeLa, ovarian SKOV-3, and breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines. We also estimated antioxidant activity of ten compounds with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′–azino–bis(3–ethylbenzthiazoline–6–sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Our results showed a significant antimicrobial activity of the compounds. All of them were active on Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species (MIC was 1–4 µg/mL). The compounds 16d and 16e were the most active on staphylococci clinical strains and efficiently inhibited the biofilm formation and biofilm already formed by the clinical staphylococci. Moreover, the hemolytic properties of the tested compounds occurred in higher quantities (>32.5 µg/mL) than the concentrations that inhibited both the growth of bacteria in the blood and the formation and growth of biofilm. The results of MTT assay showed that compounds 16c, 16d, 17a, and 17d demonstrated the best activity on the cancer cells (the IC50 values were below 10 µg/mL). Compound 16f was the least active on the cancer cells (IC50 was > 60 µg/mL). Antiradical tests revealed that compounds 16f and 17d had the strongest antioxidant properties within the tested group (IC50 was 310.50 ± 0.73 and 574.41 ± 1.34 µg/mL in DPPH, respectively, and 597.53 ± 1.3 and 419.18 ± 2.72 µg/mL in ABTS assay, respectively). Our study showed that the obtained cinnamamide derivatives can be used as potential antimicrobial therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bułakowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.S.-H.)
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Hering
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
| | - Magdalena Gucwa
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
| | - J. Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
| | - Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (M.G.); (J.R.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.S.-H.)
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Zeidan MA, Othman DI, Goda FE, Mostafa AS. Thiazole Ring-Cleavage: Versatile Products Obtained in The Course of Synthesis of Certain Sulfonamide Derivatives. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Luo Y, Yang Y, Hou W, Fu J. Novel Algicides against Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria from Allelochemicals: Design, Synthesis, Bioassay, and 3D-QSAR Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111145. [PMID: 34827137 PMCID: PMC8614697 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to the frequent outbreaks of cyanobacteria bloom worldwide, research on novel algicides has attracted more and more attention. At present, allelochemicals have been reported as promising natural algicides. However, current studies mainly focus on the parent compounds, and the structural modification of original allelochemicals has been rarely involved. In this study, phenolic acid derivatives were innovatively synthesized as potential algicides, and lead compounds with excellent activity were found. For instance, upon the algicidal activity on Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the EC50 of the best active compound 18 reached 0.63 µM (0.17 mg/L), while the EC50 values of previously reported allelochemicals have been basically at the mg/L level. The result indicates that the algicides reported in this study are more efficient at inhibiting cyanobacteria with lower effective concentrations than most previously reported compounds. Moreover, 3D-QSAR models were constructed and provided a theoretical guidance for further structure optimization of compounds to achieve better algicidal activity. Abstract Cyanobacteria bloom caused by water eutrophication has threatened human health and become a global environmental problem. To develop green algicides with strong specificity and high efficiency, three series of ester and amide derivatives from parent allelochemicals of caffeic acid (CA), cinnamic acid (CIA), and 3-hydroxyl-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) were designed and synthesized. Their inhibitory effects on the growth of five harmful cyanobacterial species, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), Microcystis wesenbergii (M. wesenbergii), Microcystis flos-aquae (M. flos-aquae), Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Ap. flos-aquae), and Anabaena flos-aquae (An. flos-aquae), were evaluated. The results revealed that CIA esters synthesized by cinnamic acid and fatty alcohols showed the best inhibition effect, with EC50 values ranging from 0.63 to >100 µM. Moreover, some CIA esters exhibited a good selectivity in inhibiting cyanobacteria. For example, the inhibitory activity of naphthalen-2-yl cinnamate was much stronger on Ap. flos-aquae (EC50 = 0.63 µM) than other species (EC50 > 10 µM). Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis was performed and the results showed that the steric hindrance of the compounds influenced the algicidal activity. Further mechanism study found that the inhibition of CIA esters on the growth of M. aeruginosa might be related to the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yushun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
| | - Wenguang Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-27-8779-2101 (J.F.)
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-27-8779-2101 (J.F.)
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Kharb R. Updates on Receptors Targeted by Heterocyclic Scaffolds: New Horizon in Anticancer Drug Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1338-1349. [PMID: 32560614 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200619181102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer is a high priority research area for scientists as cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. It is pertinent to mention here that conventional anticancer drugs such as methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. are not much efficient for the treatment of different types of cancer; also these suffer from serious side effects leading to therapy failure. A large variety of cancerrelated receptors such as carbonic anhydrase, tyrosine kinase, topoisomerase, protein kinase, histone deacetylase, etc. have been identified which can be targeted by anticancer drugs. Heterocycles like oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, indole, pyridine, pyrimidine, benzimidazole, etc. play a pivotal role in modern medicinal chemistry because they have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including prominent anticancer activity. Therefore, it was considered significant to explore heterocyclic compounds reported in recent most literature which can bind effectively with the cancer-related receptors. This will not only provide a targeted approach to deal with cancer but also the safety profile of the drugs can be further improved. The information provided in this manuscript may be found useful for the design and development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kharb
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Huo XS, Jian XE, Ou-Yang J, Chen L, Yang F, Lv DX, You WW, Rao JJ, Zhao PL. Discovery of highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of novel 2,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113449. [PMID: 33895499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
By removing 5-methyl and 6-acetyl groups in our previously reported compound 3, we designed a series of novel 2,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Among them, compound 5e displayed low nanomolar antiproliferative efficacy on HeLa cells which was 166-fold higher than the lead analogue 3. Interestingly, 5e displayed significant selectivity in inhibiting cancer cells over HEK-293 (normal human embryonic kidney cells). In addition, 5e dose-dependently arrested HeLa in G2/M phase through the alterations of the expression levels of p-cdc2 and cyclin B1, and caused HeLa cells apoptosis by regulation of expressions of cleaved PARP. Further evidence demonstrated that 5e effectively inhibited tubulin polymerization and was 3-fold more powerful than positive control CA-4. Moreover, molecular docking analysis indicated that 5e overlapped well with CA-4 in the colchicine-binding site. These studies demonstrated that 2,7-diaryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine skeleton might be used as the leading unit to develop novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sen Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Xie-Er Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Jie Ou-Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Fang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Dong-Xin Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Jin-Jun Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Pei-Liang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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Yang F, Chen L, Lai JM, Jian XE, Lv DX, Yuan LL, Liu YX, Liang FT, Zheng XL, Li XL, Wei LY, You WW, Zhao PL. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships of new tubulin polymerization inhibitors based on 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127880. [PMID: 33636303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on our previous research, thirty new 5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazoles possessing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety were synthesized, and evaluated for antiproliferative activities. Among them, compounds IIa, IIIh, and IIIm demonstrated significant antiproliferative activities against a panel of tumor cell lines, and the promising compound IIIm dose-dependently caused G2/M phase arrest in HeLa cells. Furthermore, analogue IIa exhibited the most potent tubulinpolymerization inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 9.4 μM, and molecular modeling studies revealed that IIa formed stable interactions in the colchicine-binding site of tubulin, suggesting that 5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole scaffold has potential for further investigation to develop novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors with anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jin-Mei Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xie-Er Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Dong-Xin Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Li-Li Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yu-Xia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Feng-Ting Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiong-Li Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Li-Yuan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Pei-Liang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Xia LY, Zhang YL, Yang R, Wang ZC, Lu YD, Wang BZ, Zhu HL. Tubulin Inhibitors Binding to Colchicine-Site: A Review from 2015 to 2019. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6787-6814. [PMID: 31580244 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191003154051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the three domains of the colchicine-site which is conducive to the combination with small molecule compounds, colchicine-site on the tubulin has become a common target for antitumor drug development, and accordingly, a large number of tubulin inhibitors binding to the colchicine-site have been reported and evaluated over the past years. In this study, tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine-site and their application as antitumor agents were reviewed based on the literature from 2015 to 2019. Tubulin inhibitors were classified into ten categories according to the structural features, including colchicine derivatives, CA-4 analogs, chalcone analogs, coumarin analogs, indole hybrids, quinoline and quinazoline analogs, lignan and podophyllotoxin derivatives, phenothiazine analogs, N-heterocycle hybrids and others. Most of them displayed potent antitumor activity, including antiproliferative effects against Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) cell lines and antivascular properties, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the design, synthesis and the analysis of the structure-activity relationship of tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine-site were described in detail. In addition, multi-target inhibitors, anti-MDR compounds, and inhibitors bearing antitumor activity in vivo are further listed in tables to present a clear picture of potent tubulin inhibitors, which could be beneficial for medicinal chemistry researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ying Xia
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Liang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Chang Wang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Dong Lu
- Neonatal Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China
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Rahmani N, Abbasi-Radmoghaddam Z, Riahi S, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtanai M. Predictive QSAR models for the anti-cancer activity of topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitors against breast cancer cell line HCT15: GA-MLR and LS-SVM modeling. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ruwizhi N, Aderibigbe BA. Cinnamic Acid Derivatives and Their Biological Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165712. [PMID: 32784935 PMCID: PMC7460980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role played by cinnamic acid derivatives in treating cancer, bacterial infections, diabetes and neurological disorders, among many, has been reported. Cinnamic acid is obtained from cinnamon bark. Its structure is composed of a benzene ring, an alkene double bond and an acrylic acid functional group making it possible to modify the aforementioned functionalities with a variety of compounds resulting in bioactive agents with enhanced efficacy. The nature of the substituents incorporated into cinnamic acid has been found to play a huge role in either enhancing or decreasing the biological efficacy of the synthesized cinnamic acid derivatives. Some of the derivatives have been reported to be more effective when compared to the standard drugs used to treat chronic or infectious diseases in vitro, thus making them very promising therapeutic agents. Compound 20 displayed potent anti-TB activity, compound 27 exhibited significant antibacterial activity on S. aureus strain of bacteria and compounds with potent antimalarial activity are 35a, 35g, 35i, 36i, and 36b. Furthermore, compounds 43d, 44o, 55g–55p, 59e, 59g displayed potent anticancer activity and compounds 86f–h were active against both hAChE and hBuChE. This review will expound on the recent advances on cinnamic acid derivatives and their biological efficacy.
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Tabata H, Funaki K, Tasaka T, Oshitari T, Takahashi H, Natsugari H. Elucidation of the Active Conformation of Antiproliferative Sulfonamides, 5N-Arylsulfonyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16338-16345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Tabata
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kaoru Funaki
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tasaka
- Affinity Science Corporation, 1-11-1 Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Affinity Science Corporation, 1-11-1 Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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