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Hammill ML, Tsubaki K, Kitamura M, Okauchi T, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis of an Ortho-Functionalized Tetrafluorinated Azobenzene Phosphoramidite for Incorporation into a Tetrafluorinated Azobenzene-Containing siRNA for Photocontrolled Gene Silencing. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e874. [PMID: 37867451 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the detailed synthesis and characterization protocols for an ortho-functionalized tetrafluorinated azobenzene containing siRNA, which has photoswitchable properties. To design this tetrafluorinated azobenzene scaffold, several synthetic steps are performed to generate a symmetrical tetrafluorinated azobenzene diol. This diol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl) to protect one of the alcohols. Next, the DMT-protected tetrafluorinated monoalcohol is phosphitylated to afford the DMT-phosphoramidite building block used for solid-phase synthesis. This paper also contains the detailed biophysical characterization, biological testing, and photo-switching protocols of an ortho-functionalized fluorinated azobenzene containing siRNA (F-siRNA), which has photoswitchable properties that can be controlled with visible light. First, the F-siRNA was characterized by annealing the sense and antisense strands together and then measuring the circular dichroism (CD) profile and melting temperature (Tm ) of the duplexes. Second, biological testing of the F-siRNA is performed in cell culture to determine their gene silencing efficacy. Finally, their gene-silencing activities are measured after exposure to green light to inactivate the F-siRNA, followed by blue light, which reactivates the F-siRNA. The F-siRNA can be kept inactive for up to 72 hr and reactivated at any time within this 72-hr window. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hammill
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kouta Tsubaki
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Hammill ML, Tsubaki K, Wang Y, Islam G, Kitamura M, Okauchi T, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis, derivatization and photochemical control of an ortho-functionalized tetrafluorinated azoben---zene-modified siRNA. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200386. [PMID: 36001232 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of an ortho -functionalized tetrafluorinated azobenzene phosphoramidite for its site-specific incorporation into RNA. The tetrafluorinated azobenzene is embedded within the antisense strand of an siRNA duplex to form an ortho -functionalized tetrafluorinated azobenzene-containing siRNA (F-siRNAzo). The F-siRNAzo is inactivated via trans to cis conversion with green light (530 nm), and reactivated with blue light (470 nm) via cis to trans conversion in cell culture. The long half-life and stability of the tetrafluorinated azobenzene unit allows for reversible control of the F-siRNAzo in cell culture for up 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouta Tsubaki
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Yuwei Wang
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Golam Islam
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Chemistry, 6 Aster Cres, L1M 1J4, Whitby, CANADA
| | - Mitsuru Kitamura
- Kyushu Institute of Technology: Kyushu Kogyo Daigaku, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Tatsuo Okauchi
- Kyushu Institute of Technology: Kyushu Kogyo Daigaku, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Chemistry, 2000 Simcoe Street North, L1G 0C5, Oshawa, CANADA
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Hammill ML, Islam G, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis of Ortho-Functionalized Tetrachlorinated Azobenzene Phosphoramidites for Incorporation Into siRNAzos for Photocontrolled Gene Silencing. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e513. [PMID: 35997711 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper contains the detailed synthesis and characterization protocols of ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene-containing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which have photoswitchable properties effectively controlled with visible light. To design this tetrachlorinated azobenzene scaffold, a late-stage chlorination with N-chlorosuccinimide and palladium is used. Next, a single hydroxyl group from the tetrachlorinated azobenzene is protected with a 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group, followed by phosphitylation with 2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. These phosphoramidite monomers are compatible with automated solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis to generate tetrachlorinated azobenzene-containing oligonucleotides. This paper also contains the detailed biophysical characterization, biological testing, and photo-switching protocols of ortho-functionalized chlorinated azobenzene-containing siRNAs (Cl-siRNAzos), which have photoswitchable properties that can be controlled with visible light. First, the Cl-siRNAzos are characterized by annealing the sense and antisense strands together and then measuring the circular dichroism (CD) profile, and the melting temperatures (Tm ) of the duplexes. Secondly, the biological testing of the Cl-siRNAzos in cell culture is done to determine their gene silencing efficacy. Finally, their gene-silencing activities are measured after exposure to red light in order to inactivate the Cl-siRNAzo, and then either violet light or infrared thermal relaxation is deployed, which re-activates the Cl-siRNAzo. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 4,4'-bis(hydroxyethyl) ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene phosphoramidite (5) Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis, purification, and characterization of siRNAs containing ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene Basic Protocol 3: Gene-silencing evaluation of ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene using firefly luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hammill
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Golam Islam
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Oshawa, Canada
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Tavakoli A, Min JH. Photochemical modifications for DNA/RNA oligonucleotides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6484-6507. [PMID: 35424630 PMCID: PMC8982246 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-triggered chemical reactions can provide excellent tools to investigate the fundamental mechanisms important in biology. Light is easily applicable and orthogonal to most cellular events, and its dose and locality can be controlled in tissues and cells. Light-induced conversion of photochemical groups installed on small molecules, proteins, and oligonucleotides can alter their functional states and thus the ensuing biological events. Recently, photochemical control of DNA/RNA structure and function has garnered attention thanks to the rapidly expanding photochemistry used in diverse biological applications. Photoconvertible groups can be incorporated in the backbone, ribose, and nucleobase of an oligonucleotide to undergo various irreversible and reversible light-induced reactions such as cleavage, crosslinking, isomerization, and intramolecular cyclization reactions. In this review, we gather a list of photoconvertible groups used in oligonucleotides and summarize their reaction characteristics, impacts on DNA/RNA thermal stability and structure, as well as their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirrasoul Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco TX 76706 USA +1-254-710-2095
| | - Jung-Hyun Min
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco TX 76706 USA +1-254-710-2095
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Hammill ML, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis of Azobenzene Derivative Phosphoramidites for Incorporation into Oligonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 81:e107. [PMID: 32383810 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article contains the detailed synthesis and characterization protocols of azobenzene containing siRNAs, which have photoswitchable properties effectively controlled with light. First, the azobenzene scaffolds are synthesized via reduction of nitrophenyl alcohols in the presence of zinc. Next, the hydroxyl group of azobenzene derivatives are protected with a dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group, followed by phosphitylation with 2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. These phosphoramidite monomers are compatible with automated solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis to generate azobenzene-containing oligonucleotides. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 4,4'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-azobenzene phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 4,4'-bis(hydroxyethyl)-azobenzene phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis, purification and characterization of oligonucleotides containing azobenzene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hammill
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Varley AJ, Desaulniers JP. Chemical strategies for strand selection in short-interfering RNAs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2415-2426. [PMID: 35424193 PMCID: PMC8693850 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are double stranded RNAs capable of potent and specific gene silencing through activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The potential of siRNA drugs has recently been highlighted by the approval of multiple siRNA therapeutics. These successes relied heavily on chemically modified nucleic acids and their impact on stability, delivery, potency, and off-target effects. Despite remarkable progress, clinical trials still face failure due to off-target effects such as off-target gene dysregulation. Each siRNA strand can downregulate numerous gene targets while also contributing towards saturation of the RNAi machinery, leading to the upregulation of miRNA-repressed genes. Eliminating sense strand uptake effectively reduces off-target gene silencing and helps limit the disruption to endogenous regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, our understanding of strand selection has a direct impact on the success of future siRNA therapeutics. In this review, the approaches used to improve strand uptake are discussed and effective methods are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Varley
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa Ontario L1G 0C5 Canada +1 905 721 3304 +1 905 721 8668 (ext. 3621)
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa Ontario L1G 0C5 Canada +1 905 721 3304 +1 905 721 8668 (ext. 3621)
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Hammill ML, Islam G, Desaulniers JP. Controlling Gene-Silencing with Azobenzene-Containing siRNAs (siRNAzos). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 83:e119. [PMID: 33175468 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article contains the detailed biophysical characterization, biological testing, and photo-switching protocols of azobenzene containing siRNAs (siRNAzos), which have photoswitchable properties that can be controlled with light. First, the siRNAzos are characterized by annealing the sense and anti-sense strands together and then measuring the circular dichroism (CD) profile, and the melting temperatures (Tm ) of the duplexes. Second, the biological testing of the siRNAzos in cell culture is done to determine their gene silencing efficacy. Finally, their gene-silencing activities are measured after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in order to inactivate the siRNAzo, and then broadband visible light, which re-activates the siRNAzo. This inactivation/reactivation protocol can be done in real time, and is reversible and robust and can be performed multiple times on the same sample if desired. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Bio-physical characterization of siRNAzo duplexes Basic Protocol 2: Evaluation of azobenzene gene-silencing using Firefly Luciferase Basic Protocol 3: Evaluation of azobenzene gene-silencing using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hammill
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Golam Islam
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Varley AJ, Hammill ML, Salim L, Desaulniers JP. Effects of Chemical Modifications on siRNA Strand Selection in Mammalian Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 30:229-236. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Varley
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Hammill
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Lidya Salim
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
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Hammill ML, Islam G, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis, Derivatization and Photochemical Control of ortho-Functionalized Tetrachlorinated Azobenzene-Modified siRNAs. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2367-2372. [PMID: 32232952 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the chemical synthesis and derivatization of an ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene diol. A 4',4-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) phosphoramidite was synthesized for its site-specific incorporation within the sense strand of an siRNA duplex to form ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzene-containing siRNAs (Cl-siRNAzos). Compared to a non-halogenated azobenzene, ortho-functionalized tetrachlorinated azobenzenes are capable of red-shifting the π→π* transition from the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum into the visible range. Within this visible range, the azobenzene molecule can be reliably converted from trans to cis with red light (660 nm), and converted back to trans with violet wavelength light (410 nm) and/or thermal relaxation. We also report the gene-silencing ability of these Cl-siRNAzos in cell culture as well as their reversible control with visible light for up to 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hammill
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Golam Islam
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
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Hammill ML, Islam G, Desaulniers JP. Reversible control of RNA interference by siRNAzos. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:41-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the reversible control of RNA interference using siRNAzos, a class of siRNAs that contain azobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Hammill
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Faculty of Science
- Oshawa
- Canada
| | - Golam Islam
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology
- Faculty of Science
- Oshawa
- Canada
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