A double-headed nucleotide with two cytosines: DNA with condensed information and improved duplex stability

Double-Headed 2'-Deoxynucleotides That Hybridize to DNA and RNA Targets via Normal and Reverse Watson-Crick Base Pairs

Through the use of modified nucleotides, synthetic nucleic acids have found several fields of application within biotechnology and in the pharmaceutical industry. We have previously introduced nucleotides with an additional functional nucleobase linked to C2' of arabinonucleotides (B_X). These double-headed nucleotides fit neatly into DNA·DNA duplexes, where they can replace the corresponding natural dinucleotides and thus condense the molecular information. Here, we introduce a 2'-deoxy version of the B_X design with inversion of the C2' stereochemistry (^dSB_X) with the aim of obtaining improved RNA recognition. Specifically, ^dSB_X analogues with cytosine or isocytosine attached to C2' of 2'-deoxyuridine (^dSU_C and ^dSU_iC) were synthesized and evaluated in duplexes. Whereas the ^dSB_X design did not outperform the B_X design in terms of mimicking dinucleotides in nucleic acid duplexes, it was able to engage in reverse Watson-Crick pairing using its 2'-base. This was evident from the ability of the ^dSU_C cytosine to form stable mis-matching base pairs with opposite cytosines identified as hemiprotonated C·C⁺ pairs. Furthermore, specific base-pairing with guanine was only observed for the isocytosine-bearing ^dSU_iC monomer. Very stable duplexes were obtained with ^dSU_C/iC monomers in each strand indicating that fully modified double-headed nucleic acid sequences could be based on the ^dSB_X design.

Double-headed nucleic acids condense the molecular information of DNA to half the number of nucleotides

Nucleotide monomers that hold two nucleobases each, i.e. double-headed nucleotides, have been shown to form two sets of functional Watson-Crick base pairs when incorporated into dsDNA, and they hereby behave as dinucleotides. To form the basis for fully modified double-headed nucleic acids (DhNA), we have prepared three new DhNA monomers and can now demonstrate that the molecular information of 10 Watson-Crick base pairs can be condensed to highly stable 5-mer DhNA duplexes.

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

Double-headed nucleoside monomers have immense applications for studying secondary nucleic acid structures. They are also well-known as antimicrobial agents. This review article accounts for the synthetic methodologies and the biological applications of double-headed nucleosides.

Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications

While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications.

Double-headed nucleotides as xeno nucleic acids: information storage and polymerase recognition

Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) are artificial genetic systems based on sugar-modified nucleotides. Herein, we investigate double-headed nucleotides as a new XNA. A new monomer, AT, is presented, and together with previous double-headed nucleotide monomers, new nucleic acid motifs consisting of up to five consecutive A·T base pairs have been obtained. Sections composed entirely of double-headed nucleotides are well-tolerated within a DNA duplex and can condense the genetic information. For instance, a 13-mer duplex is condensed to an 11-mer modified duplex containing four double-headed nucleotides while simultaneously improving duplex thermal stability with +14.0 °C. Also, the transfer of information from double-headed to natural nucleotides by DNA polymerases has been examined. The first double-headed nucleoside triphosphate was prepared but could not be recognized and incorporated by the tested DNA polymerases. On the other hand, it proved possible for Therminator DNA polymerase to transfer the information of a double-headed nucleotide in a template sequence to natural DNA under controlled conditions.

Base-Pairing Properties of Double-Headed Nucleotides

Nucleotides that contain two nucleobases (double-headed nucleotides) have the potential to condense the information of two separate nucleotides into one. This presupposes that both bases must successfully pair with a cognate strand. Here, double-headed nucleotides that feature cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and diaminopurine linked to the C2'-position of an arabinose scaffold were developed and examined in full detail. These monomeric units were efficiently prepared by convergent synthesis and incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides by means of the automated phosphoramidite method. Their pairing efficiency was assessed by UV-based melting-temperature analysis in several contexts and extensive molecular dynamics studies. Altogether, the results show that these double-headed nucleotides have a well-defined structure and invariably behave as functional dinucleotide mimics in DNA duplexes.