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Tabor W, Katsogiannou A, Karta D, Andrianopoulou E, Berlicki Ł, Vassiliou S, Grabowiecka A. Exploration of Thiourea-Based Scaffolds for the Construction of Bacterial Ureases Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28783-28796. [PMID: 37576686 PMCID: PMC10413841 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of 32 thiourea-based urease inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated against native bacterial enzyme and whole cells of Sporosarcina pasteurii and Proteus mirabilis strains. The proposed inhibitors represented structurally diverse thiosemicarbazones and thiocarbohydrazones, benzyl-substituted thiazolyl thioureas, 1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides, and dihydropirimidine-2(1H)-thiones. Kinetic characteristics with purified S. pasteurii enzyme determined low micromolar inhibitors within each structural group. (E)-2-(1-Phenylethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide 19 (Ki = 0.39 ± 0.01 μM), (E)-2-(4-methylbenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide 16 (Ki = 0.99 ± 0.04 μM), and N'-((1E,2E)-1,3-diphenylallylidene)hydrazinecarbothiohydrazide 29 (Ki = 2.23 ± 0.19 μM) were used in modeling studies that revealed sulfur ion coordination of the active site nickel ion and hydrogen bonds between the amide group and the side chain of Asp363 and Ala366 carbonyl moiety. Whole-cell studies proved the activity of compounds in Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Ureolysis control observed in P. mirabilis PCM 543 (e.g., IC50 = 304 ± 14 μM for 1-benzyl-3-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)thiourea 52) is a valuable achievement, as urease is recognized as a major virulence factor of this urinary tract pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Tabor
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aikaterini Katsogiannou
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Karta
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenia Andrianopoulou
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stamatia Vassiliou
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Maślanka M, Tabor W, Krzyżek P, Grabowiecka A, Berlicki Ł, Mucha A. Inhibitory activity of catecholic phosphonic and phosphinic acids against Helicobacter pylori ureolysis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115528. [PMID: 37290184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Catechols have been reported to be potent covalent inhibitors of ureases, and they exhibit activity by modifying cysteine residues at the entrance to enzymatic active sites. Following these principles, we designed and synthesized novel catecholic derivatives that contained carboxylate and phosphonic/phosphinic functionalities and assumed expanded specific interactions. When studying the chemical stability of the molecules, we found that their intrinsic acidity catalyzes spontaneous esterification/hydrolysis reactions in methanol or water solutions, respectively. Regarding biological activity, the most promising compound, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-phosphonopropionic acid (15), exhibited significant anti-urease potential (Ki = 2.36 μM, Sporosarcinia pasteurii urease), which was reflected in the antiureolytic effect in live Helicobacter pylori cells at a submicromolar concentration (IC50 = 0.75 μM). As illustrated by molecular modeling, this compound was bound in the active site of urease through a set of concerted electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. The antiureolytic activity of catecholic phosphonic acids could be specific because these compounds were chemically inert and not cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maślanka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tabor
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 1, 50-367, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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3
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Singh R, Kumar P, Devi M, Sindhu J, Kumar A, Lal S, Singh D, Kumar H, Kumar S. Urease Inhibition and Structure‐Activity Relationship Study of Thiazolidinone‐, Triazole‐, and Benzothiazole‐Based Heterocyclic Derivatives: A Focus Review. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry COBS&H, CCS Haryana gricultural University Hisar 125004 India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences GJUS&T Hisar 125001 India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak 124001 India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences Central university Haryana Mahendergarh India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal Haryana 131039 India
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4
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Loharch S, Berlicki Ł. Rational Development of Bacterial Ureases Inhibitors. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200026. [PMID: 35502852 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Urease, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, is a virulence factor of various pathogenic bacteria. In particular, Helicobacter pylori, that colonizes the digestive tract and Proteus spp., that can infect the urinary tract, are related to urease activity. Therefore, urease inhibitors are considered as potential therapeutics against these infections. This review describes current knowledge of the structures, activity, and biological importance of bacterial ureases. Moreover, the structure-based design of several classes of bacterial urease inhibitors is presented and discussed. Phosphinic and phosphonic acids were applied as transition-state analogues, while Michael acceptors and ebselen derivatives were applied as covalent binders of cysteine residue. This review incorporates bacterial urease inhibitors from literature published between 2008 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Loharch
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Song WQ, Liu ML, Li SY, Xiao ZP. Recent Efforts in the Discovery of Urease Inhibitor Identifications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:95-107. [PMID: 34844543 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urease is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the past century, hundreds of medicinal chemists focused their efforts on explorations of urease inhibitors. Despite the FDA's approval of acetohydroxamic acid as a urease inhibitor for the treatment of struvite nephrolithiasis and the widespread use of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide as a soil urease inhibitor as nitrogen fertilizer synergists in agriculture, urease inhibitors with high potency and safety are urgently needed. Exploration of novel urease inhibitors has therefore become a hot research topic recently. Herein, inhibitors identified worldwide from 2016 to 2021 have been reviewed. They structurally belong to more than 20 classes of compounds such as urea/thioure analogues, hydroxamic acids, sulfonamides, metal complexes, and triazoles. Some inhibitors showed excellent potency with IC50 values lower than 10 nM, having 10000-fold higher potency than the positive control thiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qin Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Mei-Ling Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Su-Ya Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Zhu-Ping Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
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6
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Liu ML, Li WY, Fang HL, Ye YX, Li SY, Song WQ, Xiao ZP, Ouyang H, Zhu HL. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dithiobisacetamides as Novel Urease Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100618. [PMID: 34687265 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-eight disulfides containing N-arylacetamide were designed and synthesized in an effort to develop novel urease inhibitors. Biological evaluation revealed that some of the synthetic compounds exhibited strong inhibitory potency against both cell-free urease and urease in intact cell with low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells even at concentration up to 250 μM. Of note, 2,2'-dithiobis(N-(2-fluorophenyl)acetamide) (d7), 2,2'-dithiobis(N-(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetamide) (d24), and 2,2'-dithiobis(N-(3-fluorophenyl)acetamide) (d8) were here identified as the most active inhibitors with IC50 of 0.074, 0.44, and 0.81 μM, showing 32- to 355-fold higher potency than the positive control acetohydroxamic acid. These disulfides were confirmed to bind urease without covalent modification of the cysteine residue and to inhibit urease reversibly with a mixed inhibition mechanism. They also showed very good anti-Helicobacter pylori activities with d8 showing a comparable potency to the clinical used drug amoxicillin. The impressive in vitro biological profile indicated their immense potential as therapeutic agents to tackle H. pylori caused infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Wei-Yi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Hai-Lian Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Ya-Xi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Ya Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Wan-Qing Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Zhu-Ping Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, The South Section of Renmin Road 120, Jishou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, China
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7
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Pagoni A, Grabowiecka A, Tabor W, Mucha A, Vassiliou S, Berlicki Ł. Covalent Inhibition of Bacterial Urease by Bifunctional Catechol-Based Phosphonates and Phosphinates. J Med Chem 2020; 64:404-416. [PMID: 33369409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new class of bifunctional inhibitors of bacterial ureases, important molecular targets for antimicrobial therapies, was developed. The structures of the inhibitors consist of a combination of a phosphonate or (2-carboxyethyl)phosphinate functionality with a catechol-based fragment, which are designed for complexation of the catalytic nickel ions and covalent bonding with the thiol group of Cys322, respectively. Compounds with three types of frameworks, including β-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-, α-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl-, and α-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene-substituted derivatives, exhibited complex and varying structure-dependent kinetics of inhibition. Among irreversible binders, methyl β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-β-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphorylpropionate was observed to be a remarkably reactive inhibitor of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease (kinact/KI = 10 420 s-1 M-1). The high potential of this group of compounds was also confirmed in Proteus mirabilis whole-cell-based inhibition assays. Some compounds followed slow-binding and reversible kinetics, e.g., methyl β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-β-phosphonopropionate, with Ki* = 0.13 μM, and an atypical low dissociation rate (residence time τ = 205 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Pagoni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tabor
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stamatia Vassiliou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Recent developments of gallic acid derivatives and their hybrids in medicinal chemistry: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Salehi Ashani R, Azizian H, Sadeghi Alavijeh N, Fathi Vavsari V, Mahernia S, Sheysi N, Biglar M, Amanlou M, Balalaie S. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Deferasirox and Substituted 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives as Novel Potent Urease Inhibitors: Proposing Repositioning Candidate. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900710. [PMID: 32187446 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of new deferasirox derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of monosubstituted hydrazides with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-4-one. For the first time, deferasirox and some of its derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against Jack bean urease. The potencies of the members of this class of compounds are higher than that of acetohydroxamic acid. Two compounds, bearing tetrazole and hydrazine derivatives (bioisoester of carboxylate group), represented the most potent urease inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.268 and 3.254 μm, respectively. In silico docking studies were performed to delineate possible binding modes of the compounds with the enzyme, urease. Docking analysis suggests that the synthesized compounds were anchored well in the catalytic site and extending to the entrance of binding pocket and thus restrict the mobility of the flap by interacting with its crucial amino acid residues, CME592 and His593. The overall results of urease inhibition have shown that these target compounds can be further optimized and developed as a lead skeleton for the discovery of novel urease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salehi Ashani
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14665-354, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Sadeghi Alavijeh
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mahernia
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Sheysi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Biglar
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box, 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, 67155-1616, Kermanshah, Iran
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