1
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Nayar JC, Abboud M, Dixon KM. Cyclic AMP-regulatory element-binding protein: a novel UV-targeted transcription factor in skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1209-1215. [PMID: 38743195 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Common therapeutics in relation to melanoma and non-melanoma cancers include the use of kinase inhibitors. The long-term benefits of kinases, however, are limited by development of drug resistance. An alternative approach for treatment would be to focus on transcription factors. Cyclic AMP-regulatory element-binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor that is commonly overactivated or overexpressed in many different cancers including skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), one of the main causes of skin cancer, can activate CREB in both melanocytes and keratinocytes. In addition, CREB has been found to be activated in skin cancers. Considering the prominent role that CREB plays in skin cancers, the studies reviewed herein raise the possibility of CREB as a potential prognostic and diagnostic marker of skin cancer and a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C Nayar
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2050, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Myriam Abboud
- Department of Health, Zayed University, P.O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katie M Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2050, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Biersack B. The Antifungal Potential of Niclosamide and Structurally Related Salicylanilides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5977. [PMID: 38892165 PMCID: PMC11172841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human mycoses cover a diverse field of fungal diseases from skin disorders to systemic invasive infections and pose an increasing global health problem based on ineffective treatment options, the hampered development of new efficient drugs, and the emergence of resistant fungal strains. Niclosamide is currently applied for the treatment of worm infections. Its mechanisms of action, which include the suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (also known as mitochondrial uncoupling), among others, has led to a repurposing of this promising anthelmintic drug for the therapy of further human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections. Given the urgent need to develop new drugs against fungal infections, the considerable antifungal properties of niclosamide are highlighted in this review. Its chemical and pharmacological properties relevant for drug development are also briefly mentioned, and the described mitochondria-targeting mechanisms of action add to the current arsenal of approved antifungal drugs. In addition, the activities of further salicylanilide-based niclosamide analogs against fungal pathogens, including agents applied in veterinary medicine for many years, are described and discussed for their feasibility as new antifungals for humans. Preliminary structure-activity relationships are determined and discussed. Various salicylanilide derivatives with antifungal activities showed increased oral bioavailabilities when compared with niclosamide. The simple synthesis of salicylanilide-based drugs also vouchsafes a broad and cost-effective availability for poorer patient groups. Pertinent literature is covered until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Koca M, Gülçin İ, Üç EM, Bilginer S, Aydın AS. Evaluation of antioxidant potentials and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects of some new salicylic acid-salicylamide hybrids. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-023-02775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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4
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Zhang K, Horikoshi N, Li S, Powers AS, Hameedi MA, Pintilie GD, Chae HD, Khan YA, Suomivuori CM, Dror RO, Sakamoto KM, Chiu W, Wakatsuki S. Cryo-EM, Protein Engineering, and Simulation Enable the Development of Peptide Therapeutics against Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:214-222. [PMID: 35233453 PMCID: PMC8875425 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a viable structural tool for molecular therapeutics development against human diseases. However, it remains a challenge to determine structures of proteins that are flexible and smaller than 30 kDa. The 11 kDa KIX domain of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a potential therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia and other cancers, is a protein which has defied structure-based inhibitor design. Here, we develop an experimental approach to overcome the size limitation by engineering a protein double-shell to sandwich the KIX domain between apoferritin as the inner shell and maltose-binding protein as the outer shell. To assist homogeneous orientations of the target, disulfide bonds are introduced at the target-apoferritin interface, resulting in a cryo-EM structure at 2.6 Å resolution. We used molecular dynamics simulations to design peptides that block the interaction of the KIX domain of CBP with the intrinsically disordered pKID domain of CREB. The double-shell design allows for fluorescence polarization assays confirming the binding between the KIX domain in the double-shell and these interacting peptides. Further cryo-EM analysis reveals a helix-helix interaction between a single KIX helix and the best peptide, providing a possible strategy for developments of next-generation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Zhang
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Division of Life Sciences
and Medicine, University of Science and
Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Naoki Horikoshi
- Life
Science Center for Survival Dynamics, University
of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Department
of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Division of Life Sciences
and Medicine, University of Science and
Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexander S. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mikhail A. Hameedi
- Department
of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Biosciences
Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Grigore D. Pintilie
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hee-Don Chae
- Department
of Pediatrics, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yousuf A. Khan
- Department
of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department
of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ron O. Dror
- Department
of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Sakamoto
- Department
of Pediatrics, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- CryoEM
and Bioimaging Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource,
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford
University, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Department
of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Biosciences
Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
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5
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Srour AM, Panda SS, Mostafa A, Fayad W, El-Manawaty MA, A. F. Soliman A, Moatasim Y, El Taweel A, Abdelhameed MF, Bekheit MS, Ali MA, Girgis AS. Synthesis of aspirin-curcumin mimic conjugates of potential antitumor and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105466. [PMID: 34775204 PMCID: PMC8566089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Series of piperidone-salicylate conjugates were synthesized through the reaction of 3E,5E-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidones with the appropriate acid chloride of acetylsalicylate in the presence of triethylamine. All the synthesized conjugates reveal antiproliferative properties against A431 (squamous skin) cancer cell line with potency higher than that of 5-fluorouracil. Many of the synthesized agents also exhibit promising antiproliferative properties against HCT116 (colon) cancer cell line, of which 5o and 5c are the most effective with 12.9, 9.8 folds potency compared with Sunitinib. Promising activity is also shown against MCF7 (breast) cancer cell line with 1.19, 1.12 folds relative to 5-fluorouracil. PI-flow cytometry of compound 5c supports the arrest of cell cycle at G1-phase. However, compound 5o and Sunitinib arrest the cell cycle at S-phase. The synthesized conjugates can be considered as multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors due to the promising properties against VEGFR-2 and EGFR in MCF7 and HCT116. CDOCKER studies support the EGFR inhibitory properties. Compounds 5p and 5i possessing thienylidene heterocycle are anti-SARS-CoV-2 with high therapeutic indices. Many of the synthesized agents show enhanced COX-1/2 properties than aspirin with better selectivity index towards COX-2 relative to COX-1. The possible applicability of the potent candidates discovered as antitumor and anti-SARS-CoV-2 is supported by the safe profile against normal (non-cancer, RPE1 and VERO-E6) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin M. Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, US
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - May A. El-Manawaty
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. F. Soliman
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt,Corresponding author
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6
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Tang C, Liu D, Fan Y, Yu J, Li C, Su J, Wang C. Visualization and bibliometric analysis of cAMP signaling system research trends and hotspots in cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:358-370. [PMID: 33391432 PMCID: PMC7738981 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that widely distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. cAMP can regulate various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune functions. Any dysregulation or alteration of cAMP signaling may cause cell metabolic disorder, immune dysfunction and lead to disease or cancer. This study aimed to conduct a scientometric analysis of cAMP signaling system in cancer field, and explored the research trend, hotspots and frontiers from the past decade. Relevant literatures published from 2009 to 2019 were collected in the Web of Science Core Collection database. EndNote X9 was used to remove duplicate articles, and irrelevant articles were manually filtered. Bibliometric analyses were completed by CiteSpace V. A total of 4306 articles were included in this study. The number of related literatures published each year is gradually increasing. Most of them belong to “Biochemistry & Molecular Biology”, “Oncology”, “Cell Biology”, “Pharmacology & Pharmacy” and “Endocrinology & Metabolism” areas. In the past decade, USA, China, and Japan contributed the most to the research of cAMP signaling system in cancer. The frontiers and hotspots of cAMP signaling pathway system related to cancer fields mainly focused on cancer cell apoptosis, metastasis, and multiple tumors occurrence in patients with Carney complex. Intervention of the cAMP metabolic pathway may be a potential and promising therapeutic strategy for controlling clinical cancer and tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoli Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Duanya Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jianmei Su
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Friendship Avenue 368, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
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7
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Steven A, Friedrich M, Jank P, Heimer N, Budczies J, Denkert C, Seliger B. What turns CREB on? And off? And why does it matter? Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4049-4067. [PMID: 32347317 PMCID: PMC7532970 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression and function of the transcription factor cyclic AMP response-binding protein (CREB) has been identified to play an important role in cancer and is associated with the overall survival and therapy response of tumor patients. This review focuses on the expression and activation of CREB under physiologic conditions and in tumors of distinct origin as well as the underlying mechanisms of CREB regulation by diverse stimuli and inhibitors. In addition, the clinical relevance of CREB is summarized, including its use as a prognostic and/or predictive marker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Steven
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Friedrich
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul Jank
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Heimer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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8
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Illiano M, Conte M, Salzillo A, Ragone A, Spina A, Nebbioso A, Altucci L, Sapio L, Naviglio S. The KDM Inhibitor GSKJ4 Triggers CREB Downregulation via a Protein Kinase A and Proteasome-Dependent Mechanism in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:799. [PMID: 32582541 PMCID: PMC7289982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a progressive hematopoietic-derived cancer arising from stepwise genetic mutations of the myeloid lineage. cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a nuclear transcription factor, which plays a key role in the multistep process of leukemogenesis, thus emerging as an attractive potential drug target for AML treatment. Since epigenetic dysregulations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, as well as chromatin remodeling, are a frequent occurrence in AML, an increasing and selective number of epi-drugs are emerging as encouraging therapeutic agents. Here, we demonstrate that the histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) JMJD3/UTX inhibitor GSKJ4 results in both proliferation decrease and CREB protein downregulation in AML cells. We found that GSKJ4 clearly decreases CREB protein, but not CREB mRNA levels. By cycloheximide assay, we provide evidence that GSKJ4 reduces CREB protein stability; moreover, proteasome inhibition largely counteracts the GSKJ4-induced CREB downregulation. Very interestingly, a rapid CREB phosphorylation at the Ser133 residue precedes CREB protein decrease in response to GSKJ4 treatment. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 inhibition, almost completely prevents both GSKJ4-induced p-Ser133-CREB phosphorylation and CREB protein downregulation. Overall, our study enforces the evidence regarding CREB as a potential druggable target, identifies the small epigenetic molecule GSKJ4 as an “inhibitor” of CREB, and encourages the design of future GSKJ4-based studies for the development of innovative approaches for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Illiano
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Salzillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Ragone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Spina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Naviglio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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9
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Yang F, Xu M, Wang S, Song L, Yu D, Li Y, Cao R, Xiong Z, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Wang S. Gain-Of-Function E76K-Mutant SHP2 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Metastasis, And Tumor Growth In Glioblastoma Through Activation Of The ERK/CREB Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9435-9447. [PMID: 31807022 PMCID: PMC6844267 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gain-of-function (GOF) E76K-mutant Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) on the biological behaviors of glioblastoma (GBM) cells, and explore the molecular mechanisms of GBM progression. Methods Firstly, a negative control vector and vectors overexpressing SHP2 and E76K-mutant SHP2 were transduced into GBM cells (U87 and A172) using a lentivirus. The effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 on proliferation was measured using the MTT assay, flow cytometry, colony formation assay, and soft agar assay. Moreover, the migration and invasion of GBM cells were determined through the transwell assay. Related proteins of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element binding protein (ERK/CREB) pathway were detected by Western blotting analysis. A xenograft model was established to confirm the tumor-promoting effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 in vivo. Finally, ERK was inhibited using a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor (U0126) to further explore the molecular mechanism of GOF-mutant SHP2 affecting GBM cells. Results After transduction, the expression of SHP2 in the SHP2-mutant and SHP2-overexpression groups was higher than that observed in the control and normal groups. Our data indicated that GOF-mutant SHP2 enhanced the abilities of GBM cells for proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the ERK/CREB pathway was activated, and the levels of relevant proteins were increased in the SHP2-mutant group. Furthermore, following inhibition of ERK in the GOF-SHP2 mutant group, the activation of CREB was also depressed, and the malignant biological behaviors were weakened accordingly. Conclusion The GOF-mutant SHP2 promoted GBM cell proliferation, metastasis, and tumor growth through the ERK/CREB pathway, providing a promising target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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