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Nadai M, Doria F, Frasson I, Perrone R, Pirota V, Bergamaschi G, Freccero M, Richter SN. Naphthalene Diimide-Tetraazacycloalkane Conjugates Are G-Quadruplex-Based HIV-1 Inhibitors with a Dual Mode of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:489-499. [PMID: 38175706 PMCID: PMC10862543 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) therapeutic regimens consist of three or more drugs targeting different steps of the viral life cycle to limit the emergence of viral resistance. In line with the multitargeting strategy, here we conjugated a naphthalene diimide (NDI) moiety with a tetraazacycloalkane to obtain novel naphthalene diimide (NDI)-tetraazacycloalkane conjugates. The NDI inhibits the HIV-1 promoter activity by binding to LTR G-quadruplexes, and the tetraazacycloalkane mimics AMD3100, which blocks HIV entry into cells by interfering with the CXCR4 coreceptor. We synthesized, purified, and tested the metal-free NDI-tetraazacycloalkane conjugate and the two derived metal-organic complexes (MOCs) that incorporate Cu2+ and Zn2+. The NDI-MOCs showed enhanced binding to LTR G4s as assessed by FRET and CD assays in vitro. They also showed enhanced activity in cells where they dose-dependently reduced LTR promoter activity and inhibited viral entry only of the HIV-1 strain that exploited the CXCR4 coreceptor. The time of addition assay confirmed the dual targeting at the different HIV-1 steps. Our results indicate that the NDI-MOC conjugates can simultaneously inhibit viral entry, by targeting the CXCR4 coreceptor, and LTR promoter activity, by stabilizing the LTR G-quadruplexes. The approach of combining multiple targets in a single compound may streamline treatment regimens and improve the overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadai
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Frasson
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosalba Perrone
- Buck
Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Valentina Pirota
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- National
Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
“Giulio Natta” (SCITEC–CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara N. Richter
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
- Microbiology
and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Shi D, Xu S, Ding D, Tang K, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Wang S, Liu X, Zhan P. Advances in drug structure-activity-relationships for the development of selenium-based compounds against HIV. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:139-146. [PMID: 37988053 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2284830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selenium possesses numerous advantageous properties in the field of medicine, and a variety of selenium-containing compounds have been documented to exhibit anti-HIV activity. This paper aims to categorize these compounds and conduct SAR analysis to offer guidance for drug design and optimization. AREAS COVERED The authors present a comprehensive review of the reported SAR analysis conducted on selenium-based compounds against HIV, accompanied by a concise discussion regarding the pivotal role of selenium in drug development. EXPERT OPINION In addition to the conventional bioisosterism strategy, advanced strategies such as covalent inhibition, fragment-based growth and drug repositioning can also be incorporated into research on selenium-containing anti-HIV drugs. Ebselen, which acts as an HIV capsid inhibitor, serves as a valuable probe compound for the discovery of novel HIV integrase inhibitors. Furthermore, it is crucial not to underestimate the potential toxicity associated with organic selenium compounds despite no reported instances of severe toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhou Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Robello M, Nikolayevskiy H, Scerba MT, Nahui Palomino RA, Mercurio V, Appella DH. Prodrug Strategy Extends the Use of Anti-HIV Sulfanylbenzamides for Application In Vivo. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:259-273. [PMID: 38250006 PMCID: PMC10795369 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfanylbenzamide thioesters are molecules with anti-HIV activity that disrupt zinc coordination in the viral protein NCp7. These molecules are useful as topical microbicides; however, they are too unstable to be used systemically. In this article, a nitroimidazole prodrug was used to protect the sulfanylbenzamide to convey blood stability and oral bioavailability to the molecule. Studies on the molecule called nipamovir were performed to assess the rate of prodrug cleavage, antiviral activity, mechanism of metabolism, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in several different species. An efficient and inexpensive synthesis of nipamovir is also described. The results indicate that nipamovir could be further developed as a new type of drug to treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Robello
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rogers Alberto Nahui Palomino
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Vincenzo Mercurio
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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