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Bendi A, Taruna, Rajni, Kataria S, Singh L, Kennedy JF, Supuran CT, Raghav N. Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400073. [PMID: 38683875 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Bendi
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Taruna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Kataria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Lakhwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Neutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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2
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Althobaiti I, Alserhani MSM, Arafa WAA, Ghoneim AA, Hussein MF, Ibrahim HM, Mourad AK. Efficient Protocol for Novel Hybrid Pyrimidines Synthesis: Antiproliferative Activity, DFT Analyses, and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47239-47253. [PMID: 38107937 PMCID: PMC10720285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, microwave/ultrasound-irradiated synthesis of novel chromenopyrimidines has been established. 2-Amino-5-oxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile (1) underwent cyclization reactions with various assorted reagents under sustainable conditions to afford a family of fused pyrimidine derivatives. The proposed structures of the designed fused pyrimidines were confirmed by several spectral techniques. Moreover, the targeted pyrimidines were estimated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities toward three carcinoma cell lines: breast (MCF7), hepatocyte (HepG2), and lung (A549) cancer cell lines, as well as one noncancerous cell line (MCF-10A). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses revealed that derivatives 3 and 7 exhibited the highest potency in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells tested in vitro. Particularly, 3-amino-4-imino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-3,4,5,7,8,9-hexahydro-6H-chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-one (3) displayed a robust impact with IC50 values ranging from 2.02 to 1.61 μM. Interestingly, compound 3 was observed to have low cytotoxicity toward noncancerous cell (MCF-10A) compared to the standard drug (Doxorubicin). Further, quantum chemical computations of the designed molecules utilizing density functional theory (DFT) were conducted and shown to be compatible with the observed antiproliferative properties. Thorough docking investigations revealed that the assembled compounds possess exceptionally low binding energies toward our three selected proteins: 4b3z-Lung, HepG2-2JW2, and 6ENV-MCV-7. Based on these intriguing results, compound 3 could be further evaluated for preclinical screening, potentially paving the way for its utilization as a promising cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim
O. Althobaiti
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Gurayat 77217, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wael A. A. Arafa
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, P.O. Box 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Amira A. Ghoneim
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig
University, Zagazig 7120001, Egypt
| | - Modather F. Hussein
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar
University, Asyut 71524, Egypt
| | - Hamada Mohamed Ibrahim
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, P.O. Box 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K. Mourad
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, P.O. Box 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
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3
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Chinchilli KK, Akunuri R, Ghouse SM, Soujanya D, Angeli A, Parupalli R, Arifuddin M, Yaddanapudi VM, Supuran CT, Nanduri S. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity studies of new rhodanine derivatives as carbonic anhydrase II, IX inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300205. [PMID: 37391391 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhodanine and its derivatives are an important class of heterocycles with diverse biological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-mycobacterial activities. In the present work, four series of new Rhodanine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX, and XII isoforms. Interestingly, the tested compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity against the cytosolic isoform human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) II and tumor-associated hCA IX. While the Rhodanine-benzylidene derivatives (3a-l) and Rhodanine-hydrazine derivatives (6a-e) are found to be selective against hCA II, the Rhodanine-N-carboxylate derivatives (8a-d) are found to be highly selective toward hCA IX. The Rhodanine-linked isoxazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives (8ba, 8da, and 8db) exhibited inhibitory activity against hCA II and hCA IX. Among the tested compounds, 3b, 3j, 6d, and 8db were found to inhibit hCA II with Ki values of 9.8, 46.4, 7.7, and 4.7 µM, respectively. Furthermore, their mechanism of action is supported by molecular docking studies. Notably, the synthesized Rhodanine derivatives belong to a nonsulfonamide class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kartheek Chinchilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Devandla Soujanya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Dept. Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Ramulu Parupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohammed Arifuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Directorate of Distance Education, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Venkata Madhavi Yaddanapudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Dept. Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sesto Fiorentino, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, India
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Aboukhatwa SM, Sidhom PA, Angeli A, Supuran CT, Tawfik HO. Terminators or Guardians? Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity Profiling of Chalcone-Sulfonamide Hybrids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7666-7683. [PMID: 36872984 PMCID: PMC9979347 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With a "less is more" philosophy, a series of 15 chalcone-sulfonamide hybrids were designed anticipating synergistic anticancer activity. The aromatic sulfonamide moiety was included as a known direct inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase IX activity through its zinc chelating property. The chalcone moiety was incorporated as an electrophilic stressor to indirectly inhibit carbonic anhydrase IX cellular activity. Screening by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute, NCI-60, revealed that 12 derivatives were potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth in multiple cell lines and were promoted to the five-dose screen. The cancer cell growth inhibition profile indicated sub- to two-digit micromolar potency (GI50 down to 0.3 μM and LC50 as low as 4 μM) against colorectal carcinoma cells, in particular. Unexpectedly, most compounds demonstrated low to moderate potency as direct inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase catalytic activity in vitro, with 4d being the most potent, having an average Ki value of 4 μM. Compound 4j showed ca. six-fold selectivity to carbonic anhydrase IX over the other tested isoforms in vitro. Cytotoxicity of both 4d and 4j in live HCT116, U251, and LOX IMVI cells under hypoxic conditions confirmed their targeting of carbonic anhydrase activity. Elevation of oxidative cellular stress was stipulated from the increase in Nrf2 and ROS levels in 4j-treated colorectal carcinoma, HCT116, cells compared to the control. Compound 4j arrested the cell cycle of HCT116 cells at the G1/S phase. In addition, both 4d and 4j showed up to 50-fold cancer cell selectivity compared to the non-cancerous HEK293T cells. Accordingly, this study presents 4d and 4j being new, synthetically accessible, simplistically designed derivatives as potential candidates to be further developed as anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M. Aboukhatwa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Peter A. Sidhom
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department
of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department
of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Haytham O. Tawfik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Bashir B, Riaz N, Ejaz SA, Saleem M, Iqbal A, Mahmood HMK, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Bhattarai K. Parsing p-Tolyloxy-1,3,4-oxadiazolepropanamides as 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Prop up by In Vitro and In Silico Profiling Including Structure Determination. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rafiq K, Ur Rehman N, Halim SA, Khan M, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Novel 3-Phenyl-β-Alanine-Based Oxadiazole Analogues as Potent Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030816. [PMID: 35164091 PMCID: PMC8838037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) is strongly related with gastric, glaucoma, tumors, malignant brain, renal and pancreatic carcinomas and is mainly involved in the regulation of the bicarbonate concentration in the eyes. With an aim to develop novel heterocyclic hybrids as potent enzyme inhibitors, we synthesized a series of twelve novel 3-phenyl-β-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids (4a-l), characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR with the support of HRESIMS, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against CA-II. The CA-II inhibition results clearly indicated that the 3-phenyl-β-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-l exhibited selective inhibition against CA-II. All the compounds (except 4d) exhibited good to moderate CA-II inhibitory activities with IC50 value in range of 12.1 to 53.6 µM. Among all the compounds, 4a (12.1 ± 0.86 µM), 4c (13.8 ± 0.64 µM), 4b (19.1 ± 0.88 µM) and 4h (20.7 ± 1.13 µM) are the most active hybrids against carbonic CA-II. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to understand the putative binding mode of the active compounds. The docking results indicates that these compounds block the biological activity of CA-II by nicely fitting at the entrance of the active site of CA-II. These compounds specifically mediating hydrogen bonding with Thr199, Thr200, Gln92 of CA-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Rafiq
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +968-2544-6328 (A.A.-H.); Fax: +968-2544-6612 (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Majid Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (K.R.); (S.A.H.); (M.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.); Tel.: +968-2544-6328 (A.A.-H.); Fax: +968-2544-6612 (A.A.-H.)
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