Photodynamic activity and photoantimicrobial chemotherapy studies of ferrocene-substituted 2-thiobarbituric acid

Photodynamic activity of novel cationic porphyrins conjugated to graphene quantum dots against Staphylococcus aureus

Novel 5-(pyridyl)-10-15-20-tris(4-bromophenyl) porphyrin (complex 1), indium metal derivative (complex 2), and quaternized derivative (complex 3) were synthesized and conjugated to graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The conjugation of the porphyrins to GQDs was through [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] stacking. Herein, the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] stacking approach was used to avoid covalent conjugation which might compromise the intrinsic chemical and physical properties. The photodynamic activities of the proposed nanomaterials were assessed towards Staphylococcus aureus cell obliteration. The photophysical properties of the prepared complexes were also studied prior to the application. Moreover, a decrease in fluorescence lifetimes was observed upon metalation of complex 1. As anticipated, singlet oxygen quantum yield ([Formula: see text] increased notably upon heavy metal (indium) insertion and upon composite formation. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy comparative studies were done on quaternized and unquaternized indium porphyrins conjugated to GQDs. Complex 3-GQDs exhibited the highest antibacterial activities compared to other complexes, and this was attributed to the high [Formula: see text] which plays an imperative role in photodynamic therapy applications.