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Guan Q, Gao Z, Chen Y, Guo C, Chen Y, Sun H. Structural modification strategies of triazoles in anticancer drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116578. [PMID: 38889607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The triazole functional group plays a pivotal role in the composition of biomolecules with potent anticancer activities, including numerous clinically approved drugs. The strategic utilization of the triazole fragment in the rational modification of lead compounds has demonstrated its ability to improve anticancer activities, enhance selectivity, optimize pharmacokinetic properties, and overcome resistance. There has been significant interest in triazole-containing hybrids in recent years due to their remarkable anticancer potential. However, previous reviews on triazoles in cancer treatment have failed to provide tailored design strategies specific to these compounds. Herein, we present an overview of design strategies encompassing a structure-modification approach for incorporating triazoles into hybrid molecules. This review offers valuable references and briefly introduces the synthesis of triazole derivatives, thereby paving the way for further research and advancements in the field of effective and targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Gao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Song JR, Wei YL, Jiang XH, Fang XY, Yang XR, Li DP. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of mogrol derivatives modified at C 24 site. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106005. [PMID: 38744383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mogrol, the aglycone of well-known sweeter mogrosides, shows potent anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, forty-two mogrol derivatives bearing various pharmacophores with oxygen or nitrogen atoms were designed and synthesized via structural modification at C24 site, and their anti-inflammatory activity were screened against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compared with mogrol, most of derivatives exhibited stronger inhibition of NO production without cytotoxicity. In particular, compound B5 that contained an indole motif effectively suppressed the secretion of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-6, and inhibited the expression levels of TLR4, p-p65 and iNOS proteins. Molecular docking showed that the active B5 interacted with amino acid residues of iNOS protein through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with binding affinity value of -12.1 kcal/mol, which was much stronger than mogrol (-8.9 kcal/mol). These results suggest that derivative B5 is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule and the strategy of hybridizing indole skeleton on mogrol is worthy for further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China.
| | - Yu-Lu Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Xue-Rong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Dian-Peng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Innovative Traditional Chinese, Zhuang and Yao Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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Bucknam AR, Micalizio GC. Progress Toward the Asymmetric de Novo Synthesis of Lanostanes: A Counter Biomimetic Cucurbitane-to-Lanostane Type Transformation. Tetrahedron 2023; 141:133498. [PMID: 37637188 PMCID: PMC10455037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative rearrangement has been established that enables a cucurbitane-to-lanostane type rearrangement that is counter to known biomimetic transformations that proceed in an opposite direction by way of a lanostane-to-cucurbitane transformation. Here, an oxidative dearomatization/Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement with a substrate bearing the characteristic cucurbitane triad of quaternary centers at C9, C13 and C14, and possessing an alkene at C11-C12, proceeds in a manner that selectively shifts the methyl group at C9 to C10 in concert with the establishment of a sterically hindered allylic cation. The major product isolated from this transformation is formed by trapping of the allylic cation by addition of acetate to C12, rather than termination of the cascade by loss of a proton at C8. While proceeding by way of a unique sequence of bond-forming reactions that begins by oxidative dearomatization, this process achieves what we believe is an unprecedented cucurbitane-to-lanostane transformation, generating a product that contains the characteristic lantostane triad of quaternary centers at C10, C13 and C14 while also delivering a functionalized C-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Bucknam
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
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Pharmacological Activities of Mogrol: Potential Phytochemical against Different Diseases. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020555. [PMID: 36836915 PMCID: PMC9959222 DOI: 10.3390/life13020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, mogrol has emerged as an important therapeutic candidate with multiple potential pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antidiabetes, and exerting a protective effect on different organs such as the lungs, bone, brain, and colon. Pharmacokinetic studies also highlighted the potential of mogrol as a therapeutic. Studies were also conducted to design and synthesize the analogs of mogrol to achieve better activities against different diseases. The literature also highlighted the possible molecular mechanism behind pharmacological activities, which suggested the role of several important targets, including AMPK, TNF-α, and NF-κB. These important mogrol targets were verified in different studies, indicating the possible role of mogrol in other associated diseases. Still, the compilation of pharmacological properties, possible molecular mechanisms, and important targets of the mogrol is missing in the literature. The current study not only provides the compilation of information regarding pharmacological activities but also highlights the current gaps and suggests the precise direction for the development of mogrol as a therapeutic against different diseases.
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Design and synthesis of mogrol derivatives modified on A ring with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 74:128924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bucknam AR, Micalizio GC. Asymmetric De Novo Synthesis of a Cucurbitane Triterpenoid: Total Synthesis of Octanorcucurbitacin B. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8493-8497. [PMID: 35533213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric de novo synthesis of a cucurbitane natural product, octanorcucurbitacin B, has been accomplished. Cucurbitanes are a family of structurally complex triterpenoids that characteristically contain three stereodefined quaternary centers at ring fusion carbons positioned about their tetracyclic skeletons (at positions 9, 13, and 14). Taking a diversion from the biosynthetic hypothesis for cucurbitane synthesis, the approach established here provides direct access to the cucurbitane skeleton without having to proceed by way of a lanostane. Using a simple chiral enyne as starting material, a sequence of annulative cross-coupling and intramolecular Heck reaction provides a stereodefined polyunsaturated tetracycle possessing the C9 and C13 quaternary centers. This intermediate was converted to octanorcucurbitacin B through a 12-step sequence that features hydroxy-directed Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, regioselective deconjugative alkylation, and allylic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Bucknam
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Glenn C Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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Akyildiz V, Lafzi F, Kilic H, Saracoglu N. Solvent-controlled regioselective C(5)-H/N(1)-H bond alkylations of indolines and C(6)-H bond alkylations of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines with para-quinone methides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3570-3588. [PMID: 35419578 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00035k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-promoted and -controlled regioselective bond alkylation reactions of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) with N-H free-indoline and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) under metal-free conditions have been developed. In the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as the solvent, 1,6-addition alkylation reactions of p-QMs with NH-free indolines and THQs efficiently gave C5-alkylated indolines and C6-alkylated THQs. Using catalytic amounts of HFIP in DCM, the reaction of indolines and p-QMs resulted in the alkylation of indolines at the N1-position. HFIP plays two roles in the reactions: converting the indoline and THQ into bidentate nucleophiles and activating the p-QMs to achieve the 1,6-addition alkylation via hydrogen bond clusters. The indoline and THQ act as a C-nucleophile due to the H-bond clusters between HFIP and the nitrogen atom, whereas upon using catalytic amounts of HFIP, the compounds act as an N-nucleophile. All alkylation products were transformed into the corresponding indoles and quinolines via oxidation in the presence of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD). Furthermore, the synthetic utilities have been showcased with both the removal of the tert-butyl groups from the C5-alkylated indole products and submission to their Suzuki coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Akyildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Ferruh Lafzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
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Li N, Song J, Li D. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Ester Derivatives of Mogrol through JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100742. [PMID: 34874105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In attempt to enhance the antiproliferative activity of mogrol, two series of ester derivatives modified at C3 -OH and C11 -OH were designed and synthesized. The activity against human cancer cells including A549, NCI-H460 and CNE1 was screened by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay. According to the results, modifications of the mogrol core through introduction of different ester scaffolds drastically improved the cytotoxicity, and some of the derivatives exhibited even higher activity than the positive drug. Among them, compound M2h exhibited nearly 4 times more cytotoxic than 5-Fu against CNE1 cells, derivative M6c showed ten times higher activity with the IC50 value of 10.59 μM than mogrol against NCI-H460 cells, and compound M6a which contained one 1,2,3-triazole motif showed the strongest activity with an three folds lower IC50 value than mogrol. Furthermore, the most potent compound M2h could lead to cell cycle arrest at G2 phase on CNE1 cell lines and M6a induced G1 phase arrest on A549 cell lines. It was noteworthy that both M2h and M6a regulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway through inhibiting phosphorylation of Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) and STAT3, and simultaneously increasing the protein level of downstream cyclin p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China.,Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jingru Song
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Dianpeng Li
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China.,Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guilin, 541006, China
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