1
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Singer R, Papadopoulos T. There Is no Universal Standard of Beauty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04266-w. [PMID: 39103640 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
This article discusses the various factors that contribute to facial beauty and the different contexts in which they are significant. The authors examine the roles of the golden ratio, ideal proportions, symmetry, and specific facial features in what constitutes an attractive face. They also investigate the influence of cultural and evolutionary perspectives on facial beauty and the impact of social media on our perception of beauty. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the topic and emphasises the significance of facial beauty and its impact on our lives. The authors acknowledge that the concept of beauty is difficult to define with absolute precision, and that the objective-subjective argument regarding facial beauty remains unsolved. However, they argue that physical attributes undoubtedly influence perceptions of attractiveness, but beauty extends beyond surface-level features. They also suggest that embracing diversity in beauty standards fosters a more inclusive society that celebrates the unique qualities of every person.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Singer
- Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery (Voluntary), The University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tim Papadopoulos
- Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia.
- Head of the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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2
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Jankowski GS, Kranz D, Razum J. Men's baldness stigma: A mixed methods international survey. J Health Psychol 2024:13591053241259730. [PMID: 39051827 DOI: 10.1177/13591053241259730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Men's baldness can be structurally stigmatized. For example, commercialized psychology research medicalizes it as a distressing "disease." A mixed-methods survey on baldness stigma among 357 balding men (49% from Central- and South- America, Africa, Asia) was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative responses were content analyzed into two approximate sets: those (1) impacted by baldness stigma versus (2) those resisting baldness stigma. (1) The former included about half who had internalized baldness stigma agreeing it was disadvantageous (44%) and reporting distress (39-45% e.g. "[I] dread the future"). Participants reported baldness was stigmatized structurally (68%; e.g. "[it's a] humiliating image") and were attempting to combat their baldness largely via "treatments" (57%). (2) The latter participant response set resisted baldness stigma by reporting minimal distress, and structural stigma whilst accepting baldness (33-61%). Psychosocial and evidence-based support is needed to help some men resist baldness stigmatization.
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3
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August KJ, Novak JR, Markey CH, Mason MB, Peak T, Gast J. A dyadic analysis of anti-fat attitudes and partners' diet-related influence among gay married men. Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38419401 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2322069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The focus on physical appearance among gay men has potential implications for anti-fat attitudes, including those directed toward romantic partners. Partners often influence each other's behaviors including those linked to weight, but most research has examined the consequences of these influence strategies versus their antecedents. To address this research gap, we examined how men's own and their partners' anti-fat attitudes were related to both health-promoting (control) and health-compromising (undermining) types of diet-related influence and whether these associations differed by weight status. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyzing data from a cross-sectional online survey of 450 U.S. adult gay married men (225 couples), Actor-Partner Interdependence Models revealed that individuals' own anti-fat attitudes (all types) were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal control and undermining. Additionally, partner's fears about gaining weight were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal control and dislike of higher weight people and fear of gaining weight (among those of higher weight status) were positively associated with more frequent receipt of spousal undermining. CONCLUSION Our findings add to the literature on diet-related interactions among gay married men, highlight the value of examining these processes dyadically, and suggest the importance of including both members of couples in health promotion and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J August
- Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences and Graduate Program in Prevention Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Josh R Novak
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Charlotte H Markey
- Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences and Graduate Program in Prevention Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Megan B Mason
- Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences and Graduate Program in Prevention Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Terry Peak
- Departments of Social Work and Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Julie Gast
- Departments of Social Work and Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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4
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Lee M. Validation and measurement invariance of a Korean version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in cisgender sexual minorities and heterosexual adults. Body Image 2023; 47:101625. [PMID: 37713742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) has been validated in various languages across samples with different characteristics. However, its validation and invariance based on sexual orientation in Korean samples have yet to be examined. The current study validated the psychometric properties of the BAS-2 in Korean sexual minorities, and examined measurement invariance between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals and between sexual minority cisgender women and men. Responses from 449 sexual minority and 400 heterosexual individuals were analyzed. In the sexual minority sample, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the scale's unidimensional structure, exhibiting strong factorial validity; further, a correlation analysis revealed positive correlations with body satisfaction, positive sexual minority identity, life satisfaction, and self-esteem, supporting the convergent and criterion-related validity. A hierarchical regression analysis confirmed the incremental validity of the BAS-2 on life satisfaction and self-esteem. The BAS-2 was invariant across women and men at the scalar level in the sexual minority sample, and across sexual minorities and heterosexuals at the partial scalar level in the total sample. Latent mean comparisons indicated no significant differences in BAS-2 scores between sexual minority women and men, while sexual minorities scored significantly lower than heterosexuals. The multiple-indicators multiple-causes model provided evidence of differential item functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, South Korea.
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5
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Paquette MM, Bőthe B, Dion J, Girouard A, Bergeron S. Can I Love My Body Even if It Doesn't Look Like the Porn Stars'? Longitudinal Associations Between Pornography Use Frequency and Body Appreciation in a Diverse Sample of Adolescents. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3471-3489. [PMID: 37644359 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Online technologies could play an important role in the sexual development of adolescents as they watch more pornography than before. Pornography may relate to adolescents' perceptions of their bodies, especially among those identifying as a sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) as they have an increased risk of body image concerns compared to their heterosexual, cisgender (HC) peers. The present study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations over 3 years between adolescents' pornography use frequency and body appreciation, considering potential gender and sexual orientation-based differences. Results from linear univariate and parallel processes latent growth curve models with a multi-group approach among 2904 adolescents (MageT1 = 14.5 years, SD = 0.61; 51.4% girls, 16.3% sexual minority) demonstrated that HC and SGM girls' body appreciation slightly decreased over time. Moreover, HC boys, HC girls and SGM girls' pornography use frequency slightly increased over time. Cross-sectionally, greater pornography use frequency was associated with lower levels of body appreciation in HC girls and SGM boys, with a small effect size. However, longitudinally, pornography use frequency and body appreciation were not related to each other in either group. Our findings support that pornography use, in the short term, is negatively associated with adolescents' body appreciation, although these associations might not hold in the long term. Adolescents may be more critical of body ideals represented in pornography as they learn to think with more discernment about the pornographic depictions of bodies and sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Michèle Paquette
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Alice Girouard
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sophie Bergeron
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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6
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Shepherd BF, Denning DM, Elbe CI, Maki JL, Brochu PM. Status, sexual capital, and intraminority body stigma in a size-diverse sample of gay men. Body Image 2023; 45:219-228. [PMID: 36963337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to experience social pressure based on body weight, shape, and muscularity, which may drive disparities in body image concerns and eating disorders. Utilizing a sample of 1723 gay men living in the United States, the present study examined whether sociodemographic factors (used as proxies for status and sexual capital) and frequency of attending gay-specific establishments or gatherings (community involvement) were associated with gay men's experiences of negative or discriminatory pressures based on body size and shape specifically from other gay men (intraminority body stigma). Experiences of intraminority body stigma were significantly more common among gay men who identified as higher-weight (r = 0.28), less masculine (r = -0.21), less wealthy (r = -0.21), younger (r = -0.21), or people of color (ds = 0.25-0.28). Furthermore, indicators of low status and sexual capital were indirectly associated with less frequent community involvement via more frequent experiences of intraminority body stigma. In addition to frequency, the valence of interactions between gay men should be considered when assessing body image and eating disorder risk in this population. Future research is encouraged to examine intraminority body stigma as an intersectional source of intraminority stress to inform prevention and treatment efforts for gay men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Shepherd
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States.
| | - Dominic M Denning
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States
| | - Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, United States
| | - Justin L Maki
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States
| | - Paula M Brochu
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States
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7
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Nowicki GP, Marchwinski BR, O'Flynn JL, Griffths S, Rodgers RF. Body image and associated factors among sexual minority men: A systematic review. Body Image 2022; 43:154-169. [PMID: 36150358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that the risk of body image concerns among sexual minority men is high. Recent work has increasingly examined body image in relation to psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral constructs, but these findings have yet to be consolidated and critically examined to identify potential risk and protective factors. The present study sought to systematically review and synthesize published findings on body image among sexual minority men. A total of 136 articles published between January 2011 and March 2022 were included. Sexual minority men were generally reported to have more negative body image compared to heterosexual men, yet findings varied across body image constructs. In correlational work, body image was often examined in relation to disordered eating, mental health, internalization of appearance ideals, objectification, sexual behavior and relationships, gay community identification and discrimination, and health concerns (e.g., HIV, AIDS). Robust relationships emerged among body image and stigma variables, including internalized homophobia and harassment related to LGBTQ+ presentation and intersecting minority identities. Sociocultural, objectification, and minority stress theories were employed to interpret findings and to delineate future directions grounded in intersectional approaches. Additional work focused on the role of stigma and discrimination in the development of these concerns across the lifespan is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA
| | - Breana R Marchwinski
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer L O'Flynn
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Griffths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, Montpellier, France
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8
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Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents and sexuality-related correlates. Body Image 2022; 43:193-204. [PMID: 36154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction has received considerable scientific attention, while research about positive body image has been neglected, particularly among adolescents. The aims of the present study were to examine (1) the factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a large sample of cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents, (2) measurement invariance across language, gender and sexual orientation-based groups, (3) convergent validity with sexuality-related outcomes and (4) one-year temporal stability. Results of a confirmatory analysis among 2419 adolescents (Mage=14.6 years, SD=0.62; 52.6% girls) corroborated the proposed one-dimensional factor structure of the scale. The BAS-2 demonstrated adequate reliability and one-year temporal stability. The scale was partially invariant across gender and fully invariant across language and cisgender heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents. Boys (cis and trans) had higher levels of body appreciation than girls (cis and trans), while no significant differences were observed between heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents. The BAS-2 correlated positively with sexual satisfaction and sexual body-esteem as well as negatively with sexual distress. Our findings support the validity and reliability of the BAS-2 in French and English for measuring body appreciation in adolescents.
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9
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Fogarty SM, Walker DC. Twinks, Jocks, and Bears, Oh My! Differing subcultural appearance identifications among gay men and their associated eating disorder psychopathology. Body Image 2022; 42:126-135. [PMID: 35700650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gay men have increased risk of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating compared to heterosexual men, and it is unclear what differentiates their risk for thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating psychopathology. Differing subcultural appearance identifications (SAIs) among gay men are one potential factor that may relate to varied eating psychopathology, but this has not been studied. We examined gay men's SAIs: twinks, jocks, and bears; any "other" self-identified SAI; or no SAI, as well as the relationship between men's SAIs and traditional eating psychopathology and unhealthy dieting (both facets of thinness-oriented psychopathology), and muscularity-oriented psychopathology using univariate ANOVAs controlling for participant age. 264 U.S. gay-identified participants self-reported sexual orientation, SAIs, and eating psychopathology. Self-identified twinks did not report higher traditional eating psychopathology or unhealthy dieting than other SAIs or those without a SAI, as hypothesized. Self-identified twinks, jocks, and bears all reported greater muscularity-oriented eating pathology than those without a SAI. Self-identified jocks also reported higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating than those with an "other" self-identified SAI and bears. Thus, having a SAI may increase risk for disordered eating; specifically, identifying as a twink, jock or bear may confer greater risk for muscularity-oriented eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Fogarty
- Department of Psychology, Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - D Catherine Walker
- Department of Psychology, Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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10
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Zucchelli F, Sharratt N, Montgomery K, Chambers J. Men’s experiences of alopecia areata: A qualitative study. Health Psychol Open 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20551029221121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) affects men at similar rates to women, yet comparatively little is known about men’s experience of the condition. We interviewed a demographically diverse group of 18 men with AA to explore this gap. From qualitative thematic analysis, participants’ accounts described a profound yet often-minimised impact of AA on their lives, in the context of poor public awareness and misguided assumptions about AA in men. Conversely, this adversity appeared to facilitate personal growth for many. These findings can help health professionals better understand men’s gendered experience of AA, which we discuss through the lens of masculinities theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zucchelli
- The Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Nick Sharratt
- The Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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11
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Frederick DA, Reynolds TA, Barrera CA, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of face image satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:1-16. [PMID: 35228101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial literature surrounding how people process and perceive faces, there is very little research investigating how people evaluate their own faces. We examined how gender, body mass, race, age, and sexual orientation were linked to people's satisfaction with the appearance of their eyes, nose, facial shape, and face overall among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Most people mostly or definitely agreed they were happy with their facial appearance. There were notable racial differences, with Asian participants tending to report greater dissatisfaction. For example, only 66% of Asian women and 60% of Asian men mostly or definitely agreed that they were happy with the appearance of their eyes, which was lower than other racial groups. BMI and age were not strongly associated with face satisfaction. Sexual minority men were less satisfied than heterosexual men. About one in four gay and bisexual men, compared to only one in seven heterosexual men, reported dissatisfaction with their overall facial appearance. Men and women with poorer face image engaged in more appearance surveillance, more strongly internalized the thin-ideal, and perceived stronger sociocultural pressures from peers, parents, and media. The current study highlights important sociocultural and demographic factors tied to poorer face image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Carlos A Barrera
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Austen E, Griffiths S. Weight stigma predicts reduced psychological wellbeing and weight gain among sexual minority men: A 12-month longitudinal cohort study using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. Body Image 2022; 40:19-29. [PMID: 34800860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Weight stigma among sexual minority men predicts negative health outcomes; however, existing research is cross-sectional. Therefore, we longitudinally examined the presence, strength, and direction of relationships between weight stigma and health outcomes in a multi-national cohort of 2953 sexual minority men (Mage = 37.70, SDage = 13.70). Participants reported their Body Mass Index (BMI), experiences of weight discrimination, internalized weight bias, and psychological quality of life at three time-points over 12 months (~August 2019-20). Analyses revealed feedback loops of internalized weight bias with BMI and psychological quality of life: over time, increases in internalized weight bias were associated with small BMI increases (β = 0.07) and small decreases in psychological quality of life (β = 0.12). Reciprocally, increases in BMI and decreases in psychological quality of life were associated with increases in internalized weight bias (βs = 0.18). Experiences of weight discrimination were not longitudinally predictive and were associated with higher BMI (β = 0.29), greater internalized weight bias (β = 0.29), and lower psychological quality of life (β = 0.26) between-persons/cross-sectionally only. Weight stigma is longitudinally and reciprocally associated with reduced psychological wellbeing and weight gain among sexual minority men. Internalized weight bias is a particularly promising intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Paquette MM, Dion J, Bőthe B, Girouard A, Bergeron S. Heterosexual, Cisgender and Gender and Sexually Diverse Adolescents’ Sexting Behaviors: The Role of Body Appreciation. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:278-290. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Retouchée au Féminin: The Gendered Nature of the French Law Mandating Labeling of Digitally Modified Images. LAWS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/laws10030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of advertisements contain thin-ideal imagery that have been digitally modified. A robust body of research has suggested that exposure to these retouched images has negative effects on body image and increases eating disorder risk. Furthermore, these concerns are known to be highly gendered both in nature and in their extent, with women revealing higher levels of concerns predominantly related to thinness. Although not supported as a useful approach by empirical data, in 2017, France introduced a law requiring advertisers to label images featuring models whose weight and/or shape have been altered. These images must bear the label “photographie retouchée”, or “retouched image”. However, this legislation has been difficult to enforce, as unlike other French legislation related to labeling advertising, its lack of specificity makes it difficult to identify violations. Paradoxically, given its intentions, where applied, uses of the label disproportionately focus on women’s bodies in the media, as compared to men’s bodies. These findings highlight the need for legislation that is enforceable and supported by the allocation of sufficient resources. In addition, findings highlight the importance of grounding legislation and policy in the extant relevant data and involving strategic stakeholders in its creation.
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15
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Abstract
Male baldness is physically benign though it is increasingly described as a “disease” based on claims that it is profoundly distressing. The medicalization of baldness was assessed using data extracted from a review of 37 male baldness psychosocial impact studies. Findings revealed most studies likely had commercial influences (78%), represented baldness as a disease (77%), were conducted on biased samples (68%), and advocated for baldness products/services (60%), omitting their limitations (68%). Health psychologists should challenge baldness medicalization so that men can make informed choices about what, if anything, they do with their baldness.
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16
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Carnaghi A, Rusconi P, Bianchi M, Fasoli F, Coladonato R, Hegarty P. No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220987606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical traits, while heterosexual men were not stereotyped in terms of age. In Study 3, elderly men were stereotyped more by heterosexual than gay-stereotypical traits, while young men were not stereotyped in terms of sexual orientation. In Study 4, gay men were judged to be young rather than elderly, while elderly men were judged to be heterosexual rather than gay. Overall, elderly gay men were overlooked when processing their constituent categories, “gay” and “elderly” men. Implications for models of intersectionality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Bianchi
- University Lusòfona, Portugal
- ISCTE-Lisbon University Insitute, Portugal
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17
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Convertino AD, Brady JP, Albright CA, Gonzales M, Blashill AJ. The role of sexual minority stress and community involvement on disordered eating, dysmorphic concerns and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse. Body Image 2021; 36:53-63. [PMID: 33232935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has established that sexual minority (SM) individuals are more likely to experience disordered body image behaviors and concerns than heterosexual individuals. This increased risk may be explained by minority stress theory - that SM individuals are subject to SM-specific stressors, leading to health disparities - but this has not yet been fully examined. Furthermore, this theory states that SM community involvement may mitigate negative outcomes. The current study examines whether minority stress is associated with screening positive for an eating disorder, screening positive for body dysmorphic disorder, and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse in a sample of SM individuals (483 women and 479 men) in the US. This study also examines whether the effect of minority stress is moderated by SM community involvement. Logistic regressions were conducted for each type of minority stress (internalized homophobia, sexual orientation concealment, and heterosexist discrimination) interacting with community involvement. After correction for multiple comparisons, all minority stressors and community involvement were positively associated with increased odds of disordered body image behaviors and concerns, with no evidence of a buffering effect for community involvement. The lack of a buffering effect is contrary to minority stress theory and may inform future prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - John P Brady
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Christopher A Albright
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, College of Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
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18
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Abstract
Body functionality describes everything that the body is able to do, across diverse domains (e.g., bodily senses, creative endeavours). Nearly a decade ago, leading scholars identified research on body functionality as a priority for the body image field. The field has responded, as shown by the recent rise of body functionality research. We considered this an opportune time to (a) define body functionality (what it is and is not); (b) present theoretical frameworks of body functionality; (c) articulate first-generation and current measures relating to body functionality; (d) offer functionality-focused body image interventions that can improve appreciation for one's body functionality (and body image more broadly); (e) summarise additional areas of research related to body functionality and positive body image; and (f) provide considerations and directions for future research and interventions incorporating body functionality. Research has underscored body functionality as a valuable construct with respect to positive body image and well-being, particularly when individuals appreciate what their bodies can do and conceptualise their body functionality holistically. Yet, the experience of body functionality is nuanced across social identities. Overall, the field has greatly advanced knowledge about body functionality, and we are excited to see the next generation of research that emerges.
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19
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Austen E, Greenaway KH, Griffiths S. Differences in weight stigma between gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men. Body Image 2020; 35:30-40. [PMID: 32829093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gay and bisexual men may experience more weight stigma than heterosexual men; however, research is limited. We examined differences in experienced weight discrimination, weight bias, and internalized weight bias in two studies: the first comprising gay (n = 351), bisexual (n = 357), and heterosexual (n = 408) men, and the second comprising gay (n = 614) and bisexual (n = 123) men. In Study 1, bisexual men reported experiencing more weight discrimination than gay (r = .07) and heterosexual (r = .08) men. Bisexual (Glass' Δ = 0.41) and gay (Δ = 0.37) men reported greater internalized weight bias than heterosexual men. Heterosexual men reported more weight bias than gay (Cohen's d = 0.35) and bisexual (d = 0.46) men. In Study 2, gay men reported more internalized weight bias than bisexual men (d = 0.26). Sexual orientation did not moderate the relationships of weight stigma with either body dissatisfaction or psychological quality of life. Among gay and bisexual men, experiencing weight discrimination predicted diminished psychological quality of life through internalized weight bias and body dissatisfaction. Our research emphasizes the importance of assessing weight stigma among sexual minorities and suggests bisexual men might be particularly vulnerable to weight stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Katharine H Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Foster-Gimbel O, Doyle DM, Engeln R. The Gay Community Involvement Index: An Exploratory Factor Analysis and Initial Validation of a New Measure of Gay Community Involvement. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:233-247. [PMID: 30390193 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article details initial measure development, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary validation of the Gay Community Involvement Index (GCII) across two studies. Previous research on gay community involvement has relied on measures that do not distinguish between distinct ways in which men may be involved in the gay community (e.g., going to bars and clubs vs. advocating for political issues). The GCII is a new multidimensional measure of the type and intensity of participation in a variety of activities within the gay community. Exploratory factor analysis suggested four subscales: Community Activities, Nightlife, Media, and Political Activism. We report strong evidence for internal consistency within subscale scores, as well as both convergent and discriminant validity for subscale scores. This measure may help those researching gay men's health and well-being better understand the impact of different types of community involvement on health and psychosocial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Foster-Gimbel
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- New York University Stern School of Business, 44 West 4th Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
| | | | - Renee Engeln
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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21
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Stereotypes of physical attractiveness and social influences: The heritage and vision of Dr. Thomas Cash. Body Image 2019; 31:273-279. [PMID: 30713132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Thomas Cash conducted seminal work on the beliefs and stereotypes related to attractiveness as well as their impact, and their transmission through cultural and interpersonal processes. This initial work has inspired and given rise to an important body of research significantly increasing our understanding of these processes. Here we review the initial contributions and research directions set up by Dr. Cash, as well as the main findings of the research that has built on his foundations. Specifically, we review findings related to the existence of attractiveness stereotypes and appearance ideals, research examining the social and interpersonal impacts of such stereotypes, and finally the sociocultural transmission of these beliefs. Future directions related to the extension of our understanding to appearance characteristics beyond shape and weight, as well as increased focus on minority identities and their intersection, are proposed.
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22
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Shenkman G, Toussia-Cohen Y. Physical Self-Concept and its Association with Depressive Symptoms among Gay Men and Lesbian Women and their Heterosexual Counterparts. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Persson S, Grogan S, Dhingra K, Benn Y. "I don't mind being ugly but I don't wanna have skin cancer": A qualitative study of attitudes to UV exposure and a facial morphing intervention in men 35 years and older. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1486-1503. [PMID: 31179747 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1622014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Skin cancer is a growing problem globally. Older men have been largely ignored in previous research, even though men may generally be prone to riskier exposure to the sun than women. Past research suggests that appearance-focused techniques such as facial morphing can increase motivations to use sun protection among women of all ages, and younger men.Design: was qualitative, consisting of individual interviews.Methods: were semi-structured interviews with 25 older men, to examine attitudes to UV exposure and reactions to a facial morphing intervention. Interviews were subjected to thematic analysis.Results: Three themes were constructed: masculine UV exposure; appearance that's accepted; personal responsibility. The men did not identify gaps in their sun protection behaviour and demonstrated a lack of concern about ageing and appearance. These attitudes translated into a lack of motivation for behaviour change due to ageing acceptance. However, motivation to change behaviour came from health concerns resulting from the intervention.Conclusions: The men experienced different motivations and barriers for sun protection use than women of similar ages. Facial morphing can be effective with older men but may need to be reframed to focus on health implications and personal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Persson
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Grogan
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Dhingra
- School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Benn
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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24
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Arduini T, Iorio D, Patacchini E. Weight, reference points, and the onset of eating disorders. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2019; 65:170-188. [PMID: 31030114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate whether the development of eating disorders, in the form of purging, is influenced by peers' body size through interpersonal comparisons. Using detailed information on recent cohorts of U.S. teenagers, we document a sizeable and significant negative effect of high school peers' body mass index (BMI) on purging behavior during the adolescence for females, but not for males. Interpersonal comparisons operate through the formation of a distorted self-perception: teenage girls with relatively thin female peers perceive themselves as heavier than they actually are. The girls who are more susceptible to peer influences are those having peers who are thinner, more popular, more (verbally) able, and with more educated parents.
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25
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Alleva JM, Paraskeva N, Craddock N, Diedrichs PC. Body appreciation in British men: Correlates and variation across sexual orientation. Body Image 2018; 27:169-178. [PMID: 30292836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of positive body image among men and across various social identities are lacking, and could contribute to a more complete understanding of the construct, including how positive body image can be improved. This study addressed this gap by investigating correlates of body appreciation - a key facet of positive body image - in men, and testing whether levels of body appreciation vary across sexual orientation. Data from a British community sample of 439 men (Mage = 39.13) showed that body appreciation inversely correlated with conformity to masculine norms and upward appearance-based social comparisons, and positively correlated with physical activity. Body appreciation was lower among sexual minority compared to heterosexual men, and athletic appearance-ideal internalisation and upward appearance-based social comparisons mediated this relationship. Replicating prior research among men, body appreciation positively correlated with body satisfaction, and inversely correlated with perceived appearance pressures from media and eating pathology. These findings have implications for interventions addressing body image among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicole Paraskeva
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Craddock
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa C Diedrichs
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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26
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Clarke V, Braun V. How can a heterosexual man remove his body hair and retain his masculinity? Mapping stories of male body hair depilation. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2018.1536388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Clarke
- University of the West of England, Department of Health and Social Sciences, Bristol, UK
| | - Virginia Braun
- The University of Auckland, School of Psychology, Āotearoa/New Zealand
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27
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Marmara J, Hosking W, Lyons A. Body Image Disturbances as Predictors of Reduced Mental Health Among Australian Gay Men: Being in a Relationship Does Not Serve as a Protective Factor. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:2467-2479. [PMID: 29926264 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have demonstrated associations between gay men's body image disturbances and poorer mental health. However, little research has considered whether relationship status, or sexual agreements within relationships, moderates these associations. The present study was designed to address this gap. Results from a survey involving 796 Australian gay men between the ages of 18-39 showed that various measures of body image disturbance significantly and independently predicted satisfaction with life, self-esteem, positive well-being, and psychological distress. However, neither relationship status nor sexual agreement type (monogamous vs. non-monogamous) moderated these associations. These findings suggest that, although gay men may experience appearance-related pressure in order to attract sexual or relationship partners, simply being in a relationship does not reduce the detrimental associations of body image disturbance with mental health. Future research could examine specific aspects of relationship quality and dynamics that may serve as risk or protective factors in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Marmara
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Warwick Hosking
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anthony Lyons
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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28
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Jankowski GS, Gough B, Fawkner H, Halliwell E, Diedrichs PC. Young men’s minimisation of their body dissatisfaction. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1343-1363. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1496251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen S. Jankowski
- School of Social Sciences Leeds Beckett University, Portland Way, Leeds, UK
| | - Brendan Gough
- School of Social Sciences Leeds Beckett University, Portland Way, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Fawkner
- School of Social Sciences Leeds Beckett University, Portland Way, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Halliwell
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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29
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Webb JB, Vinoski ER, Warren-Findlow J, Burrell MI, Putz DY. Downward dog becomes fit body, inc.: A content analysis of 40 years of female cover images of Yoga Journal. Body Image 2017; 22:129-135. [PMID: 28759770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present analysis investigated temporal trends in physical appearance attributes and attire worn by female cover models of Yoga Journal magazine between the years 1975-2015. Covers featuring a single female model (N=168) were coded for: pose activity, amount of body visibility, perceived body size, body shape, breast size, skin exposure, and revealing or form-fitting attire. When collapsed across all decades, the majority of cover models was actively posed with high body visibility, rated as at most low normal weight, possessed either a "thin/lean" or "skinny/boney" body shape, and were "flat-chested" or "small-breasted". Greater body visibility, pose activity, thinness/leanness, skin exposure, and form-fitting attire were featured on more recent years' covers. Findings suggest that the female "yoga body" conforms to the contemporary thin- and-toned media fitness ideal, particularly recently, which may promote objectified body competence, an unhealthy drive for leanness, and dissuade higher weight women from considering yoga practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States.
| | - Erin R Vinoski
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Jan Warren-Findlow
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Marlene I Burrell
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States
| | - Davina Y Putz
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States
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30
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Goldsmith K, Dunkley CR, Dang SS, Gorzalka BB. Pornography consumption and its association with sexual concerns and expectations among young men and women. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.262-a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Goldsmith
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB
| | - Cara R. Dunkley
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Silvain S. Dang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Boris B. Gorzalka
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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31
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Hosking W, Lyons A, van der Rest B. The Mental Health Impact of Physical Appearance Concerns in the Context of Other Life Domains Among Australian Gay Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1453-1464. [PMID: 27480751 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified gay men as a high-risk population for body image disturbances. However, little research has examined the mental health impact of gay men's physical appearance concerns in the context of other major life domains. The present study addressed this gap by investigating how mental health outcomes (satisfaction with life, self-esteem, positive well-being, and psychological distress) were associated with satisfaction with and importance of physical appearance, work, family relationships, friendships, health and fitness, and sex life among Australian gay men aged 18-39. The possible moderating role of intimate relationship status was also examined. Results from an online survey revealed that greater satisfaction with physical appearance, work, family, and friendships all had similar positive associations with mental health. However, more importance placed on physical appearance was more consistently associated with poorer mental health compared with the subjective importance of other domains. Findings also indicated the associations between physical appearance satisfaction and life satisfaction, and between physical appearance importance and positive well-being, were weaker for those in relationships. Thus, physical appearance matters in gay men's lives, but was only one factor when considered in the broader context of other life areas that contributed to overall well-being. These findings suggest the need for a nuanced and contextualized understanding of how physical appearance concerns fit into gay men's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick Hosking
- Psychology Discipline, College of Arts, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anthony Lyons
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brittany van der Rest
- Psychology Discipline, College of Arts, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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32
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Got yoga?: A longitudinal analysis of thematic content and models' appearance-related attributes in advertisements spanning four decades of Yoga Journal. Body Image 2017; 21:1-5. [PMID: 28226303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Yoga has become an increasingly common health practice among U.S. adults over the past decade. With this growth in popularity, yoga-related print media have been criticized for shifting away from yoga's traditional philosophies and promoting a thin, lean ideal physique representing the "yoga body." The purpose of this study was to (a) analyze the presence and content of advertisements over the 40-year publication history of Yoga Journal magazine and (b) explore female advertisement models' socio-demographic and appearance-related attributes over time. Results suggested that Yoga Journal now contains significantly more advertisements for food, nutritional supplements, and apparel and fewer advertisements for meditation and nutritional practices than in its early years of publication. Models were more frequently rated as White and in their 20s and 30s in recent years of publication. Trends in model body size matched shifts in culturally dominant body ideals over time. Implications and future research directions are considered.
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33
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Webb JB, Vinoski ER, Warren-Findlow J, Padro MP, Burris EN, Suddreth EM. Is the "Yoga Bod" the new skinny?: A comparative content analysis of mainstream yoga lifestyle magazine covers. Body Image 2017; 20:87-98. [PMID: 28012302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As yoga has gained popularity in Western culture, concerns have been raised about its increased commercialization and assimilation into the predominantly appearance-focused exercise and fitness culture. In this context, the present study examined the physical appearance-related characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, body size, shape, objectifying apparel) of 142 female models and the media frames of 567 captions (e.g., commercialism, body competence, health, weight/physical appearance) featured on the covers of three Westernized yoga lifestyle magazines published between 2010-2015. Results indicated that most models were White, embodying the contemporary "thin-and-lean" media fitness aesthetic. Models were actively posed with high body visibility; an appreciable minority was partially-clad in skin-revealing or form-fitting upper-body attire. Media frames conveying commercialism and body competence were equally present. The pattern of effects tended to reflect the strength of the magazine title's endorsement of exercise and fitness cultural values. Clinical and public health implications along with future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | - Erin R Vinoski
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Jan Warren-Findlow
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Meagan P Padro
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Elizabeth N Burris
- North Carolina State University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Suddreth
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology, United States
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34
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Mendes JCDS, Figueiras MJ, Moss T. Influence of personality traits in self-evaluative salience, motivational salience and self-consciousness of appearance. PSYCHOLOGY, COMMUNITY & HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.5964/pch.v5i2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to understand the possible influence of personality traits on the importance and significance of perception of body image and self-awareness of appearance in individuals. Method 214 online recruited subjects between the ages of 17 and 64 years answered to a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Portuguese version of the instruments NEO-FFI (NEO-Five Factor Inventory), ASI-R (The Appearance Schemas Inventory – Revised) and DAS-24 (Derriford Appearance Scale – short). Results It was found that age, Neuroticism and Agreeableness dimensions significantly influence an individual's investment in body image and self-awareness of appearance. Sexual orientations differed with regard to Self-Evaluative Salience and Self-Consciousness of Appearance. Conclusion The performed analysis showed that neuroticism and agreeableness are related to Self-Evaluative Salience and Self-Consciousness of Appearance.
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35
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Jankowski GS. Who stops the sweatshops? Our neglect of the injustice of maldistribution. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen S. Jankowski
- School of Social Sciences; Leeds Beckett University; Leeds LS1 3HE U.K
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36
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Abstract
In this study, we conducted a content analysis of 243 photographic images of men published on the gay male-oriented blog Queerty.com. We also analyzed 435 user-generated comments from a randomly selected 1-year sample. Focusing on images' body types, we found that the range of body types featured on the blog was quite narrow-the vast majority of images had very low levels of body fat and very high levels of muscularity. Users' body image-related comments typically endorsed and celebrated images; critiques of images were comparatively rare. Perspectives from objectification theory and social comparison theory suggest that the images and commentary found on the blog likely reinforce unhealthy body image in gay male communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schwartz
- a Department of Communication Studies , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Josh Grimm
- b Manship School of Mass Communication , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
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37
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Terry G, Braun V. "I think gorilla-like back effusions of hair are rather a turn-off": 'Excessive hair' and male body hair (removal) discourse. Body Image 2016; 17:14-24. [PMID: 26907912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Men's hair removal practices are becoming mainstream, seen as a consequence of changing masculine norms and men's relationships to their bodies. This is often presented as a straightforward 'shift' from men's ideal bodies as naturally hairy, to increased hairlessness, and the consequence on men's body concerns as inevitable. This paper analyses qualitative survey data from Aotearoa/New Zealand using critical thematic analysis, and describes three themes. Two themes capture contradictory ideas: that men's body hair is natural, and that men's body hair is unpleasant. A third theme introduces the concept of 'excess' hair, which allowed sense-making of this contradiction, mandating men's grooming of 'excessive' hair. However its vagueness as a concept may provoke anxiety for men resulting in hair removal. This paper adds to a body of research demonstrating a cultural transition: the ways changing masculinities, increased commodification of male bodies, and shifting gender roles impact on men's hair removal practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Terry
- Centre for Person Centred Research, School of Clinical Sciences, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Virginia Braun
- The School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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38
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Goldsmith KM, Byers ES. Perceived impact of body feedback from romantic partners on young adults' body image and sexual well-being. Body Image 2016; 17:161-70. [PMID: 27085111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the messages individuals receive from their partners about their bodies and their perceived impact on body image and sexual well-being. Young adult men (n=35) and women (n=57) completed open-ended questions identifying messages they had received from partners and the impact of these messages on their body image and sexual well-being. Content coding revealed three verbal (expressions of approval and pride, challenging negative beliefs, expressions of sexual attraction/arousal/desire) and two nonverbal (physical affection, physical expressions of sexual attraction/arousal/desire) positive messages as well as one verbal (disapproval/disgust) and two nonverbal (rejection, humiliation) negative messages. Some participants reported gender-related messages (muscularity/strength, genital appearance, breast appearance, weight, and comparison to others). Positive messages were seen to increase confidence, self-acceptance, and sexual empowerment/fulfillment, whereas negative messages decreased these feelings. Our findings suggest that even everyday, seemingly neutral messages are perceived to have an important impact on young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Goldsmith
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
| | - E Sandra Byers
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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39
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Franko DL, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Rodgers RF, Holmqvist Gattario K, Frisén A, Diedrichs PC, Ricciardelli LA, Yager Z, Smolak L, Thompson-Brenner H, Shingleton RM. Internalization as a mediator of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and body image attitudes and behaviors among young men in Sweden, US, UK, and Australia. Body Image 2015; 15:54-60. [PMID: 26160708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether internalization of sociocultural body ideals mediated the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and drive for muscularity, leanness, and thinness in a sample of males from Sweden, US, UK, and Australia. Over six hundred young men [n=142 (Sweden); n=192 (US); n=141 (UK); n=160 (Australia)] completed an online survey that included assessments of masculine role norms, body image, and internalization of sociocultural body ideals. Path analyses confirmed internalization as a mediator between greater conformity to masculine norms and body image measures (drive for thinness, desire for leanness, and desire for muscularity) across the sample. However, significant cross-country differences in the strength of these mediation effects were found. Mediation effects among US, Australian, and Swedish males were comparable, whereas these effects were weaker in the UK sample. Findings confirmed the importance of internalization of sociocultural body ideals in the tested models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Franko
- Northeastern University, Department of Counseling & Applied Educational Psychology, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Northeastern University, Department of Counseling & Applied Educational Psychology, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratoire de Stress Traumatique, EA 4560, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ann Frisén
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Psychology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Phillippa C Diedrichs
- University of the West of England, Centre for Appearance Research, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zali Yager
- Victoria University, College of Education, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda Smolak
- Kenyon College, Department of Psychology, Gambier, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M Shingleton
- Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Abstract
The objective of our study was to investigate the availability, location, and content of sexual assault information presented on college and university websites. A random sample of 102 accredited, non-profit, bachelors-granting U.S. colleges and universities was selected for webcoding. Websites were coded for the availability and location of sexual assault information, including what resources and information were provided and whether topics such as date rape, consent, and victim blaming were addressed. Ninety (88.2%) of the 102 colleges and universities in our sample had sexual assault information available in their domains. University policy (83.3%) and contact information for law enforcement (72.2%) and other resources (56.7–82.2%) were often included, but most websites failed to provide information on issues related to sexual assault, such as discouraging victim blaming (35.6%) and encouraging affirmative consent (30.0%). Colleges and universities should consider updating the sexual assault information on their websites with the assistance of local, expert practitioners in order to provide more comprehensive, organized, useful, and user-friendly information on sexual assault prevention and intervention. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ’s website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Lund
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Katie B. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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41
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Tiggemann M. Considerations of positive body image across various social identities and special populations. Body Image 2015; 14:168-76. [PMID: 25865460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of body image has been dominated by a focus on negative aspects, recent research interest has turned towards positive body image. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an integrative review of empirical research on the positive body image of individuals across a range of social identities beyond the typical college student. In particular, the review focuses on research exploring age, culture, gender, and special populations. Overall, the review finds that positive body image seems to confer benefit and operate similarly across a range of populations, although it may be expressed uniquely in different contexts. These results contribute to a more complete account of positive body image, but also raise a number of important additional questions and challenges for future research.
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