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Ateq K, Alhajji M, Alhusseini N. The association between use of social media and the development of body dysmorphic disorder and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeries: a national survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1324092. [PMID: 38525343 PMCID: PMC10957761 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) causes distress due to one's negative appraisal of their body image. The development of BDD has been linked to the passive use of social media and photo-editing apps. People with BDD typically pursue cosmetic surgeries to remedy their perceived flaws. The dramatic increase in the use of photo-editing apps and their well-established effects on mental health is a public health concern. Purpose To study the association between use of social media and the development of BDD and acceptance toward cosmetic surgeries (ACSS) among Saudis. Methods An online, cross-sectional, validated survey conducted among Saudis 18 and older. Descriptive analyses were utilized for demographics and prevalence rates of main study variables. ANOVA was used to compare mean scores in BDD and ACSS among different demographic groups. Tukeys post-hoc test was done to identify the categories that were different when the ANOVA test showed a statistically significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 1,483 Saudi adults completed the questionnaire. Key results showed that BDD was found in 24.4 % of the sample. The percentage of participants with BDD who spent 4-7 h per day on Instagram and Snapchat (29%) was significantly higher than those who spent only less than an hour per day on these platforms (19%) (p < 0.001). Individuals with BDD had a significantly higher risk of accepting cosmetic surgery compared to those without BDD (p < 0.001). Conclusion A growing body of evidence suggests that social media may impact mental health in different ways. This study reveals that heavy use of these platforms is associated with negative appraisals about one's physical appearance, and it fosters one's tendency toward cosmetic surgery, especially among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Ateq
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alhajji
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Behavioral Insight Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noara Alhusseini
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Askew AJ, Randall A, Alvarez JC, Elbe CI, Caravelli N, Gonzales M, van der Star A, Blashill AJ. Examining the association of structural stigmas with body image-related outcomes among sexual minority individuals. Body Image 2024; 48:101652. [PMID: 38141492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority individuals display heightened body image disturbance, which is associated with negative health outcomes. Structural stigmas are associated with negative health outcomes among sexual minority individuals, but the association between structural stigmas and body image is not understood. Using a linear regression approach, we examined how U.S. state-level structural racism and structural sexual minority stigma were associated with body image-related outcomes including eating pathology, appearance and/or performance-enhancing drug (APED) misuse, and dysmorphic concern. Participants were 942 cisgender sexual minority individuals ages 18-30, with approximately equal representation among non-Hispanic/Latinx White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic/Latinx individuals. There was not a significant main effect of state-level structural sexual minority stigma on body image-related outcomes. In states with higher structural racism, Hispanic/Latinx participants endorsed higher APED misuse, and this interaction was not significant among non-Hispanic/Latinx White individuals. This pattern was not found among Black or Asian participants, nor was it replicated for dysmorphic concern or eating pathology. Findings suggest that reducing exposure to structural racism could reduce APED misuse among Hispanic/Latinx individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Askew
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States
| | - Alyson Randall
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Jordan C Alvarez
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn AL, United States
| | - Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Nicolas Caravelli
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States
| | - Arjan van der Star
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
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3
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Salameh G, El Khoury N, Hallit R, Malaeb D, Sakr F, Dabbous M, Fekih-Romdhane F, Obeid S, Hallit S. The mediating effect of dysmorphic concern in the association between avoidant restrictive food intake disorder and suicidal ideation in adults. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:42. [PMID: 38200526 PMCID: PMC10782566 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflecting on the existing literature on suicidal ideation and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), this article investigates the complex relationship between them, hypothesizing about the possibility of dysmorphic concerns, being a mediator linking ARFID to suicidal ideation. METHODS Using a snowball sampling approach, a survey was created on Google Forms and circulated across messaging applications and social media networks (WhatsApp, Instagram, Messenger). The sample involved 515 participants recruited between February and March 2023. The questionnaire included the following scales: Nine-items Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder screen (NIAS), Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ), and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). When filling the questionnaire, respondents were warned that they can experience distress when answering certain questions and received information about mental health services. Five hundred fifteen adults participated in this study, with a mean age of 27.55 ± 10.92 years and 60.1% females. RESULTS After adjusting over potential confounders (i.e., age, education, marital status, and household crowding index), analyses showed that dysmorphic concerns fully mediated the association between avoidant restrictive eating and suicidal ideation. Higher avoidant restrictive eating was significantly associated with more dysmorphic concerns, and higher dysmorphic concerns were significantly associated with the presence of suicidal ideation. Finally, avoidant restrictive eating was not significantly associated with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential indirect link between ARFID and suicidal ideation mediated by dysmorphic concerns. While no direct connection was observed between ARFID and suicidal ideation, the presence of dysmorphic concerns appeared to be a crucial factor in amplifying the risk of suicidal ideation in individuals with ARFID. This emphasizes the importance of addressing dysmorphic concerns alongside ARFID treatment to enhance mental health interventions and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Salameh
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nour El Khoury
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Notre Dame des Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Postal Code 3, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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Associations between body image patterns and body image-related pathology in sexual minority individuals: A mixture-modeling approach. Body Image 2023; 45:73-85. [PMID: 36842423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Body image concerns are associated with disordered eating, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and illicit appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) misuse. Sexual minority individuals are a vulnerable population for body image concerns. Latent profile analyses were used to identify body image patterns in sexual minority men (n = 479) and women (n = 483) and to investigate associations between latent profiles and body image-related pathology. A 5-profile solution demonstrated best fit for men and a 4-profile solution for women. Among women, co-occurring high thinness/muscularity concerns had higher probability of vomiting and dietary restriction than the high thinness/low muscularity concerns profile. The probability of driven exercise did not differ across latent profiles for men and only differed between low thinness/low muscularity and high thinness/high muscularity concerns profiles in women. Men with low thinness/high muscularity concerns had significantly lower probability of vomiting and laxative misuse than all other profiles but did not significantly differ from co-occurring high or moderate thinness/muscularity concerns profiles in binge eating and illicit APED misuse. This study may have implications for future research, treatment, and prevention of body image-related pathology in sexual minority individuals.
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Schmidt M, Taube CO, Heinrich T, Vocks S, Hartmann AS. Body image disturbance and associated eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology in gay and heterosexual men: A systematic analyses of cognitive, affective, behavioral und perceptual aspects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278558. [PMID: 36472982 PMCID: PMC9725123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study contributes to the quantitatively large, yet narrow in scope research on body image in gay men by assessing whether gay and heterosexual men systematically differ on various dimensions of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Moreover, we examined the influence of general everyday discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community on body image. METHOD N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated in an online survey measuring the discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat/ muscularity; drive for leanness, muscularity, and thinness; body satisfaction; body-related avoidance and checking; appearance fixing; overall body image disturbance; eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; general everyday discrimination experiences; and involvement with the gay community. RESULTS Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat; higher drive for thinness, body-related avoidance, appearance fixing, overall body image disturbance, eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; and lower body appreciation than heterosexual men (all p ≤ .05). Contrary to expectation, everyday discrimination experiences were more strongly associated with body image disturbance and eating disorder/ body dysmorphic disorder pathology in heterosexual men than in gay men (all p ≤ .05). Gay community involvement was not associated with any body image disturbance-, ED-, or BDD aspect in gay men (all p ≥ .20). DISCUSSION The results suggest greater body image disturbance in gay men than in heterosexual men regarding cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and perception as well as higher eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology. The results also suggest the dilemma of a thin, yet muscular body ideal in gay men. Surprisingly, discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community did not explain differences in body image disturbance. Gay men may have become resilient to discrimination over time, and body ideals might differ across gay sub-communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph O. Taube
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinrich
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea S. Hartmann
- Department of Psychology, Unit of Experimental Clinical Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Davies KL, Hanley SM, Bhullar N, Wootton BM. A psychometric validation of the Dysmorphic Concerns Questionnaire (DCQ) in adolescents and young adults. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2093625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katey L. Davies
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Hanley
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Navjot Bhullar
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Discipline of Psychology, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bethany M. Wootton
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
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Science mapping research on body image: A bibliometric review of publications in Body Image, 2004-2020. Body Image 2021; 38:106-119. [PMID: 33838539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Science mapping is a methodology that combines quantitative analysis, classification, and visualisation to identify the composition and inter-relationships between bibliographic objects. Here, we used bibliometric science mapping to identify the overarching structure, evolution of research themes and research fronts, and geographic spread of body image research. We examined 2,783 keywords in 1,107 articles published in Body Image between 2004 and 2020, selected as being representative of body image research during this period. Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords enabled us to identify five general themes in the literature: "clinical and weight-related issues", "body image and disordered eating", "positive body image and objectification", "media effects", and "ethnicity/race". Burst analysis allowed us to identify research fronts in this research, with work on social media and positive body image in particular being identified as emergent. Finally, co-author analysis indicated that body image research networks are heavily focused on a small handful of nations, although there is evidence of a recent shift toward greater geographic spread. Our results, and the provision of interactive maps and extensive tables, should allow readers to examine connections between research clusters and areas, generate novel research ideas, and more fully understand the evolution and future trajectories of body image research.
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Convertino AD, Brady JP, Albright CA, Gonzales M, Blashill AJ. The role of sexual minority stress and community involvement on disordered eating, dysmorphic concerns and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse. Body Image 2021; 36:53-63. [PMID: 33232935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has established that sexual minority (SM) individuals are more likely to experience disordered body image behaviors and concerns than heterosexual individuals. This increased risk may be explained by minority stress theory - that SM individuals are subject to SM-specific stressors, leading to health disparities - but this has not yet been fully examined. Furthermore, this theory states that SM community involvement may mitigate negative outcomes. The current study examines whether minority stress is associated with screening positive for an eating disorder, screening positive for body dysmorphic disorder, and appearance- and performance-enhancing drug misuse in a sample of SM individuals (483 women and 479 men) in the US. This study also examines whether the effect of minority stress is moderated by SM community involvement. Logistic regressions were conducted for each type of minority stress (internalized homophobia, sexual orientation concealment, and heterosexist discrimination) interacting with community involvement. After correction for multiple comparisons, all minority stressors and community involvement were positively associated with increased odds of disordered body image behaviors and concerns, with no evidence of a buffering effect for community involvement. The lack of a buffering effect is contrary to minority stress theory and may inform future prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - John P Brady
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Christopher A Albright
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, College of Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
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