1
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Andres FE, Boothroyd LG, Thornborrow T, Chamorro AM, Dutra NB, Brar M, Woodward R, Malik N, Sawhney M, Evans EH. Relationships between media influence, body image and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America: A systematic literature review. Body Image 2024; 51:101774. [PMID: 39116578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly growing body of research investigating media influence on body image in Latin America has not been previously comprehensively synthesised. We systematically reviewed studies of the relationships between media use/influence, body image, and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America (CRD42021254607). We searched PsycINFO/Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, SciElo, and LILACS for quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed articles and doctoral theses in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Research conducted in Latin America, published 1991-2023, measuring a) media use/influence, and b) body image or appearance ideals was included. 68 articles met inclusion criteria, and quality appraisal concluded that most were of medium/high quality. A narrative review found consistent quantitative relationships, stronger in women than men, between media use/internalisation of media ideals and both body dissatisfaction and thinner appearance ideals. In contrast, participants in qualitative studies acknowledged media influence on their body image, but perceived greater influence from family and peers. Limitations included a predominance of cross-sectional research from Brazil and Mexico with adolescents and young adults. Additional longitudinal, experimental, and interventional work from elsewhere in Latin America is needed, recruiting more diverse samples and assessing more culturally salient appearance aspects (e.g., skin tone and hair texture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Andres
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | - Natália B Dutra
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Manjot Brar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Woodward
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Neetu Malik
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Manya Sawhney
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Merino M, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Martín-Rodríguez A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1396. [PMID: 39057539 PMCID: PMC11276240 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review examines the interplay among body image perceptions, social media influence, physical measurements, and their impact on psychological well-being, focusing on the roles of cultural and gender differences and the need to understand the research methodologies employed in this field. In the age of digital proliferation, platforms like Instagram and Facebook have reshaped body image concerns, often leading to increased dissatisfaction and psychological distress due to constant exposure to idealized images and a culture of social comparison. Physical attributes such as weight, height, and BMI are scrutinized under societal standards of health and attractiveness, contributing to a spectrum of mental health issues including low self-esteem, depression, and eating disorders. This examination reveals how cultural norms and gender expectations further complicate body image perceptions, affecting individuals differently based on societal and personal ideals. It synthesizes current research and types of methods to illuminate how these factors together influence mental health and self-esteem, advocating for comprehensive interventions and policy measures aimed at mitigating body dissatisfaction and promoting a healthier, more inclusive understanding of body image. By delving into the complexities of body image satisfaction and its psychological implications, this review highlights the necessity of addressing these concerns within public health and social policy frameworks, underscoring the importance of a multifaceted approach to enhance individual and societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Merino
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | | | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | | | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (J.F.T.-A.); (A.M.-R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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3
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Rodgers RF, McLean SA, Paxton SJ. Enhancing understanding of social media literacy to better inform prevention of body image and eating disorders. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38590160 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2336700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Research has revealed an important role for appearance-focused, and in particular photo-based, social media in the development of body image and eating pathology. Social media literacy is a multifaceted construct involving purposeful selection and exposure to social media content and use of protective filtering (deliberately screening and interpreting information in a protective manner), as well as implementing critical skills related to understanding the unrealistic nature of social media content, limiting appearance comparisons with images, and contributing to social media (comments and images) in ways that limit the pursuit of appearance ideals. Previous work has provided partial support for these facets as related to lower levels of body image and eating concerns. However, additional conceptual and measurement work is needed to advance understanding of this protective role and how to foster social media literacy. Although data are scarce, targeting social media literacy in prevention and intervention programs may also be valuable. In this perspective piece, key features that we identify as priorities for future prevention and intervention efforts include developing interventions that target the implementation of social media skills beyond their acquisition. In addition, leveraging social media user generated content for prevention purposes would likely be useful, as would embedding micro-skill delivery within platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Siân A McLean
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Roberts SR, Brown TA. Introduction to the special issue on the influence of social media on body image and disordered eating. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101862. [PMID: 38489934 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
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5
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Rodgers RF, Nowicki GP. #mybestmidlife: Profiles of photo-based social media use and body image among midlife women. Body Image 2024; 48:101646. [PMID: 37995516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Empirical data, predominantly from young women, suggest photo-based social media use is associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The present study aimed to extend these findings to midlife women and identify risk profiles for maladaptive appearance-focused social media use. A convenience sample of female Instagram users aged 40 or over (M= 50.92 years) (n = 192) was collected. Most participants were partnered, white, highly educated, and heterosexual. A cluster analysis in cross-sectional data grouped participants into four categories according to body image indices (following body positive or fitness accounts, body appreciation and dissatisfaction, thin and muscular ideal internalization, and appearance comparison). Differences by cluster emerged according to indices of social media use (e.g., photo editing, social media rumination), although following appearance-related content across types seemed to distinguish risk profiles more than the types of appearance-related content engaged with (i.e., body positive vs fitness). Furthermore, results indicated that higher social media use was associated with greater perceived negative effects of social media, suggesting that awareness alone may be insufficient to reduce behavioral risk. Findings indicate that some midlife women who use photo-based social media may be at high risk for appearance concerns, warranting further research and resource development for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States.
| | - Gennevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
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6
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Christensen Pacella KA, Chen Y, Forbush KT, Cushing CC, Swinburne Romine R. Prospectively predicting naturalistic exposure to fitspiration and thinspiration in young women with disordered eating by leveraging an ecological momentary assessment design. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101767. [PMID: 37295375 PMCID: PMC10526890 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a growing body of research has examined the impacts of ED-salient content, such as fitspiration and thinspiration, on eating disorder (ED) symptoms, there is less known about the characteristics of who may be at risk for accessing this content on Instagram. Current research is limited by cross-sectional and retrospective designs. This prospective study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to predict naturalistic exposure to ED-salient content on Instagram. METHODS Female university students with disordered eating (N = 171, Mage = 20.23, SD = 1.71, range = 18-25) completed a baseline session, followed by a seven-day EMA protocol, in which they reported on Instagram use and exposure to fitspiration and thinspiration. Mixed-effects logistical regressions were used to predict exposure to ED-salient content on Instagram from four principal components (e.g., behavioral ED symptoms and trait social comparison) controlling for duration of Instagram use (i.e., dose) and day of study. RESULTS Duration of use was positively associated with all types of exposure. Purging/cognitive restraint and excessive exercise/muscle building prospectively predicted access to any ED-salient content and fitspiration only. Restricting positively predicted thinspiration only access. Purging/cognitive restraint positively predicted accessing fitspiration and thinspiration (dual exposure). Day of study was negatively associated with any exposure, fitspiration only, and dual exposure. CONCLUSIONS Baseline ED behaviors were differentially associated with exposure to ED-salient Instagram content; however, duration of use was also a significant predictor. Limiting use of Instagram may be important for young women with disordered eating to reduce probability of encountering ED-salient content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Cushing
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
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7
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Thompson JK, Harriger JA. Body image and social media: The fault lines are clear - We need a seismic correction. Body Image 2023; 45:142-144. [PMID: 36913813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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8
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Scheiber R, Diehl S, Karmasin M. Socio-cultural power of social media on orthorexia nervosa: An empirical investigation on the mediating role of thin-ideal and muscular internalization, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction. Appetite 2023; 185:106522. [PMID: 36893917 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
As social media continues to penetrate users' daily lives, concerns about its negative impact on body image issues and eating disorders are becoming focuses of research. It remains unclear whether social media should be held responsible for promoting orthorexia nervosa-a problematic and extreme fixation on healthy eating. The present study draws on socio-cultural theory and tests a social media-based model in the context of orthorexia nervosa to enhance knowledge of social media's influence on body image issues and orthorectic eating tendencies. The socio-cultural model was tested using structural equation modeling based on responses from a German-speaking sample (n = 647). The results indicate that social media users' involvement with health and fitness accounts is associated with higher orthorectic eating tendencies. Thin-ideal and muscular internalizations mediated this relationship. Interestingly, body dissatisfaction and appearance comparison were not mediators, which can be attributed to the characteristics of orthorexia nervosa. Higher involvement with health and fitness accounts on social media was also related to higher appearance comparisons. The results highlight the powerful influence of social media on orthorexia nervosa and the relevance of socio-cultural models in investigating the mechanisms underlying this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scheiber
- Department of Media and Communication, Section Organizational and Health Communication, University of Klagenfurt, Universitätsstraße 65-67, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria.
| | - Sandra Diehl
- Department of Media and Communication, Section Organizational and Health Communication, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Matthias Karmasin
- Department of Media and Communication, Section Organizational and Health Communication, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
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9
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Harriger JA, Thompson JK, Tiggemann M. TikTok, TikTok, the time is now: Future directions in social media and body image. Body Image 2023; 44:222-226. [PMID: 36739627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article synthesizes practical strategies and future directions proposed by contributors to the special issue in Body Image on social media and body image. It also moves beyond the contributions of the special issue in an effort to provide additional guidance to researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers. First, we recommend that research on social media and body image extend beyond convenience sampling of young, White women and include children and older adults, boys and men, and underrepresented groups. Second, we urge researchers to move away from simplistic measures of social media and to utilize mixed-methods approaches. Third, we advocate for the development of new theories that can be tested longitudinally and that capture the unique influences of social media, rather than relying solely on existing models that were developed for traditional media. Fourth, we provide recommendations regarding practical strategies, such as the inclusion of media literacy campaigns, increased research on the role of reality check disclaimers, and further examination regarding the role of body positivity in prevention and intervention efforts. Finally, we end with recommendations regarding advocacy, such as using social media to harness positive efforts and partnering with social media companies regarding their use of algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, SA, Australia
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10
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Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Calogero RM, Thompson JK, Harriger JA. Integrating social media variables as predictors, mediators, and moderators within body image frameworks: Potential mechanisms of action to consider in future research. Body Image 2023; 44:197-221. [PMID: 36709634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we consider how social media variables may be integrated as predictors, mediators, and moderators within dominant theoretical frameworks of body image in order to identify potential mechanisms of action that can be empirically examined in future research and used to direct prevention and intervention efforts. To achieve this goal, we first articulate social media variables that have been investigated as predictors, mediators, and moderators in body image research. Next, we present the following critical and sociocultural theoretical frameworks: social comparison theory, tripartite influence model, objectification theory, developmental theory of embodiment, acceptance model of intuitive eating, cultivation theory, and uses and gratifications theory. Additionally, we present the theory of development of critical body awareness, a newly developed model that may provide further insight regarding the relationships between social media and body image-related outcomes. For each model, we articulate extant research that has explored social media variables within its context and explicate how social media variables could potentially be studied as predictors, mediators, and moderators within its structure. To conclude, we address pertinent limitations and gaps within this research space that could direct future research across the theoretical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel M Calogero
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6K 5C2, USA
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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11
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Rasset P, Mange J, Montalan B, Stutterheim SE. Towards a better understanding of the social stigma of facial difference. Body Image 2022; 43:450-462. [PMID: 36345083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Facial difference (FD) is not only an individual experience; it is inherently social, reflecting interactions between social norms and individual attitudes. Often FD is stigmatized. In this paper, we employ a widely used stigma framework, namely the social stigma framework put forth by Pryor and Reeder (2011), to unpack the stigma of FD. This framework posits that there are four forms of stigma: public stigma, self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma. We first discuss the social and psychological literature on FD as it pertains to these various forms of stigma. We then describe coping approaches for FD stigma. Lastly, we delineate evidence-based methods for addressing the various forms of FD stigma, such that future efforts can more effectively tackle the stigma of facial difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rasset
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Caen Normandie (LPCN EA 7452), Université de Caen Normandie, France.
| | - Jessica Mange
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Caen Normandie (LPCN EA 7452), Université de Caen Normandie, France
| | - Benoît Montalan
- Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologiques (CRFDP EA 7475), Université de Rouen Normandie, France
| | - Sarah E Stutterheim
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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12
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Stieger S, Graf HM, Riegler SP, Biebl S, Swami V. Engagement with social media content results in lower appearance satisfaction: An experience sampling study using a wrist-worn wearable and a physical analogue scale. Body Image 2022; 43:232-243. [PMID: 36201860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Social media use is consistently associated with more negative body image, but much of this literature is cross-sectional and/or lacks ecological validity. To overcome these limitations, we examined associations between everyday social media engagement and appearance satisfaction using an experience sampling method. Fifty participants from Central Europe completed a 14-day experience sampling phase in which they reported their appearance satisfaction at two random time-points each day, as well as following active engagement with social media content, using a wrist-worn wearable and a physical analogue scale (PAS; i.e., angle of a participant's forearm between flat and fully upright as a continuous response scale). Results indicated that engagement with social media content was significantly associated with lower appearance satisfaction. Additionally, we found that engagement with the content of known others was associated with significantly lower appearance satisfaction than engagement with the content of unknown others. These effects were stable even after controlling for participant demographics, active vs. passive daily social media use, and body image-related factors. These results provide evidence that everyday social media engagement is associated with lower appearance satisfaction and additionally provides preliminary support for the use of a PAS in body image research using an experience sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Hannah M Graf
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Stella P Riegler
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sophie Biebl
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
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13
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Social media usage and body image: Examining the mediating roles of internalization of appearance ideals and social comparisons in young women. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Sharp G, Gerrard Y. The body image "problem" on social media: Novel directions for the field. Body Image 2022; 41:267-271. [PMID: 35339001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Social media is a highly popular and interactive environment which has many benefits, but research has shown that its use is also associated with body image concerns. Leaked internal survey findings in September 2021 from Instagram provide some support for negative impacts on body image of teenage girls especially. In this short communication, we discuss the complexities of moderating social media platforms which aim to protect users from potentially harmful body image focused content. Several strategies have been employed and we specifically examine the moderation of pro-eating disorder hashtags (e.g., #thinspiration) and hiding of "Like" counts on Instagram in particular. We find that both are quick technical "fixes" that do not effectively address these long-standing and complex issues on social media. We provide suggestions for novel avenues of research, including that body image researchers are excellently positioned to propose specific suggestions for content moderation strategies that may actually be effective. Social media companies know that they have a major problem on their hands, as the leaked findings demonstrate, and so they may be more receptive than they have ever been to novel research findings from our community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Ysabel Gerrard
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TU, UK.
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