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Ravichandran A, Liu Y, Teoh SH. Review: bioreactor design towards generation of relevant engineered tissues: focus on clinical translation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e7-e22. [PMID: 28374578 DOI: 10.1002/term.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, studies that utilize 3D scaffolds for generating voluminous tissues are mostly confined in the realm of in vitro research and preclinical animal model testing. Bioreactors offer an excellent platform to grow and develop 3D tissues by providing conditions that mimic their native microenvironment. Aligning the bioreactor development process with a focus on patient care will aid in the faster translation of the bioreactor technology to clinics. In this review, we discuss the various factors involved in the design of clinically relevant bioreactors in relation to their respective applications. We explore the functional relevance of tissue grafts generated by bioreactors that have been designed to provide physiologically relevant mechanical cues on the growing tissue. The review discusses the recent trends in non-invasive sensing of the bioreactor culture conditions. It provides an insight to the current technological advancements that enable in situ, non-invasive, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the tissue grafts grown in a bioreactor system. We summarize the emerging trends in commercial bioreactor design followed by a short discussion on the aspects that hamper the 'push' of bioreactor systems into the commercial market as well as 'pull' factors for stakeholders to embrace and adopt widespread utility of bioreactors in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuchun Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program (Research), National Dental Centre of Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore, 168938, Singapore
| | - Swee-Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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Head DA, Tronci G, Russell SJ, Wood DJ. In Silico Modeling of the Rheological Properties of Covalently Cross-Linked Collagen Triple Helices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1224-1233. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Head
- School
of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Tronci
- Nonwovens
Research Group, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Dentistry, St. James’s
University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Nonwovens
Research Group, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - David J. Wood
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Dentistry, St. James’s
University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, U.K
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Rizzi LG, Auer S, Head DA. Importance of non-affine viscoelastic response in disordered fibre networks. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4332-4338. [PMID: 27079274 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disordered fibre networks are ubiquitous in nature and have a wide range of industrial applications as novel biomaterials. Predicting their viscoelastic response is straightforward for affine deformations that are uniform over all length scales, but when affinity fails, as has been observed experimentally, modelling becomes challenging. Here we present a numerical methodology, related to an existing framework for amorphous packings, to predict the steady-state viscoelastic spectra and degree of affinity for disordered fibre networks driven at arbitrary frequencies. Applying this method to a peptide gel model reveals a monotonic increase of the shear modulus as the soft, non-affine normal modes are successively suppressed as the driving frequency increases. In addition to being dominated by fibril bending, these low frequency network modes are also shown to be delocalised. The presented methodology provides insights into the importance of non-affinity in the viscoelastic response of peptide gels, and is easily extendible to all types of fibre networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Rizzi
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - S Auer
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - D A Head
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
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Cartilage and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kuo CK, Marturano JE, Tuan RS. Novel strategies in tendon and ligament tissue engineering: Advanced biomaterials and regeneration motifs. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2010; 2:20. [PMID: 20727171 PMCID: PMC2939640 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligaments have poor healing capacity and when injured often require surgical intervention. Tissue replacement via autografts and allografts are non-ideal strategies that can lead to future problems. As an alternative, scaffold-based tissue engineering strategies are being pursued. In this review, we describe design considerations and major recent advancements of scaffolds for tendon/ligament engineering. Specifically, we outline native tendon/ligament characteristics critical for design parameters and outcome measures, and introduce synthetic and naturally-derived biomaterials used in tendon/ligament scaffolds. We will describe applications of these biomaterials in advanced tendon/ligament engineering strategies including the utility of scaffold functionalization, cyclic strain, growth factors, and interface considerations. The goal of this review is to compile and interpret the important findings of recent tendon/ligament engineering research in an effort towards the advancement of regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joseph E Marturano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Messenger MP, Raïf EM, Seedhom BB, Brookes SJ. Enamel matrix derivative enhances tissue formation around scaffolds used for tissue engineering of ligaments. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:96-104. [DOI: 10.1002/term.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Stops AJF, McMahon LA, O’Mahoney D, Prendergast PJ, McHugh PE. A Finite Element Prediction of Strain on Cells in a Highly Porous Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Scaffold. J Biomech Eng 2008; 130:061001. [DOI: 10.1115/1.2979873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering often involves seeding cells into porous scaffolds and subjecting the scaffold to mechanical stimulation. Current experimental techniques have provided a plethora of data regarding cell responses within scaffolds, but the quantitative understanding of the load transfer process within a cell-seeded scaffold is still relatively unknown. The objective of this work was to develop a finite element representation of the transient and heterogeneous nature of a cell-seeded collagen-GAG-scaffold. By undertaking experimental investigation, characteristics such as scaffold architecture and shrinkage, cellular attachment patterns, and cellular dimensions were used to create a finite element model of a cell-seeded porous scaffold. The results demonstrate that a very wide range of microscopic strains act at the cellular level when a sample value of macroscopic (apparent) strain is applied to the collagen-GAG-scaffold. An external uniaxial strain of 10% generated a cellular strain as high as 49%, although the majority experienced less than ∼5% strain. The finding that the strain on some cells could be higher than the macroscopic strain was unexpected and proves contrary to previous in vitro investigations. These findings indicate a complex system of biophysical stimuli created within the scaffolds and the difficulty of inducing the desired cellular responses from artificial environments. Future in vitro studies could also corroborate the results from this computational prediction to further explore mechanoregulatory mechanisms in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. F. Stops
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L. A. McMahon
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. O’Mahoney
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - P. J. Prendergast
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. E. McHugh
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Raïf EM. Effect of cyclic tensile load on the regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs -1, -3) and structural components in synovial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2439-48. [PMID: 18208560 PMCID: PMC4514121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial cells are reported to colonize synthetic ligament scaffolds following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction but the process leading to ligamentization is poorly understood. The present study investigated the effect of cyclic tensile strain on the expression of genes involved in matrix remodelling in bovine synovial cells seeded onto an artificial ligament scaffold. Synovial cells were seeded and cultured on polyester scaffolds for 3 weeks and subsequently subjected to cyclic tensile strain of 4.5% for 1 hr at frequency of 1 Hz. Changes in the levels of expression of genes for major ligament components (type I and type III collagen) and also metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3), and TIMP-1 were examined using RT-PCR. Additionally, metalloproteinase activity was measured using both zymography and collagenase assays. The gene expression of MMP-3 transcripts in the loaded group was almost 3-fold that observed in control group but no differences were observed in other transcripts. Consistent with these findings, MMP-3 activity increased by 85% under mechanical stimulus, and MMP-1 activity showed no changes. Over expression of MMP-3 under cyclic tensile load may mediate the proteolysis of certain substrates surrounding the ligament scaffold. This will play a critical role in facilitating cell migration, proliferation and tissue remodelling by breaking down the provisional tissue formed by the synovium, and by generating factors that induce angiogenesis and chemotactic cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mostafa Raïf
- Division of Bioengineering, Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal and Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK.
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Messenger MP, Raif EM, Seedhom BB, Brookes SJ. The potential use of enamel matrix derivative for in situ anterior cruciate ligament tissue engineering: a translational in vitro investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:2041-51. [PMID: 17518724 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyester scaffolds have been used as an alternative to autogenous tissues for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). They are biocompatible and encourage tissue infiltration, leading to neoligament formation. However, rupture can occur, caused by abrasion of the scaffold against the bone tunnels through which it is implanted. Good early tissue induction is therefore considered essential to protect the scaffold from this abrasion. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is used clinically in the treatment of periodontal disease. It is a complex mix of proteins with growth factor-like activity, which enhances periodontal ligament fibroblast attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, leading to the regeneration of periodontal bone and ligament tissues. We hypothesized that EMD might, in a similar manner, enhance tissue induction around scaffolds used in ACL reconstruction. This preliminary investigation adopted a translational approach, modelling in vitro 3 possible clinical modes of EMD administration, to ascertain the suitability of each protocol for application in an animal model or clinically. Preliminary investigations in monolayer culture indicated that EMD had a significant dose-dependent stimulatory effect (p < 0.05, n = 6) on the proliferation of bovine primary synovial cells. However, pre-treating culture plates with EMD significantly inhibited cell attachment (p < 0.01, n = 6). EMD's effects on synovial cells, seeded onto ligament scaffolds, were then investigated in several in vitro experiments modelling 3 possible modes for clinical EMD administration (pre-, intra-, and post-operative). In the pre-operative model, EMD was adsorbed onto scaffolds before the addition of cells. In the intra-operative model, EMD and cells were added simultaneously to scaffolds in the culture medium. In the post-operative model, cells were pre-seeded onto scaffolds before EMD was administered. EMD significantly inhibited cell adhesion in the pre-operative model (p < 0.05, n = 6) and had no significant benefit in the intra-operative model. In the post-operative model, the addition of EMD to previously cell-seeded scaffolds significantly increased their total deoxyribonucleic acid content (p < 0.01, n = 5). EMD's stimulative effect on cell proliferation in vitro suggests that it may accelerate scaffold colonization by cells (and in turn tissue induction) in situ. However, its inhibitory effect on synovial cell attachment in vitro implies that it may only be suited to post-operative administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Messenger
- Academic Unit of Musculo-Skeletal Disease, Leeds Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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