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Varasteh Z, De Rose F, Mohanta S, Li Y, Zhang X, Miritsch B, Scafetta G, Yin C, Sager HB, Glasl S, Gorpas D, Habenicht AJ, Ntziachristos V, Weber WA, Bartolazzi A, Schwaiger M, D'Alessandria C. Imaging atherosclerotic plaques by targeting Galectin-3 and activated macrophages using ( 89Zr)-DFO- Galectin3-F(ab') 2 mAb. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1864-1876. [PMID: 33408786 PMCID: PMC7778602 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The high expression of Galectin-3 (Gal3) in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques suggests its participation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, and raises the possibility to use it as a target to image disease severity in vivo. Here, we explored the feasibility of tracking atherosclerosis by targeting Gal3 expression in plaques of apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-KO) mice via PET imaging. Methods: Targeting of Gal3 in M0-, M1- and M2 (M2a/M2c)-polarized macrophages was assessed in vitro using a Gal3-F(ab')2 mAb labeled with AlexaFluor®488 and 89Zr- desferrioxamine-thioureyl-phenyl-isothiocyanate (DFO). To visualize plaques in vivo, ApoE-KO mice were injected i.v. with 89Zr-DFO-Gal3-F(ab')2 mAb and imaged via PET/CT 48 h post injection. Whole length aortas harvested from euthanized mice were processed for Sudan-IV staining, autoradiography, and immunostaining for Gal3, CD68 and α-SMA expression. To confirm accumulation of the tracer in plaques, ApoE-KO mice were injected i.v. with Cy5.5-Gal3-F(ab')2 mAb, euthanized 48 h post injection, followed by cryosections of the body and acquisition of fluorescent images. To explore the clinical potential of this imaging modality, immunostaining for Gal3, CD68 and α-SMA expression were carried out in human plaques. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analyses were performed to measure LGALS3 (i.e. a synonym for Gal3) gene expression in each macrophage of several subtypes present in murine or human plaques. Results: Preferential binding to M2 macrophages was observed with both AlexaFluor®488-Gal3-F(ab')2 and 89Zr-DFO-Gal3-F(ab')2 mAbs. Focal and specific 89Zr-DFO-Gal3-F(ab')2 mAb uptake was detected in plaques of ApoE-KO mice by PET/CT. Autoradiography and immunohistochemical analyses of aortas confirmed the expression of Gal3 within plaques mainly in macrophages. Moreover, a specific fluorescent signal was visualized within the lesions of vascular structures burdened by plaques in mice. Gal3 expression in human plaques showed similar Gal3 expression patterns when compared to their murine counterparts. Conclusions: Our data reveal that 89Zr-DFO-Gal3-F(ab')2 mAb PET/CT is a potentially novel tool to image atherosclerotic plaques at different stages of development, allowing knowledge-based tailored individual intervention in clinically significant disease.
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Grossner TL, Haberkorn U, Gotterbarm T. 99mTc-Hydroxydiphosphonate quantification of extracellular matrix mineralization in 3D human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:333-341. [PMID: 31463042 PMCID: PMC6691365 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.bjr-2017-0248.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bone tissue engineering is one of the fastest growing branches in modern bioscience. New methods are being developed to achieve higher grades of mineral deposition by osteogenically inducted mesenchymal stem cells. In addition to well established monolayer cell culture models, 3D cell cultures for stem cell-based osteogenic differentiation have become increasingly attractive to promote in vivo bone formation. One of the main problems of scaffold-based osteogenic cell cultures is the difficulty in quantifying the amount of newly produced extracellular mineral deposition, as a marker for new bone formation, without destroying the scaffold. In recent studies, we were able to show that 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), a gamma radiation-emitting radionuclide, can successfully be applied as a reliable quantitative marker for mineral deposition as this tracer binds with high affinity to newly produced hydroxyapatite (HA). Methods Within the present study, we evaluated whether this promising new method, using 99mTc-hydroxydiphosphonate (99mTc-HDP), can be used to quantify the amount of newly formed extracellular HA in a 3D cell culture model. Highly porous collagen type II scaffolds were seeded with 1 × 106 human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs; n = 6) and cultured for 21 days in osteogenic media (group A – osteogenic (OSM) group) and in parallel in standard media (group B – negative control (CNTRL) group). After incubation with 99mTc-HDP, the tracer uptake, reflected by the amount of emitted gamma counts, was measured. Results We saw a higher uptake (up to 15-fold) of the tracer in the OSM group A compared with the CNTRL group B. Statistical analysis of the results (Student`s t-test) revealed a significantly higher amount of emitted gamma counts in the OSM group (p = 0.048). Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis by Alizarin Red staining confirmed the presence of extracellular HA deposition in the OSM group. Conclusion Our data indicate that 99mTc-HDP labelling is a promising tool to track and quantify non-destructive local HA deposition in 3D stem cell cultures. Cite this article: T. L. Grossner, U. Haberkorn, T. Gotterbarm. 99mTc-Hydroxydiphosphonate quantification of extracellular matrix mineralization in 3D human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:333–341. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2017-0248.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L Grossner
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gotterbarm
- Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
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Strauss HW, Narula J. 18
F-Fluoride Imaging and Other Plaque-Seeking Diagnostic Strategies. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.007110. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. William Strauss
- From the Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (H.W.S.); and Zena and Michael Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York (H.W.S., J.N.)
| | - Jagat Narula
- From the Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (H.W.S.); and Zena and Michael Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York (H.W.S., J.N.)
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Lange R, Ter Heine R, Knapp RF, de Klerk JMH, Bloemendal HJ, Hendrikse NH. Pharmaceutical and clinical development of phosphonate-based radiopharmaceuticals for the targeted treatment of bone metastases. Bone 2016; 91:159-79. [PMID: 27496068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic phosphonate-based radiopharmaceuticals radiolabeled with beta, alpha and conversion electron emitting radioisotopes have been investigated for the targeted treatment of painful bone metastases for >35years. We performed a systematic literature search and focused on the pharmaceutical development, preclinical research and early human studies of these radiopharmaceuticals. The characteristics of an ideal bone-targeting therapeutic radiopharmaceutical are presented and compliance with these criteria by the compounds discussed is verified. The importance of both composition and preparation conditions for the stability and biodistribution of several agents is discussed. Very few studies have described the characterization of these products, although knowledge on the molecular structure is important with respect to in vivo behavior. This review discusses a total of 91 phosphonate-based therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, of which only six agents have progressed to clinical use. Extensive clinical studies have only been described for (186)Re-HEDP, (188)Re-HEDP and (153)Sm-EDTMP. Of these, (153)Sm-EDTMP represents the only compound with worldwide marketing authorization. (177)Lu-EDTMP has recently received approval for clinical use in India. This review illustrates that a thorough understanding of the radiochemistry of these agents is required to design simple and robust preparation and quality control methods, which are needed to fully exploit the potential benefits of these theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. Extensive biodistribution and dosimetry studies are indispensable to provide the portfolios that are required for assessment before human administration is possible. Use of the existing knowledge collected in this review should guide future research efforts and may lead to the approval of new promising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Lange
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Ter Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Russ Ff Knapp
- Medical Radioisotope Program, Nuclear Security and Isotope Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - John M H de Klerk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Haiko J Bloemendal
- Department of Internal Medicine/Medical Oncology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Paul J, Barg A, Kretzschmar M, Pagenstert G, Studler U, Hügle T, Wegner NJ, Valderrabano V, Geurts J. Increased Osseous (99m)Tc-DPD Uptake in End-Stage Ankle Osteoarthritis: Correlation Between SPECT-CT Imaging and Histologic Findings. Foot Ankle Int 2015; 36:1438-47. [PMID: 26231199 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715596745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyzed the histopathologic findings in end-stage osteoarthritic ankle joint tissue that display increased uptake of bone-seeking radiotracer in single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) imaging. METHODS Six consecutive patients with end-stage osteoarthritis undergoing total ankle replacement received preoperative SPECT-CT imaging using (99m)Technetium dicarboxypropane diphosphonate ((99m)Tc-DPD). Using imaging data for stratification, osteochondral tissue sections were prepared from SPECT-positive (+) and -negative (-) areas of tibial and talar resection specimens. Histomorphometric analyses of osteoblast numbers, collagen deposition, and cartilage degeneration were performed on hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson's and Safranin-O stained tissue sections. Osteoclast activity was visualized using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. RESULTS Increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake was observed exclusively subjacent to the subchondral bone plate of tibial and talar joint compartments. SPECT(-) tissues displayed typical fatty marrow morphology containing mainly collagen-positive blood vessels and few marrow and bone-lining cells. SPECT(+) tissues were characterized by increased numbers of active bone-lining osteoblasts depositing collagen fibers. Collagen area fraction of subchondral bone marrow was significantly increased in SPECT(+) (0.52 ± 0.21) compared with SPECT(-) (0.29 ± 0.13) tissues (P = .30). Multinucleated TRAP(+) osteoclasts were absent from bone formation sites, but associated with vascular structures invading articular cartilage through the subchondral bone plate. Increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake was specifically and strongly correlated with increased osteoblast numbers (P = .011), and with collagen area fraction (P = .030) but not with Mankin score (P = .202), or with osteoclast number (P = .576). CONCLUSION Subchondral bone tissues in SPECT(+) areas of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis were histologically characterized by increased osteoblast-mediated bone formation in the absence of functional osteoclasts, and increased cellularity and collagen deposition in marrow tissues. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest a pathologic bone-remodeling process in end-stage ankle OA areas with increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Paul
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ueli Studler
- University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hügle
- University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zhong ZA, Peck A, Li S, VanOss J, Snider J, Droscha CJ, Chang TA, Williams BO. (99m)TC-Methylene diphosphonate uptake at injury site correlates with osteoblast differentiation and mineralization during bone healing in mice. Bone Res 2015; 3:15013. [PMID: 26273540 PMCID: PMC4472149 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
99mTc-Methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) is widely used in clinical settings to detect bone abnormalities. However, the mechanism of 99mTc-MDP uptake in bone is not well elucidated. In this study, we utilized a mouse tibia injury model, single-photon emission computed tomography (gamma scintigraphy or SPECT), ex vivo micro-computed tomography, and histology to monitor 99mTc-MDP uptake in injury sites during skeletal healing. In an ex vivo culture system, calvarial cells were differentiated into osteoblasts with osteogenic medium, pulsed with 99mTc-MDP at different time points, and quantitated for 99mTc-MDP uptake with a gamma counter. We demonstrated that 99mTc-MDP uptake in the injury sites corresponded to osteoblast generation in those sites throughout the healing process. The 99mTc-MDP uptake within the injury sites peaked on day 7 post-injury, while the injury sites were occupied by mature osteoblasts also starting from day 7. 99mTc-MDP uptake started to decrease 14 days post-surgery, when we observed the highest level of bony tissue in the injury sites. We also found that 99mTc-MDP uptake was associated with osteoblast maturation and mineralization in vitro. This study provides direct and biological evidence for 99mTc-MDP uptake in osteoblasts during bone healing in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong A Zhong
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Health, UC Davis Medical Center , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anderson Peck
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Shihong Li
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jeff VanOss
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - John Snider
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Casey J Droscha
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tingtung A Chang
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Fiz F, Morbelli S, Piccardo A, Bauckneht M, Ferrarazzo G, Pestarino E, Cabria M, Democrito A, Riondato M, Villavecchia G, Marini C, Sambuceti G. ¹⁸F-NaF Uptake by Atherosclerotic Plaque on PET/CT Imaging: Inverse Correlation Between Calcification Density and Mineral Metabolic Activity. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1019-23. [PMID: 25952737 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have highlighted the role of vascular (18)F-NaF uptake as a marker of ongoing calcium deposition. However, accumulation of (18)F-NaF is often inconsistent with localization of arterial plaque. Calcification activity and thus (18)F-NaF uptake might prevail in the earlier plaque stages. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated (18)F-NaF uptake in plaque of 3 different densities, using density as a marker of calcification progression. We also tested whether attenuation-weighted image reconstruction affects (18)F-NaF uptake in the different plaque stages. METHODS Sixty-four oncologic patients (14 men and 50 women; mean age, 65.3 ± 8.2 y; range, 26-81 y) underwent (18)F-NaF PET/CT. A volume of interest was drawn on each plaque within the infrarenal aorta to assess mean standardized uptake value and attenuation (in Hounsfield units [HU]). Plaque was then categorized as light (<210 HU), medium (211-510 HU), or heavy (>510 HU). Standardized uptake value was normalized for blood (18)F-NaF activity to obtain the plaque target-to-background ratio (TBR). During this process, several focal, noncalcified areas of (18)F-NaF were identified (hot spots). The TBR of the hot spots was computed after isocontour thresholding. The TBR of a noncalcified control region was also calculated. In 35 patients, the TBR of non-attenuation-corrected images was calculated. RESULTS The average TBR was highest in light plaque (2.21 ± 0.88), significantly lower in medium plaque (1.59 ± 0.63, P < 0.001), and lower still in heavy plaque (1.14 ± 0.37, P < 0.0001 with respect to both light and medium plaque). The TBR of the control region was not significantly different from that of heavy plaque but was significantly lower than that of light and medium plaque (P < 0.01). Hot spots had the highest absolute TBR (3.89 ± 1.87, P < 0.0001 vs. light plaque). TBRs originating from non-attenuation-corrected images did not significantly differ from those originating from attenuation-corrected images. CONCLUSION Our results support the concept that (18)F-NaF is a feasible option in imaging molecular calcium deposition in the early stages of plaque formation, when active uptake mechanisms are the main determinants of calcium presence, but that retention of (18)F-NaF progressively decreases with increasing calcium deposition in the arterial wall. Our data suggest that non-attenuation-corrected reconstruction does not significantly affect evaluation of plaque of any thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiz
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Bauckneht
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferrarazzo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Manlio Cabria
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Democrito
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mattia Riondato
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy; and
| | | | - Cecilia Marini
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, CNR, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Irmler IM, Gebhardt P, Hoffmann B, Opfermann T, Figge MT, Saluz HP, Kamradt T. 18 F-Fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography for noninvasive in vivo quantification of pathophysiological bone metabolism in experimental murine arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R155. [PMID: 25053370 PMCID: PMC4220085 DOI: 10.1186/ar4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluation of disease severity in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis is inevitably associated with assessment of structural bone damage. A noninvasive imaging technology allowing objective quantification of pathophysiological alterations of bone structure in rodents could substantially extend the methods used to date in preclinical arthritis research for staging of autoimmune disease severity or efficacy of therapeutical intervention. Sodium 18 F-fluoride (18 F-NaF) is a bone-seeking tracer well-suited for molecular imaging. Therefore, we systematically examined the use of 18 F-NaF positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in mice with glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI)–induced arthritis for quantification of pathological bone metabolism. Methods F-fluoride was injected into mice before disease onset and at various time points of progressing experimental arthritis. Radioisotope accumulation in joints in the fore- and hindpaws was analyzed by PET measurements. For validation of bone metabolism quantified by 18 F-fluoride PET, bone surface parameters of high-resolution μCT measurements were used. Results Before clinical arthritis onset, no distinct accumulation of 18 F-fluoride was detectable in the fore- and hindlimbs of mice immunized with G6PI. In the course of experimental autoimmune disease, 18 F-fluoride bone uptake was increased at sites of enhanced bone metabolism caused by pathophysiological processes of autoimmune disease. Moreover, 18 F-fluoride signaling at different stages of G6PI-induced arthritis was significantly correlated with the degree of bone destruction. CT enabled identification of exact localization of 18 F-fluoride signaling in bone and soft tissue. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that small-animal PET/CT using 18 F-fluoride as a tracer is a feasible method for quantitative assessment of pathophysiological bone metabolism in experimental arthritis. Furthermore, the possibility to perform repeated noninvasive measurements in vivo allows longitudinal study of therapeutical intervention monitoring.
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Ventura M, Franssen GM, Oosterwijk E, Boerman OC, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. SPECT vs. PET monitoring of bone defect healing and biomaterial performancein vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:843-854. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ventura
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Gerben M. Franssen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Simón J, Frank RK, Crump DK, Erwin WD, Ueno NT, Wendt RE. A preclinical investigation of the saturation and dosimetry of 153Sm-DOTMP as a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:770-6. [PMID: 22459336 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The therapeutic potential of the bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical 153Sm-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetramethylenephosphonic acid (153Sm-DOTMP) was assessed by measuring its dosage-dependent skeletal uptake at two chelant-to-metal ratios and its source organ residence times at a chelant-to-metal ratio of 1.5:1. A similar agent, 153Sm-labeled ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid (153Sm-EDTMP), has been reported to exhibit dosage-limiting skeletal saturation. METHODS Sm-DOTMP was prepared with tracer activity of 153Sm and sufficient stable, unenriched Sm to simulate different activities. Cohorts of seven 280-g Sprague-Dawley rats were administered the equivalent of 296, 592, 888, 1184 and 1480 MBq (8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 mCi) at a fixed chelant-to-metal ratio of 1.5:1 and euthanized 3 h after administration. Cohorts of three 128-g Sprague-Dawley rats were administered equivalent dosages of 10.4, 592 and 888 (0.28, 16 and 32 mCi) at a fixed chelant-to-metal ratio of 270:1 and euthanized 2 h after administration. A simulated activity of 1480 MBq (40 mCi) at a chelant-to-metal ratio of 1.5:1 was administered to cohorts of seven rats that were euthanized at 2, 4, 24 or 48 h postadministration. The heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, muscle and a femur were excised, weighed and counted. The data were analyzed to determine skeletal uptake and source organ residence times. RESULTS No statistically significant skeletal saturation was observed up to human-equivalent dosages of 370 GBq (10 Ci) at a chelant-to-metal ratio of 1.5:1, but the skeletal uptake dropped by 40% over the range of dosages at a chelant-to-metal ratio of 270:1. At a chelant-to-metal ratio of 1.5:1, the preferred ratio, the skeletal uptake fraction in rats was 0.408 (95% confidence interval 0.396-0.419) with an effective half-life of 47.3 h (95% confidence interval 42.3-53.7; the physical half-life of 153Sm is 46.3 h). Extrapolating to an adult human model, 52.9 GBq (1.43 Ci) of 153Sm-DOTMP would deliver 40 Gy to the red marrow. CONCLUSION 153Sm-DOTMP has dosimetry equivalent to that of 153Sm-EDTMP at low dosages, yet with no skeletal saturation at higher administered activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Simón
- IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC, Angleton, TX 77515, USA.
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Kozloff KM, Volakis LI, Marini JC, Caird MS. Near-infrared fluorescent probe traces bisphosphonate delivery and retention in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1748-58. [PMID: 20200982 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonate use has expanded beyond traditional applications to include treatment of a variety of low-bone-mass conditions. Complications associated with long-term bisphosphonate treatment have been noted, generating a critical need for information describing the local bisphosphonate-cell interactions responsible for these observations. This study demonstrates that a fluorescent bisphosphonate analogue, far-red fluorescent pamidronate (FRFP), is an accurate biomarker of bisphosphonate deposition and retention in vivo and can be used to monitor site-specific local drug concentration. In vitro, FRFP is competitively inhibited from the surface of homogenized rat cortical bone by traditional bisphosphonates. In vivo, FRFP delivery to the skeleton is rapid, with fluorescence linearly correlated with bone surface area. Limb fluorescence increases linearly with injected dose of FRFP; injected FRFP does not interfere with binding of standard bisphosphonates at the doses used in this study. Long-term FRFP retention studies demonstrated that FRFP fluorescence decreases in conditions of normal bone turnover, whereas fluorescence was retained in conditions of reduced bone turnover, demonstrating preservation of local FRFP concentration. In the mandible, FRFP localized to the alveolar bone and bone surrounding the periodontal ligament and molar roots, consistent with findings of osteonecrosis of the jaw. These findings support a role for FRFP as an effective in vivo marker for bisphosphonate site-specific deposition, turnover, and long-term retention in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Kozloff
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Basics and principles of radiopharmaceuticals for PET/CT. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73:461-9. [PMID: 20181453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presented review provides general background on PET radiopharmaceuticals for oncological applications. Special emphasis is put on radiopharmacological, radiochemical and regulatory aspects. This review is not meant to give details on all different PET tracers in depth but to provide insights into the general principles coming along with their preparation and use. The PET tracer plays a pivotal role because it provides the basis both for image quality and clinical interpretation. It is composed of the radionuclide (signaller) and the molecular vehicle which determines the (bio-)chemical properties (e.g. binding characteristics, metabolism, elimination rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wadsak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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What to consider in the development of new bone seekers: mechanistic and tracer-related aspects. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:817-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED FRFP binds to mineral at osteoblastic, osteoclastic, and quiescent surfaces, with accumulation likely modulated by vascular delivery. In vivo visualization and quantification of binding can be accomplished noninvasively in animal models through optical tomographic imaging. INTRODUCTION The development of near-infrared optical markers as reporters of bone metabolism will be useful for early diagnosis of disease. Bisphosphonates bind differentially to osteoblastic and osteoclastic surfaces depending on choice of side-chain and dose, and fluorescently tagged bisphosphonates provide a convenient way to visualize these sites. This study examines the ability of a fluorescently labeled pamidronate imaging probe to bind to regions of bone formation and resorption in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro binding of a far-red fluorescent pamidronate (FRFP) to mineral was assessed using intact and demineralized dentine slices. In vivo, FRFP binding was studied in three models: developing neonatal mouse, bone healing after injury, and metastasis-induced osteolysis and fracture. 3D fluorescence molecular tomographic (FMT) imaging was used to visualize signal deep within the body. RESULTS FRFP binding to bone depends on the quantity of mineral present and can be liberated from the bone during decalcification. In vivo, FRFP binds to surfaces of actively forming bone, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase staining, surfaces undergoing active resorption, as noted by scalloped bone border and presence of osteoclasts, and to quiescent surfaces not involved in formation or resorption. Binding is likely modulated by vascular delivery of the imaging agent to the exposed mineral surface and total quantity of surface exposed. FMT imaging is capable of visualizing regions of bone formation because of a large volume of labeled surface, but like radiolabeled bone scans, cannot discriminate pure osteolysis caused by metastasis. CONCLUSIONS FRFP may function as a local biomarker of bisphosphonate deposition to assess interplay between drug and cellular environment or may be combined with other imaging agents or fluorescent cells for the noninvasive assessment of local bone metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Kozloff
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Toegel S, Wadsak W, Mien LK, Viernstein H, Kluger R, Eidherr H, Haeusler D, Kletter K, Dudczak R, Mitterhauser M. Preparation and pre-vivo evaluation of no-carrier-added, carrier-added and cross-complexed [(68)Ga]-EDTMP formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 68:406-12. [PMID: 17611088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to develop convenient preparation and quality control protocols for [(68)Ga]-EDTMP, a potential radiotracer for skeletal PET imaging. Furthermore, bone binding characteristics with special focus on the influence of carrier addition were evaluated. METHODS No-carrier-added (nca), carrier-added and novel cross-complexed [(68)Ga]-EDTMP formulations were prepared using [(68)Ga]-gallium chloride and a commercial EDTMP kit. Respective bone binding characteristics were determined on the basis of an established in-vitro method using hydroxyapatite and human bone powders as binding matrices. RESULTS Pre-vivo evaluation of nca [(68)Ga]-EDTMP yielded irreversible binding on the mineral bone phase characterised by fast binding kinetics. Generally, nca [(68)Ga]-EDTMP showed low uptake values comparable to nca [(99m)Tc]-EDTMP. Interestingly, the bone binding affinity of [(68)Ga]-EDTMP could be increased by the addition of carriers, presumably by changing the complex structure. CONCLUSIONS This fast and reliable preparation protocol could enable small PET facilities without onsite cyclotron to perform PET bone scans. A comparison of all cross-complexed [(68)Ga]-EDTMP preparations further strengthens the recently presented "foreign carrier theory", which highlights carrier addition as a factor strongly affecting bone uptake of radiolabelled polyphosphonates. The clinical applicability of [(68)Ga]-EDTMP - particularly with respect to lesion specificity and sensitivity - should be clarified in forthcoming in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mitterhauser M, Toegel S, Wadsak W, Lanzenberger RR, Mien LK, Kuntner C, Wanek T, Eidherr H, Ettlinger DE, Viernstein H, Kluger R, Dudczak R, Kletter K. Pre vivo, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of [68Ga]-EDTMP. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:391-7. [PMID: 17499728 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to develop a simple preparation method for [68Ga]-EDTMP and to evaluate the applicability of [68Ga]-EDTMP as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) bone imaging agent using pre vivo, ex vivo and in vivo models. METHODS [68Ga]-EDTMP was prepared using 68Ga]-gallium chloride eluted from the 68Ge/68Ga generator and commercially available Multibone kits. Binding affinity to bone compartments was evaluated using a recently established pre vivo model. In vivo (microPET) and ex vivo experiments were performed in mice, and the results of which were compared with those obtained with [18F]-fluoride. RESULTS [68Ga]-EDTMP was accessible via simple kit preparation and predominantly accumulated in bone tissue in vivo, ex vivo and pre vivo. Binding to mineral bone was irreversible, and low binding was observed in organic bone. In vivo microPET evaluation revealed predominant uptake in bone with renal excretion. Compared with [18F]-fluoride, the uptake was lower and the PET image quality was reduced. CONCLUSIONS From the present evaluation, apart from the autonomy for PET centers without an onsite cyclotron, the advantage of [68Ga]-EDTMP over [18F]-fluoride is not apparent and the future clinical prospect of [68Ga]-EDTMP remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Toegel S, Hoffmann O, Wadsak W, Ettlinger D, Mien LK, Wiesner K, Nguemo J, Viernstein H, Kletter K, Dudczak R, Mitterhauser M. Uptake of bone-seekers is solely associated with mineralisation! A study with 99mTc-MDP, 153Sm-EDTMP and 18F-fluoride on osteoblasts. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33:491-4. [PMID: 16416330 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although polyphosphonates (PPs) were introduced as bone imaging agents in nuclear medicine in the early 1970s, the mechanisms involved in their uptake still remain unclear. Suggested mechanisms range from mineral adsorption with disputed binding to the organic phase, over incorporation into the mineralisation process to a combination of both mechanisms. Thus, our investigations aimed to: (1) evaluate adsorption parameters of (99m)Tc-MDP, (153)Sm-EDTMP and (18)F-fluoride on mineralising osteoblast cultures, (2) correlate the radiotracer binding measured in the cell cultures with binding values from our previously presented mineral model and (3) compare binding with cell number. METHODS Primary osteoblasts were obtained by sequential digestion of foetal mice calvariae. The cells were incubated with 0.3 mumol of radiolabelled PPs or 25 MBq (18)F-fluoride for 120 min. Gamma signals from labelled samples were detected with a Millennium Hawkeye SPECT camera or with a dedicated Advance full-ring PET scanner and the binding percentages were calculated. RESULTS From days 8 to 15 of culture, the percent binding of all evaluated tracers increased significantly, whereas the protein concentration showed insignificant changes. Additional comparisons of the binding values with our recently published pre-vivo model revealed remarkable agreement, suggesting solely bone-forming minerals to be responsible for radiotracer binding. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that binding of the evaluated radiotracers is not associated with osteoblast numbers but only with the concentration of bone-forming minerals. The presented correlations substantiate our recently presented pre-vivo model for the evaluation of bone-seekers: mechanisms associated with the uptake of bone-seekers are irreversible and mineral-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Wien, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Toegel S, Mien LK, Wadsak W, Eidherr H, Viernstein H, Kluger R, Ettlinger D, Kletter K, Dudczak R, Mitterhauser M. In vitro evaluation of no carrier added, carrier added and cross-complexed [90Y]-EDTMP provides evidence for a novel “foreign carrier theory”. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:95-9. [PMID: 16459264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the preparation of novel bone tracers containing yttrium as radionuclide or carrier. Moreover, these preparations were comparatively evaluated in vitro on the basis of a recently presented pre vivo model comprising binding studies on synthetic and human bone powder. It was shown that among the therapeutic radionuclides, no carrier added [(90)Y]-EDTMP exceeded [(188)Re]-EDTMP while yielding lower binding values than [(153)Sm]-EDTMP. Furthermore, the authors investigated the influence of "foreign" carriers added to [(90)Y]-EDTMP, [(99m)Tc]-EDTMP and [(111)In]-EDTMP by the method of cross-complexation. The findings reveal a new paradigm: a carrier more foreign to the complexed radionuclide causes a higher binding increase on human bone matrices in vitro than a more "related" carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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