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Smilde BJ, Botman E, de Vries TJ, de Vries R, Micha D, Schoenmaker T, Janssen JJWM, Eekhoff EMW. A Systematic Review of the Evidence of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation to Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123063. [PMID: 36551819 PMCID: PMC9775738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts have an important role in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues by producing and remodelling extracellular matrix proteins. They are indispensable for physiological processes, and as such also associate with many pathological conditions. In recent years, a number of studies have identified donor-derived fibroblasts in various tissues of bone marrow transplant recipients, while others could not replicate these findings. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current literature regarding the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into fibroblasts in various tissues. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (Core Collection) were systematically searched for original articles concerning fibroblast origin after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Our search found 5421 studies, of which 151 were analysed for full-text analysis by two authors independently, resulting in the inclusion of 104 studies. Only studies in animals and humans, in which at least one marker was used for fibroblast identification, were included. The results were described per organ of fibroblast engraftment. We show that nearly all mouse and human organs show evidence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic stem cell transfer origin. Despite significant heterogeneity in the included studies, most demonstrate a significant presence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic lineage in non-hematopoietic tissues. This presence appears to increase after the occurrence of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Smilde
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Botman
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-72-548-4444
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Mo Y, Wang Z, Gao J, Yan Y, Ren H, Zhang F, Qi N, Chen Y. Comparative study of three types of mesenchymal stem cell to differentiate into pancreatic β-like cells in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:936. [PMID: 34335885 PMCID: PMC8290435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (TID) is a chronic metabolic disease where the body produces insufficient or no insulin. Stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential are transplanted and differentiate into β-like cells in vivo to replace pancreatic β cells, which has become a novel treatment strategy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of three types of adult mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to differentiate into pancreatic β-like cells in vitro in order to identify suitable sources for the treatment of diabetes. The three MSC types were menstrual blood-derived MSCs (MENSCs), umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) and dental pulp MSCs (DPSCs). The differentiation method used in the present study was divided into three steps and the MSCs were differentiated into pancreatic β-like cells in vitro. Among these MSCs, MENSCs had a greater ability to differentiate into islet β-like cells in vitro, while UCMSCs and DPSCs exhibited a similar differentiation potency, which was relatively lower compared with that of MENSCs. The present results indicated that MENSCs may be a suitable cell source for the curative treatment of TID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Mo
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zejian Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Huaijuan Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- China Stem Cell Therapy Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yantian Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Gohil SV, Kuo C, Adams DJ, Maye P, Rowe DW, Nair LS. Evaluation of the donor cell contribution in rh
BMP
‐2 mediated bone formation with chitosan thermogels using fluorescent protein reporter mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:928-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V. Gohil
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Chia‐Ling Kuo
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of ConnecticutFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Peter Maye
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - David W. Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Material ScienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs Connecticut06269
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Pensak M, Hong SH, Dukas A, Bayron J, Tinsley B, Jain A, Tang A, Rowe D, Lieberman JR. Combination therapy with PTH and DBM cannot heal a critical sized murine femoral defect. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1242-9. [PMID: 25877402 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthopaedic surgeons continue to search for cost-effective bone graft substitutes to enhance bone repair. Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) have been used in patients to promote bone healing. We evaluated the efficacy of PTH and DBM in healing a critical sized femoral defect in three lineage-specific transgenic mice expressing Col3.6GFPtopaz (pre-osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (osteoblastic marker) and α-SMA-Cherry (pericyte/myofibroblast marker). Mid-diaphyseal defects measuring 2 mm in length were created in the central 1/3 of mice femora using a circular saw and stabilized with an alveolar distractor device and cerclage wires. Three groups were evaluated: Group I, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily, Group II, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily + DBM, and Group III, DBM + 30μL saline injection. PTH was given for 28 days or until the time of sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Radiographs at the time of sacrifice were evaluated using a 5-point scaled scoring system. Radiographs showed a lack of healing across all treatment groups at all time points: Group I, 1.57 +/- 0.68; Group II, 3.00 +/- 1.29; and Group III, 2.90 +/- 1.03. Bone formation in the defect as measured by radiographic healing score was significantly better at 56 days in Groups II (p = 0.01) and III (p < 0.01) compared to Group I. Across all treatment groups and time points the defects were largely absent of osteoprogenitor cells based on gross observation of frozen histology and quantitation of cellular based histomorphometric parameters. Quantitation of frozen histologic slides showed a limited osteoprogenitor response to PTH and DBM. Our results suggest that the anabolic agent teriparatide is unable to induce healing in a critical sized mouse femoral defect when given alone or in combination with the DBM preparation we used as a local bone graft substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pensak
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Alex Dukas
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer Bayron
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Brian Tinsley
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Amy Tang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Rowe
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Alaee F, Hong SH, Dukas AG, Pensak MJ, Rowe DW, Lieberman JR. Evaluation of osteogenic cell differentiation in response to bone morphogenetic protein or demineralized bone matrix in a critical sized defect model using GFP reporter mice. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1120-8. [PMID: 24888702 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the osteoprogenitor response to rhBMP-2 and DBM in a transgenic mouse critical sized defect. The mice expressed Col3.6GFPtopaz (a pre-osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (an osteoblastic marker) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA-Cherry, a pericyte/myofibroblast marker). We assessed defect healing at various time points using radiographs, frozen, and conventional histologic analyses. GFP signal in regions of interest corresponding to the areas of new bone formation was quantified using a novel computer assisted algorithm. All defects treated with rhBMP-2 healed. In contrast, the majority of the defects in the DBM (27/30) and control (28/30) groups did not heal. Quantitation of pre-osteoblasts demonstrated a maximal response (% GFP + cells/TV) in the Col3.6GFPtopaz mice at day 7 (7.2% ± 6.0, p < 0.05 compared to days 14, 21, 28, and 56). The maximal response of the Col2.3GFP cells was seen at days 14 (8.04% ± 5.0) and 21 (8.31% ± 4.32), p < 0.05. In contrast, DBM and control groups showed a limited osteogenic response at all time points. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the BMP and DBM induce vastly different osteogenic responses which should influence their clinical application as bone graft substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Alaee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030
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6
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Xin X, Jiang X, Wang L, Stover ML, Zhan S, Huang J, Goldberg AJ, Liu Y, Kuhn L, Reichenberger EJ, Rowe DW, Lichtler AC. A Site-Specific Integrated Col2.3GFP Reporter Identifies Osteoblasts Within Mineralized Tissue Formed In Vivo by Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1125-37. [PMID: 25122686 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for study and treatment of bone diseases or traumatic bone injuries requires efficient protocols to differentiate hESCs/iPSCs into cells with osteogenic potential and the ability to isolate differentiated osteoblasts for analysis. We have used zinc finger nuclease technology to deliver a construct containing the Col2.3 promoter driving GFPemerald to the AAVS1 site (referred to as a "safe harbor" site), in human embryonic stem cells (H9Zn2.3GFP), with the goal of marking the cells that have become differentiated osteoblasts. In teratomas formed using these cells, we identified green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells specifically associated with in vivo bone formation. We also differentiated the cells into a mesenchymal stem cell population with osteogenic potential and implanted them into a mouse calvarial defect model. We observed GFP-positive cells associated with alizarin complexone-labeled newly formed bone surfaces. The cells were alkaline phosphatase-positive, and immunohistochemistry with human specific bone sialoprotein (BSP) antibody indicates that the GFP-positive cells are also associated with the human BSP-containing matrix, demonstrating that the Col2.3GFP construct marks cells in the osteoblast lineage. Single-cell cloning generated a 100% Col2.3GFP-positive cell population, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a GFP probe. The karyotype was normal, and pluripotency was demonstrated by Tra1-60 immunostaining, pluripotent low density reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction array and embryoid body formation. These cells will be useful to develop optimal osteogenic differentiation protocols and to isolate osteoblasts from normal and diseased iPSCs for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xin
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mary Louise Stover
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shuning Zhan
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Jon Goldberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yongxing Liu
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liisa Kuhn
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ernst J Reichenberger
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexander C Lichtler
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Matthews BG, Grcevic D, Wang L, Hagiwara Y, Roguljic H, Joshi P, Shin DG, Adams DJ, Kalajzic I. Analysis of αSMA-labeled progenitor cell commitment identifies notch signaling as an important pathway in fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1283-94. [PMID: 24190076 PMCID: PMC4864015 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a regenerative process that involves coordinated responses of many cell types, but characterization of the roles of specific cell populations in this process has been limited. We have identified alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as a marker of a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the periosteum that contributes to osteochondral elements during fracture healing. Using a lineage tracing approach, we labeled αSMA-expressing cells, and characterized changes in the periosteal population during the early stages of fracture healing by histology, flow cytometry, and gene expression profiling. In response to fracture, the αSMA-labeled population expanded and began to differentiate toward the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. The frequency of mesenchymal progenitor cell markers such as Sca1 and PDGFRα increased after fracture. By 6 days after fracture, genes involved in matrix production and remodeling were elevated. In contrast, genes associated with muscle contraction and Notch signaling were downregulated after fracture. We confirmed that activating Notch signaling in αSMA-labeled cells inhibited differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. By characterizing changes in a selected αSMA-labeled progenitor cell population during fracture callus formation, we have shown that modulation of Notch signaling may determine osteogenic potential of αSMA-expressing progenitor cells during bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brya G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Skaliczki G, Weszl M, Schandl K, Major T, Kovács M, Skaliczki J, Redl H, Szendrői M, Szigeti K, Máté D, Dobó-Nagy C, Lacza Z. Compromised bone healing following spacer removal in a rat femoral defect model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 99:223-32. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic Division, University of Padova, Medical School-Padova, Italy.
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Monfoulet L, Rabier B, Chassande O, Fricain JC. Drilled hole defects in mouse femur as models of intramembranous cortical and cancellous bone regeneration. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:72-81. [PMID: 19953233 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify pertinent models of cortical and cancellous bone regeneration, we compared the kinetics and patterns of bone healing in mouse femur using two defect protocols. The first protocol consisted of a 0.9-mm-diameter through-and-through cortical hole drilled in the mid-diaphysis. The second protocol was a 0.9-mm-diameter, 1-mm-deep perforation in the distal epimetaphyseal region, which destroyed part of the growth plate and cancellous bone. Bone healing was analyzed by ex vivo micro-computerized X-ray tomography and histology. In the diaphysis, the cortical gap was bridged with woven bone within 2 weeks. This newly formed bone was rapidly remodeled into compact cortical bone, which showed characteristic parameters of intact cortex 4 weeks after surgery. In the epimetaphysis, bone formation was initiated at the deepest region of the defect and spread slowly toward the cortical gap. In this position, newly formed bone quickly adopted the characteristics of trabecular bone, whereas a thin compact wall was formed at its external border, which reached the density of intact cortical bone but failed to bridge the cortical gap even 13 weeks after surgery. This comparative study indicates that the diaphyseal defect is a model of cortical bone healing and that the epimetaphyseal defect is a model of cancellous bone repair. These models enable experimental genetics studies to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spontaneous cortical and cancellous bone repair and may be useful for pharmacological studies.
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Yin D, Wang Z, Gao Q, Sundaresan R, Parrish C, Yang Q, Krebsbach PH, Lichtler AC, Rowe DW, Hock J, Liu P. Determination of the fate and contribution of ex vivo expanded human bone marrow stem and progenitor cells for bone formation by 2.3ColGFP. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1967-78. [PMID: 19603005 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation can provide an effective cell-based strategy to enhance bone repair. However, the fate of implanted cells and the extent of their contribution to bone osteoinduction remain uncertain. To define the fate of bone marrow-derived cells and their contribution in vivo, we used a bone-specific collagen I promoter (2.3Col) driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) (2.3ColGFP) within a lentiviral vector. Prior to in vivo cell fate determination, we verified a high efficiency of lentiviral transduction in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), without altering the proliferation or differentiation potential of these cells. We showed that the 2.3ColGFP marker responded to endogenous transcriptional regulation signals. In a mouse ossicle model, we demonstrated that the 2.3ColGFP marker is able to specifically define human bone marrow-derived stem cells that enter the osteoblast lineage in vivo. In addition, cells labeled with 2.3ColGFP with the donor origin, directly make a major contribution to bone formation. Furthermore, we also demonstrated in a calvarial defect model that a mixture of human bone marrow-derived populations, have stronger bone regenerative potential than that of hBMSCs, and an optimal dose is required for bone regeneration by the mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Yin
- Aastrom Biosciences Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is characterized by the induction of highly vascularized new bone formation through an intramembranous process largely devoid of the formation of cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that DO is strictly dependent on vascualrization, we inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity by antibody blockade of both receptors VEGFR1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR2 (Flk-1) or only VEGFR2 (Flk-1) in a previously developed murine tibia DO model. During normal DO, VEGFR1 (Flt-1), VEGFR2 (Flk-1), VEGFR3 (Flt4) and all four VEGF ligand (A, B, C, and D) mRNAs are induced. RESULTS The expression of mRNA for the receptors generally paralleled those of the ligands during the period of active distraction. Bone formation, as assessed by muCT, showed a significant decrease with the double antibody treatment and a smaller decrease with single antibody treatment. Vessel volume, number, and connectivity showed progressive and significant inhibition in all of these of parameters between the single and double antibody blockade. Molecular analysis showed significant inhibition in skeletal cell development with the single and double antibody blockade of both VEGFR1 and 2. Interestingly, the single antibody treatment led to selective early development of chondrogenesis, whereas the double antibody treatment led to a failure of both osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 are functionally essential in blood vessel and bone formation during DO and are needed to promote osteogenic over chondrogenic lineage progression.
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Kim MS, Kim SK, Kim SH, Hyun H, Khang G, Lee HB. In Vivo Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Thermosensitive MPEG–PCL Diblock Copolymer Gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2863-73. [PMID: 17518655 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) diblock copolymers were prepared by ring-opening polymerization and their phase transition behavior characterized as a function of temperature. The MPEG-PCL solutions formed a sol at room temperature, and underwent sol-to-gel followed by gel-to-sol phase transitions as the temperature was increased. The temperature range over which the solutions were in a gel state could be extended simply by increasing the PCL chain length in the diblock copolymer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of MPEG-PCL solutions in the sol and gel states revealed near-regular and irregular porous structures, respectively. in vitro culture of rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) on gel surfaces exhibited mostly round cells after 1 day of incubation. SEM images of the attached cells clearly showed the cell body and anchoring filopodia. Injection of room-temperature diblock copolymer solutions into Sprague-Dawley rats produced a gel at body temperature. In situ gel-forming scaffolds in vivo were successfully fabricated by simple subcutaneous injection of MPEG-PCL diblock copolymer solutions. The gel implants retained their original shape for 4 weeks without in- flammation at the injection site. Gel implants removed after 4 weeks were found to be surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule consisting of fibroblasts and blood vessels cells. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and von Kossa staining revealed bone formation in gel implants containing both rBMSCs and dexamethasone, with the degree of bone formation increasing markedly with increasing dexamethasone concentration. Thus, our results show that in situ gel scaffolds fabricated from MPEG-PCL diblock copolymer solutions containing dexamethasone enable multipotent rBMSCs to produce viable bone when injected into rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea
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