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Hieronymus TL, Waugh DA, Ball HC, Vinyard CJ, Galazyuk A, Cooper LN. Comparing age- and bone-related differences in collagen fiber orientation: A case study of bats and laboratory mice using quantitative polarized light microscopy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2084-2102. [PMID: 38095113 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
As bones age in most mammals, they typically become more fragile. This state of bone fragility is often associated with more homogenous collagen fiber orientations (CFO). Unlike most mammals, bats maintain mechanically competent bone throughout their lifespans, but little is known of positional and age-related changes in CFO within wing bones. This study tests the hypothesis that age-related changes in CFO in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) differ from those of the standard mammalian model for skeletal aging, the C57BL/6 laboratory mouse. We used data from quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM) to compare CFO across the lifespan of long-lived big brown bats and age matched C57BL/6 mice. Eptesicus and C57BL/6 mice displayed idiosyncratic patterns of CFO. Consistent age-related changes were only apparent in the outer cortical bone of Eptesicus, where bone tissue is more longitudinally arranged and more anisotropic in older individuals. Both taxa displayed a ring of more transversely oriented bone tissue surrounding the medullary cavity. In Eptesicus, this tissue represents a greater proportion of the overall cross-section, and is more clearly helically aligned (arranged at 45° to the bone long axis) than similar bone tissue in mice. Bat wing bones displayed a proximodistal gradient in CFO anisotropy and longitudinal orientation in both outer and inner cortical bone compartments. This study lays a methodological foundation for the quantitative evaluation of bone tissue architecture in volant and non-volant mammals that may be expanded in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin Lee Hieronymus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - David A Waugh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Hope C Ball
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Alex Galazyuk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa Noelle Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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2
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Martínez-Moreno D, Jiménez G, Chocarro-Wrona C, Carrillo E, Montañez E, Galocha-León C, Clares-Naveros B, Gálvez-Martín P, Rus G, de Vicente J, Marchal JA. Pore geometry influences growth and cell adhesion of infrapatellar mesenchymal stem cells in biofabricated 3D thermoplastic scaffolds useful for cartilage tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111933. [PMID: 33641924 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The most pressing need in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) is the creation of a biomaterial capable to tailor the complex extracellular matrix of the tissue. Despite the standardized used of polycaprolactone (PCL) for osteochondral scaffolds, the pronounced stiffness mismatch between PCL scaffold and the tissue it replaces remarks the biomechanical incompatibility as main limitation. To overcome it, the present work was focused in the design and analysis of several geometries and pore sizes and how they affect cell adhesion and proliferation of infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells (IPFP-MSCs) loaded in biofabricated 3D thermoplastic scaffolds. A novel biomaterial for CTE, the 1,4-butanediol thermoplastic polyurethane (b-TPUe) together PCL were studied to compare their mechanical properties. Three different geometrical patterns were included: hexagonal (H), square (S), and, triangular (T); each one was printed with three different pore sizes (PS): 1, 1.5 and 2 mm. Results showed differences in cell adhesion, cell proliferation and mechanical properties depending on the geometry, porosity and type of biomaterial used. Finally, the microstructure of the two optimal geometries (T1.5 and T2) was deeply analyzed using multiaxial mechanical tests, with and without perimeters, μCT for microstructure analysis, DNA quantification and degradation assays. In conclusion, our results evidenced that IPFP-MSCs-loaded b-TPUe scaffolds had higher similarity with cartilage mechanics and T1.5 was the best adapted morphology for CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Chocarro-Wrona
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E Montañez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Galocha-León
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Clares-Naveros
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Gálvez-Martín
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; R&D Human Health, Bioibérica S.A.U., Barcelona E-08029, Spain
| | - G Rus
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - J de Vicente
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - J A Marchal
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Willie BM, Zimmermann EA, Vitienes I, Main RP, Komarova SV. Bone adaptation: Safety factors and load predictability in shaping skeletal form. Bone 2020; 131:115114. [PMID: 31648080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Much is known about skeletal adaptation in relation to the mechanical functions that bones serve. This includes how bone adapts to mechanical loading during an individual's lifetime as well as over evolutionary time. Although controlled loading in animal models allows us to observe short-term bone adaptation (epigenetic mechanobiology), examining an assemblage of extant vertebrate bones or a group of fossils' bony structures can reveal the combined effects of long-term trends in loading history and the effects of natural selection. In this survey we examine adaptations that take place over both time scales and highlight a few of the extraordinary insights first published by John Currey. First, we provide a historical perspective on bone adaptation control mechanisms, followed by a discussion of safety factors in bone. We then summarize examples of structural- and material-level adaptations and mechanotransduction, and analyze the relationship between these structural- and material-level adaptations observed in situations where loading modes are either predictable or unpredictable. We argue that load predictability is a major consideration for bone adaptation broadly across an evolutionary timescale, but that its importance can also be seen during ontogenetic growth trajectories, which are subject to natural selection as well. Furthermore, we suggest that bones with highly predictable load patterns demonstrate more precise design with lower safety factors, while bones that experience less predictable loads or those that are less capable of repair and adaptation are designed with a higher safety factor. Finally, exposure to rare loading events with high potential costs of failure leads to design of structures with very high safety factor compared to everyday loading experience. Understanding bone adaptations at the structural and material levels, which take place over an individual's lifetime or over evolutionary time has numerous applications in translational and clinical research to understand and treat musculoskeletal diseases, as well as to permit the furthering of human extraterrestrial exploration in environments with altered gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabela Vitienes
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Russell P Main
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Skedros JG, Su SC, Knight AN, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN. Advancing the deer calcaneus model for bone adaptation studies: ex vivo strains obtained after transecting the tension members suggest an unrecognized important role for shear strains. J Anat 2018; 234:66-82. [PMID: 30411344 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and deer calcanei are finding increased use as models for studies of bone adaptation, including advancing understanding of how the strain (deformation) environment influences the ontogenetic emergence of biomechanically relevant structural and material variations in cortical and trabecular bone. These artiodactyl calcanei seem ideal for these analyses because they function like simply loaded short-cantilevered beams with net compression and tension strains on the dorsal and plantar cortices, respectively. However, this habitual strain distribution requires more rigorous validation because it has been shown by limited in vivo and ex vivo strain measurements obtained during controlled ambulation (typically walking and trotting). The conception that these calcanei are relatively simply and habitually loaded 'tension/compression bones' could be invalid if infrequent, though biologically relevant, loads substantially change the location of the neutral axis (NA) that separates 'compression' and 'tension' regions. The effect on calcaneus strains of the tension members (plantar ligament and flexor tendon) is also not well understood and measuring strains after transecting them could reveal that they significantly modulate the strain distribution. We tested the hypothesis that the NA location previously described during simulated on-axis loads of deer calcanei would exhibit limited variations even when load perturbations are unusual (e.g. off-axis loads) or extreme (e.g. after transection of the tension members). We also examined regional differences in the predominance of the three strain modes (tension, compression, and shear) in these various load conditions in dorsal, plantar, medial, and lateral cortices. In addition to considering principal strains (tension and compression) and maximum shear strains, we also considered material-axis (M-A) shear strains. M-A shear strains are those that are aligned along the long axis of the bone and are considered to have greater biomechanical relevance than maximum shear strains because failure theories of composite materials and bone are often based on stresses or strains in the principal material directions. We used the same load apparatus from our prior study of mule deer calcanei. Results showed that although the NA rotated up to 8° medially and 15° laterally during these off-axis loads, it did not shift dramatically until after transection of all tension members. When comparing results based on maximum shear strain data vs. M-A shear strain data, the dominant strain mode changed only in the plantar cortex - as expected (in accordance with our a priori view) it was tension when M-A shear strains were considered (shear : tension = 0.2) but changed to dominant shear when maximum shear strain data were considered (shear : tension = 1.3). This difference leads to different conclusions and speculations regarding which specific strain modes and magnitudes most strongly influence the emergence of the marked mineralization and histomorphological differences in the dorsal vs. plantar cortices. Consequently, our prior simplification of the deer calcaneus model as a simply loaded 'tension/compression bone' (i.e. plantar/dorsal) might be incorrect. In vivo and in finite element analyses are needed to determine whether describing it as a 'shear-tension/compression' bone is more accurate. Addressing this question will help to advance the artiodactyl calcaneus as an experimental model for bone adaptation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven C Su
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alex N Knight
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Roy D Bloebaum
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kent N Bachus
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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5
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Warshaw J, Bromage TG, Terranova CJ, Enlow DH. Collagen Fiber Orientation in Primate Long Bones. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1189-1207. [PMID: 28205407 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of variation in orientation of collagen fibers within bone have lead to the proposition that these are preferentially aligned to accommodate different kinds of load, with tension best resisted by fibers aligned longitudinally relative to the load, and compression best resisted by transversely aligned fibers. However, previous studies have often neglected to consider the effect of developmental processes, including constraints on collagen fiber orientation (CFO), particularly in primary bone. Here we use circularly polarized light microscopy to examine patterns of CFO in cross-sections from the midshaft femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna in a range of living primate taxa with varied body sizes, phylogenetic relationships and positional behaviors. We find that a preponderance of longitudinally oriented collagen is characteristic of both periosteal primary and intracortically remodeled bone. Where variation does occur among groups, it is not simply understood via interpretations of mechanical loads, although prioritized adaptations to tension and/or shear are considered. While there is some suggestion that CFO may correlate with body size, this relationship is neither consistent nor easily explicable through consideration of size-related changes in mechanical adaptation. The results of our study indicate that there is no clear relationship between CFO and phylogenetic status. One of the principle factors accounting for the range of variation that does exist is primary tissue type, where slower depositing bone is more likely to comprise a larger proportion of oblique to transverse collagen fibers. Anat Rec, 300:1189-1207, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Warshaw
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Timothy G Bromage
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Carl J Terranova
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Donald H Enlow
- Thomas Hill Emeritus Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Shimizu T, Takahata M, Kimura-Suda H, Kameda Y, Endo K, Hamano H, Hiratsuka S, Ota M, Sato D, Ito T, Todoh M, Tadano S, Iwasaki N. Autoimmune arthritis deteriorates bone quantity and quality of periarticular bone in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:709-718. [PMID: 27704183 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study showed that autoimmune arthritis induces especially severe osteoporosis in the periarticular region adjacent to inflamed joints, suggesting that arthritis increases the fragility fracture risk near inflamed joints, which is frequently observed in patients with RA. INTRODUCTION Periarticular osteoporosis near inflamed joints is a hallmark of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we show that rheumatic inflammation deteriorates the bone quality and bone quantity of periarticular bone, thereby decreasing bone strength and toughness in a mouse model of RA. METHODS Female BALB/c mice and SKG mice, a mutant mouse model of autoimmune arthritis on the BALB/c background, were used. At 12 weeks of age, BALB/c mice underwent either Sham surgery or bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), and SKG mice underwent intraperitoneal injection of mannan to induce arthritis. Eight weeks later, the mice were killed and the femurs and tibias were subjected to micro-computed tomography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging, X-ray diffraction, histology, and mechanical testing. RESULTS SKG mice developed significant trabecular bone loss in both the distal metaphysis of the femur and the lumbar vertebral body, but the extent of the bone loss was more severe in the distal metaphysis. Neither SKG nor OVX mice exhibited changes in the geometry and matrix properties of the diaphysis of the femur, whereas SKG mice, but not OVX mice, did exhibit changes in these properties in the distal metaphysis of the femur. Bone strength and fracture toughness of the distal metaphysis of the tibia adjacent to the inflamed ankle joint were significantly decreased in SKG mice. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune arthritis induces periarticular osteoporosis, characterized by deterioration of cortical bone geometry and quality as well as by trabecular bone loss, leading to severe bone fragility in periarticular bone adjacent to inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - M Takahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - H Kimura-Suda
- Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Chitose, Japan
| | - Y Kameda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - K Endo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Hamano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - S Hiratsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - M Ota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - D Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Chitose, Japan
| | - M Todoh
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Tadano
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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7
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Geissler JR, Bajaj D, Fritton JC. American Society of Biomechanics Journal of Biomechanics Award 2013: cortical bone tissue mechanical quality and biological mechanisms possibly underlying atypical fractures. J Biomech 2015; 48:883-94. [PMID: 25683519 PMCID: PMC4380555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics literature contains many well-understood mechanisms behind typical fracture types that have important roles in treatment planning. The recent association of “atypical” fractures with long-term use of drugs designed to prevent osteoporosis has renewed interest in the effects of agents on bone tissue-level quality. While this class of fracture was recognized prior to the introduction of the anti-resorptive bisphosphonate drugs and recently likened to stress fractures, the mechanism(s) that lead to atypical fractures have not been definitively identified. Thus, a causal relationship between these drugs and atypical fracture has not been established. Physicians, bioengineers and others interested in the biomechanics of bone are working to improve fracture-prevention diagnostics, and the design of treatments to avoid this serious side-effect in the future. This review examines the mechanisms behind the bone tissue damage that may produce the atypical fracture pattern observed increasingly with long-term bisphosphonate use. Our recent findings and those of others reviewed support that the mechanisms behind normal, healthy excavation and tunnel filling by bone remodeling units within cortical tissue strengthen mechanical integrity. The ability of cortical bone to resist the damage induced during cyclic loading may be altered by the reduced remodeling and increased tissue age resulting from long-term bisphosphonate treatment. Development of assessments for such potential fractures would restore confidence in pharmaceutical treatments that have the potential to spare millions in our aging population from the morbidity and death that often follow bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Geissler
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Devendra Bajaj
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - J Christopher Fritton
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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8
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Aido M, Kerschnitzki M, Hoerth R, Checa S, Spevak L, Boskey AL, Fratzl P, Duda GN, Wagermaier W, Willie BM. Effect of in vivo loading on bone composition varies with animal age. Exp Gerontol 2015; 63:48-58. [PMID: 25639943 PMCID: PMC4352172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Loading can increase bone mass and size and this response is reduced
with aging. It is unclear, however how loading affects bone mineral and matrix
properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging and high resolution synchrotron
scanning small angle X-ray scattering were used to study how bone’s
microscale and nanoscale compositional properties were altered in the tibial
midshaft of young, adult, and elderly female C57Bl/6J mice after two weeks of
controlled in vivo compressive loading in comparison to
physiological loading. The effect of controlled loading on bone composition
varied with animal age, since it predominantly influenced the bone composition
of elderly mice. Interestingly, controlled loading led to enhanced collagen
maturity in elderly mice. In addition, although the rate of bone formation was
increased by controlled loading based on histomorphometry, the newly formed
tissue had similar material quality to new bone tissue formed during
physiological loading. Similar to previous studies, our data showed that bone
composition was animal and tissue age dependent during physiological loading.
The findings that the new tissue formed in response to controlled loading and
physiological loading had similar bone composition and that controlled loading
enhanced bone composition in elderly mice further supports the use of physical
activity as a noninvasive treatment to enhance bone quality as well as maintain
bone mass in individuals suffering from age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Aido
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kerschnitzki
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hoerth
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Fratzl
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Vayron R, Matsukawa M, Tsubota R, Mathieu V, Barthel E, Haiat G. Evolution of bone biomechanical properties at the micrometer scale around titanium implant as a function of healing time. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:1389-406. [PMID: 24584004 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the biomechanical properties of newly formed bone tissue around implants is important to understand the osseointegration process. The objective of this study is to investigate the evolution of elastic properties of newly formed bone tissue as a function of healing time. To do so, nanoindentation and micro-Brillouin scattering techniques are coupled following a multimodality approach using histological analysis. Coin-shaped implants were placed in vivo at a distance of 200 µm from the cortical bone surface, leading to an initially empty cavity. Two rabbits were sacrificed after 7 and 13 weeks of healing time. The histological analyses allow us to distinguish mature and newly formed bone tissue. The bone mechanical properties were measured in mature and newly formed bone tissue. Analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer tests reveals a significant effect of healing time on the indentation modulus and ultrasonic velocities of bone tissue. The results show that bone mass density increases by 12.2% (2.2% respectively) between newly formed bone at 7 weeks (13 weeks respectively) and mature bone. The dependence of bone properties on healing time may be explained by the evolution of bone microstructure and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Vayron
- CNRS, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR CNRS 8208, 61, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
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10
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Ethanol and formaldehyde fixation irreversibly alter bones' organic matrix. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 29:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Leng H, Reyes MJ, Dong NX, Wang X. Effect of age on mechanical properties of the collagen phase in different orientations of human cortical bone. Bone 2013; 55:288-91. [PMID: 23598045 PMCID: PMC3679220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The collagen phase plays an important role in mechanical behaviors of cortical bone. However, aging effects on the mechanical behavior of the collagen phase is still poorly understood. In this study, micro-tensile tests were performed on demineralized human cortical bone samples from young, middle-aged, and elderly donors and aging effects on the mechanical properties of the collagen phase in different orientations (i.e. longitudinal and transverse directions of bone) were examined. The results of this study indicated that the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of the demineralized bone specimens decreased with aging in both the longitudinal and transverse orientations. However, the failure strain exhibited no significant changes in both orientations regardless of aging. These results suggest that the stiffness and strength of the collagen phase in bone are deteriorated with aging in both longitudinal and transverse directions. However, the aging effect is not reflected in the failure strain of the collagen phase in both longitudinal and transverse orientations, implying that the maximum sustainable deformation of the collagen phase is independent of aging and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital
| | | | - Neil X Dong
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio
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12
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Stein K, Prondvai E. Rethinking the nature of fibrolamellar bone: an integrative biological revision of sauropod plexiform bone formation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:24-47. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Stein
- Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Edina Prondvai
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Eötvös Loránd University “Lendület” Dinosaur Research Group; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
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13
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Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 21:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Novitskaya E, Lee S, Lubarda VA, McKittrick J. Initial anisotropy in demineralized bovine cortical bone in compressive cyclic loading-unloading. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:817-23. [PMID: 25427492 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of demineralized bovine cortical femur bone were investigated by cyclic loading-unloading compression in three anatomical directions (longitudinal, radial, transverse) within the physiological strain range. The loading responses in the radial and transverse directions were nearly linear up to 2% strain, while the response in longitudinal direction was strongly non-linear in that range. The unloading responses were non-linear for each anatomical direction, giving rise to overall loading-unloading hysteresis and cyclic dissipation of energy. The mechanical properties were observed to be anisotropic: the radial direction was found to be the most energy dissipative, while the longitudinal direction appeared to be the stiffest bone direction. The cyclic loading mostly affects the bone stiffness in the radial and transverse directions, while the longitudinal direction was found to be the least affected. These anisotropic properties can be attributed to the differences in collagen fibers alignment and different microstructural architecture in three different anatomical bone directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Novitskaya
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Steve Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vlado A Lubarda
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Gu C, Katti DR, Katti KS. Photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic study of undisturbed human cortical bone. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 103:25-37. [PMID: 23257327 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pretreatment has been the prevailing sample preparation procedure for infrared (IR) spectroscopic studies on bone. However, experiments have indicated that chemical pretreatment can potentially affect the interactions between the components. Typically the IR techniques have involved transmission experiments. Here we report experimental studies using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR). As a nondestructive technique, PA-FTIR can detect absorbance spectrum from a sample at controllable sampling depth and with little or no sample preparation. Additionally, the coupling inert gas, helium, which is utilized in the PA-FTIR system, can inhibit bacteria growth of bone by displacing oxygen. Therefore, we used this technique to study the undisturbed human cortical bone. It is found that photoacoustic mode (linear-scan, LS-PA-FTIR) can obtain basically similar spectra of bone as compared to the traditional transmission mode, but it seems more sensitive to amide III and ν(2) carbonate bands. The ν(3) phosphate band is indicative of detailed mineral structure and symmetry of native bone. The PA-FTIR depth profiling experiments on human cortical bone also indicate the influence of water on OH band and the cutting effects on amide I and mineral bands. Our results indicate that phosphate ion geometry appears less symmetric in its undisturbed state as detected by the PA-FTIR as compared to higher symmetry observed using transmission techniques on disturbed samples. Moreover, the PA-FTIR spectra indicate a band at 1747 cm(-1) possibly resulting from CO stretching of lipids, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides from the arteries. Comparison of the spectra in transverse and longitudinal cross-sections demonstrates that, the surface area of the longitudinal section bone appears to have more organic matrix exposed and with higher mineral stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunju Gu
- Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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16
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Manilay Z, Novitskaya E, Sadovnikov E, McKittrick J. A comparative study of young and mature bovine cortical bone. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5280-8. [PMID: 22939926 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and microstructure of young and mature bovine femur bone were investigated by optical microscopy and compression testing in the longitudinal and transverse directions for untreated, deproteinized and demineralized cases. Optical microscopy revealed that mature bone has a more established and less porous microstructure compared to young bone. Mature bone was found to be stronger in both directions for the untreated and deproteinized cases. Mature untreated bone was also found to be stiffer and less tough compared to young bone in both directions. These results are related to the increase in mineralization of mature bone and significant microstructural differences. Young bone was found to be stronger in both directions for the demineralized case, which is attributed to alterations in the collagen network with age.
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17
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Yamada S, Tadano S, Fujisaki K, Kodaki Y. Influence of osteon area fraction and degree of orientation of HAp crystals on mechanical properties in bovine femur. J Biomech 2012; 46:31-5. [PMID: 23084783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone has a hierarchical structure, spanning from the macrostructure at several millimeters or whole bone level, the microstructure at several hundred micrometers level, to the nanostructure at hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals and collagen fibrils levels. The aim of the study is to understand the relationship between the HAp crystal orientation and the elastic modulus and the relationship between the osteon area fraction and the deformation behavior of HAp crystals in cortical bone. In the experiments, five strip specimens (40×2×1mm(3)) aligned with the bone axis were taken from the cortical bone of a bovine femur. The degree of c-axis orientation of HAp crystals in the specimens was measured with the X-ray diffraction technique with the imaging plate. To measure the deformation behavior of HAp crystals in the specimens, tensile tests under X-ray irradiation were conducted. The specimens were cut at the X-ray measurement positions and osteon area fraction and porosity at the transverse cross-sections were observed. Further, the volume fraction of HAp of the specimens was measured. Results showed the degree of c-axis orientation of HAp crystals was positively correlated with the elastic modulus of the specimens (r=0.94). The volume fraction of HAp and the porosity showed no statistical correlation with the elastic modulus and the tensile strength. The HAp crystal strain ε(H) increased linearly with the bone tissue strain ε. The average value of ε(H)/ε was 0.69±0.13 and there was no correlation between the osteon area fraction and ε(H)/ε (r=-0.27, p=0.33). The results suggest that the degree of c-axis orientation of HAp crystals affects the elastic modulus and the magnitude of HAp crystal strain does not depend on the osteon area fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamada
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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18
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Skedros JG, Knight AN, Farnsworth RW, Bloebaum RD. Do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? Analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei. J Anat 2012; 220:242-55. [PMID: 22220639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. The opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. Support for these hypotheses could reveal a largely unrecognized capacity for phenotypic plasticity - the adaptability of trabecular bone material as a means for differentially enhancing mechanical properties for local strain environments produced by habitual bending. Fifteen skeletally mature and 15 immature deer calcanei were cut transversely into two segments (40% and 50% shaft length), and cores were removed to determine mineral (ash) content from 'tension' and 'compression' trabecular tracts and their adjacent cortices. Seven bones/group were analyzed for differences between tracts in: first, microscopic trabecular bone packets and mineralization heterogeneity (backscattered electron imaging, BSE); and second, trabecular architecture (micro-computed tomography). Among the eight architectural characteristics evaluated [including bone volume fraction (BVF) and structural model index (SMI)]: first, only the 'tension' tract of immature bones showed significantly greater BVF and more negative SMI (i.e. increased honeycomb morphology) than the 'compression' tract of immature bones; and second, the 'compression' tracts of both groups showed significantly greater structural order/alignment than the corresponding 'tension' tracts. Although mineralization heterogeneity differed between the tracts in only the immature group, in both groups the mineral content derived from BSE images was significantly greater (P < 0.01), and bulk mineral (ash) content tended to be greater in the 'compression' tracts (immature 3.6%, P = 0.03; mature 3.1%, P = 0.09). These differences are much less than the approximately 8% greater mineral content of their 'compression' cortices (P < 0.001). Published data, suggesting that these small mineralization differences are not mechanically important in the context of conventional tests, support the probability that architectural modifications primarily adapt the tracts for local demands. However, greater hemi-osteonal packets in the tension trabecular tract of only the mature bones (P = 0.006) might have an important role, and possible synergism with mineralization and/or microarchitecture, in differential toughening at the trabeculum level for tension vs. compression strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107, USA.
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19
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Skedros JG, Sybrowsky CL, Anderson WE, Chow F. Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei. J Anat 2011; 219:722-33. [PMID: 21951210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary osteon morphotypes, size and population density). Regional differences in strain-mode-specific microdamage prevalence and/or morphology might evoke and sustain the remodeling that produces this material heterogeneity in accordance with local strain characteristics. Adult calcanei from 11 animals of each species (deer, elk, sheep and horses) were transversely sectioned and examined using light and confocal microscopy. With light microscopy, 20 linear microcracks were identified (deer: 10; elk: six; horse: four; sheep: none), and with confocal microscopy substantially more microdamage with typically non-linear morphology was identified (deer: 45; elk: 24; horse: 15; sheep: none). No clear regional patterns of strain-mode-specific microdamage were found in the three species with microdamage. In these species, the highest overall concentrations occurred in the plantar cortex. This might reflect increased susceptibility of microdamage in habitual tension/shear. Absence of detectable microdamage in sheep calcanei may represent the (presumably) relatively greater physical activity of deer, elk and horses. Absence of differences in microdamage prevalence/morphology between dorsal, medial and lateral cortices of these bones, and the general absence of spatial patterns of strain-mode-specific microdamage, might reflect the prior emergence of non-uniform osteon-mediated adaptations that reduce deleterious concentrations of microdamage by the adult stage of bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah and the Utah Bone and Joint Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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20
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Novitskaya E, Chen PY, Lee S, Castro-Ceseña A, Hirata G, Lubarda VA, McKittrick J. Anisotropy in the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone and the mineral and protein constituents. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3170-7. [PMID: 21571104 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of fully demineralized, fully deproteinized and untreated cortical bovine femur bone were investigated by compression testing in three anatomical directions (longitudinal, radial and transverse). The weighted sum of the stress-strain curves of the treated bones was far lower than that of the untreated bone, indicating a strong molecular and/or mechanical interaction between the collagen matrix and the mineral phase. Demineralization and deproteinization of the bone demonstrated that contiguous, stand-alone structures result, showing that bone can be considered an interpenetrating composite material. Structural features of the samples from all groups were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Anisotropic mechanical properties were observed: the radial direction was found to be the strongest for untreated bone, while the longitudinal one was found to be the strongest for deproteinized and demineralized bones. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the difference in bone microstructure in the radial and longitudinal directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Novitskaya
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Yamada S, Tadano S, Fujisaki K. Residual stress distribution in rabbit limb bones. J Biomech 2011; 44:1285-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Li XF, Li H, Liu ZD, Dai LY. Low bone mineral status in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2008; 17:1431-40. [PMID: 18751741 PMCID: PMC2583185 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a pathological entity of unknown etiology. The causes of osteoporosis or osteopenia in AIS remain undetermined. Whether poor bone quality is an etiologic factor remains controversial. To determine the correlation between low bone mineral status and AIS, a review of literature was performed. After a literature search from 1966 to June 2007 (using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane DSR, ACP Journal Club, DARE, CCTR, CINAHL and hand searches of references) for studies regarding low bone mineral status and AIS, 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed in terms of the appropriateness of valuation technique, the validity of descriptive system, the number and type of respondents, and overall quality of the studies. Nearly all investigations demonstrated that low bone mineral density (BMD) was a generalized phenomenon and a systematic disorder in AIS. The prevalence of AIS with osteoporosis is approximately 20-38%. The follow-up studies indicated that osteopenia in patients with AIS may be a persistent phenomenon. BMD could be affected by the mechanical loading and lower bone mineral mass is always associated with lower bone strength. The spinal architecture associated with the osteopenia may aggravate the spinal deformity. However, with regard to the concave and convex femoral neck BMD values, and the correlation of BMD to scoliosis parameters, the results remain inconsistent. Bracing may not result in permanent loss of bone mineral mass. The effect of the eccentric tension-compression environments on BMD, the correlation of BMD with scoliosis parameters and the effect of bracing on BMD should be investigated further in prospective, randomized and longitudinal follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092 Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1630 Dongfang Road, 200001 Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-De Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1630 Dongfang Road, 200001 Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yang Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092 Shanghai, China
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23
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Espinoza Orías AA, Deuerling JM, Landrigan MD, Renaud JE, Roeder RK. Anatomic variation in the elastic anisotropy of cortical bone tissue in the human femur. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008; 2:255-63. [PMID: 19627830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental investigations for anatomic variation in the magnitude and anisotropy of elastic constants in human femoral cortical bone tissue have typically focused on a limited number of convenient sites near the mid-diaphysis. However, the proximal and distal ends of the diaphysis are more clinically relevant to common orthopaedic procedures and interesting mechanobiology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure anatomic variation in the elastic anisotropy and inhomogeneity of human cortical bone tissue along the entire length (15%-85% of the total femur length), and around the periphery (anterior, medial, posterior and lateral quadrants) of the femoral diaphysis, using ultrasonic wave propagation in the three orthogonal specimen axes. The elastic symmetry of tissue in the distal and extreme proximal portions of the diaphysis (15%-45% and 75%-85% of the total femur length, respectively) was, at most, orthotropic. In contrast, the elastic symmetry of tissue near the mid- and proximal mid-diaphysis (50%-70% of the total femur length) was reasonably approximated as transversely isotropic. The magnitudes of elastic constants generally reached maxima near the mid- and proximal mid-diaphysis in the lateral and medial quadrants, and decreased toward the epiphyses, as well as the posterior and anterior quadrants. The elastic anisotropy ratio in the longitudinal and radial anatomic axes showed the opposite trends. These variations were significantly correlated with the apparent tissue density, as expected. In summary, the human femur exhibited statistically significant anatomic variation in elastic anisotropy, which may have important implications for whole bone numerical models and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Espinoza Orías
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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24
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Kashii M, Hashimoto J, Nakano T, Umakoshi Y, Yoshikawa H. Alendronate treatment promotes bone formation with a less anisotropic microstructure during intramembranous ossification in rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26:24-33. [PMID: 18095060 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-007-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There are safety concerns regarding administration of bisphosphonates to children. Little is known about the effects of bisphosphonates on bone matrix organization during bone modeling. The present study examined the effects of alendronate (ALN) on bone matrices formed by intramembranous ossification in the appendicular growing skeleton. ALN was administered to 1-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 0, 35, or 350 microg/kg/week for 4 or 8 weeks. The position of femoral diaphysis formed exclusively by intramembranous ossification was identified, and cross sections of cortical bone at this position were analyzed. Bone mineral density (BMD) and geometric parameters were evaluated using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The preferential orientation degree of biological apatite (BAp) crystals in the bone longitudinal direction, which shows the degree of bone matrix anisotropy, was evaluated using microbeam X-ray diffraction analysis. We analyzed bone histomorphometrical parameters and performed bone nanomechanical tests to examine the material properties of newly developing cortical bone. The preferential orientation degree of BAp crystals significantly decreased in 35 microg/kg/week ALN-treated groups compared with vehicle-treated groups, although there were no significant differences in BMD between the two groups. The periosteal mineral apposition rate significantly increased in the 35 microg/kg/week ALN-treated group. We found a high negative correlation between bone matrix anisotropy and the regional periosteal mineral apposition rate (r = -0.862, P < 0.001). Nanomechanical tests revealed that 35 microg/kg/week ALN administration caused deterioration of the material properties of the bone microstructure. These new findings suggest that alendronate affects bone matrix organization and promotes bone formation with a less anisotropic microstructure during intramembranous ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Kashii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Landete-Castillejos T, Currey JD, Estevez JA, Gaspar-López E, Garcia A, Gallego L. Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties. Bone 2007; 41:794-803. [PMID: 17822969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antler is a good model to study bone biology both because it is accessible and because it grows and is shed every year. Previous studies have shown that chemical composition changes as the antler is grown, implying constraints in mineral availability and the physiological effort made to grow it. This study aimed at examining antler mechanical properties to assess whether they reflect physiological effort and whether they are associated with precise mineral bone composition rather than just ash content, which is usually the main factor affecting mechanical properties. We examined Young's modulus of elasticity (E), strength, and work to maximum load, as well as bone mineral composition, along the antler shaft. Then we compared trends between antlers from two populations: captive, well-fed, health-managed deer (n=15), and free-ranging deer with lower food quality and no health treatment (n=10). Greater E, strength and work were found for better fed and health managed deer. In addition, antler chemical composition of both populations differed in Na, Mg, K, Fe and Si, and marginally in Zn, but not in ash or Ca content. Significant and clear divergent trends in mechanical properties supporting greater physiological exhaustion in free-ranging deer were found for all mechanical variables. Detailed models showed that, in addition to ash content, independent factors extracted from principal component analyses on composition affected E and strength, but not work to maximum load. The results suggest that there is an association between bone chemical composition and mechanical properties independently of ash content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Landete-Castillejos
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
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26
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Skedros JG, Sorenson SM, Hunt KJ, Holyoak JD. Ontogenetic structural and material variations in ovine calcanei: a model for interpreting bone adaptation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:284-300. [PMID: 17525944 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models are needed for resolving relative influences of genetic, epigenetic, and nonheritable functionally induced (extragenetic) factors in the emergence of developmental adaptations in limb bones of larger mammals. We examined regional/ontogenetic morphologic variations in sheep calcanei, which exhibit marked heterogeneity in structural and material organization by skeletal maturity. Cross-sections and lateral radiographs of an ontogenetic series of domesticated sheep calcanei (fetal to adult) were examined for variations in biomechanically important structural (cortical thickness and trabecular architecture) and material (percent ash and predominant collagen fiber orientation) characteristics. Results showed delayed development of variations in cortical thickness and collagen fiber orientation, which correlate with extragenetic factors, including compression/tension strains of habitual bending in respective dorsal/plantar cortices and load-related thresholds for modeling/remodeling activities. In contrast, the appearance of trabecular arches in utero suggests strong genetic/epigenetic influences. These stark spatial/temporal variations in sheep calcanei provide a compelling model for investigating causal mechanisms that mediate this construction. In view of these findings, it is also suggested that the conventional distinction between genetic and epigenetic factors in limb bone development be expanded into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and extragenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Tai K, Dao M, Suresh S, Palazoglu A, Ortiz C. Nanoscale heterogeneity promotes energy dissipation in bone. NATURE MATERIALS 2007; 6:454-62. [PMID: 17515917 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical heterogeneity is expected to influence elasticity, damage, fracture and remodelling of bone. Here, the spatial distribution of nanomechanical properties of bone is quantified at the length scale of individual collagen fibrils. Our results show elaborate patterns of stiffness ranging from approximately 2 to 30 GPa, which do not correlate directly with topographical features and hence are attributed to underlying local structural and compositional variations. We propose a new energy-dissipation mechanism arising from nanomechanical heterogeneity, which offers a means for ductility enhancement, damage evolution and toughening. This hypothesis is supported by computational simulations that incorporate the nanoscale experimental results. These simulations predict that non-uniform inelastic deformation over larger areas and increased energy dissipation arising from nanoscale heterogeneity lead to markedly different biomechanical properties compared with a uniform material. The fundamental concepts discovered here are applicable to a broad class of biological materials and may serve as a design consideration for biologically inspired materials technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangshin Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Skedros JG, Sorenson SM, Jenson NH. Are Distributions of Secondary Osteon Variants Useful for Interpreting Load History in Mammalian Bones? Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 185:285-307. [PMID: 17587802 DOI: 10.1159/000102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In cortical bone, basic multicellular units (BMUs) produce secondary osteons that mediate adaptations, including variations in their population densities and cross-sectional areas. Additional important BMU-related adaptations might include atypical secondary osteon morphologies (zoned, connected, drifting, elongated, multiple canal). These variants often reflect osteonal branching that enhances toughness by increasing interfacial (cement line) complexity. If these characteristics correlate with strain mode/magnitude-related parameters of habitual loading, then BMUs might produce adaptive differences in unexpected ways. METHODS We carried out examinations in bones loaded in habitual torsion (horse metacarpals) or bending: sheep, deer, elk, and horse calcanei, and horse radii. Atypical osteons were quantified in backscattered images from anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral cortices. Correlations were determined between atypical osteon densities, densities of all secondary osteons, and associations with habitual strain mode/magnitude or transcortical location. RESULTS Osteon variants were not consistently associated with 'tension', 'compression', or neutral axis ('shear') regions, even when considering densities or all secondary osteons, or only osteon variants associated with relatively increased interfacial complexity. Similarly, marrow- and strain-magnitude-related associations were not consistent. CONCLUSION These data do not support the hypothesis that spatial variations in these osteon variants are useful for inferring a habitual bending or torsional load strain history.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Utah 84107, USA.
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