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Bertuglia A, Pallante M, Pagliara E, Valle D, Bergamini L, Bollo E, Bullone M, Riccio B. Determinants of joint effusion in tarsocrural osteochondrosis of yearling Standardbred horses. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389798. [PMID: 39113724 PMCID: PMC11303144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tarsocrural osteochondrosis (OCD) is a developmental orthopedic disease commonly affecting young Standardbreds, with different fragment localization and size. Clinically, it is characterized by variable synovial effusion in the absence of lameness, whose determinants are ill-defined. We hypothesized that localization and physical characteristics of the osteochondral fragments like dimensions, multifragmentation, and instability influence joint effusion and correlate with synovial markers of cartilage degradation and inflammation. Clinical data, synovial fluid and intact osteochondral fragments were collected from 79 Standardbred horses, aged between 12 and 18 months, operated for tarsocrural OCD. The severity of tarsocrural joint effusion was assessed semi-quantitatively. The osteochondral fragment site was defined radiographically at the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT), medial malleolus (MM) of the tibia, and/or lateral trochlear ridge (LTR) of the talus. Size, stability, and arthroscopic appearance (unique or multi-fragmented aspect) of the fragments were determined intra-operatively. Synovial concentrations of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type II collagen (CTX-II), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were quantified. Tarsocrural synovial effusion was significantly affected by localization and stability of the fragments, with MM-located and unstable fragments being associated with highest joint effusion. Concentrations of CTX-II, LTB4, and PGE2 positively correlated with the severity of synovial effusion. This study underlines characteristics of the osteochondral fragments determining higher synovial effusion in OCD-affected tarsocrural joints and suggests both inflammation and extra-cellular matrix degradation are active processes in OCD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertuglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Pallante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Valle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Bollo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Bullone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Riccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Mürer FK, Tekseth KR, Chattopadhyay B, Olstad K, Akram MN, Breiby DW. Multimodal 2D and 3D microscopic mapping of growth cartilage by computational imaging techniques - a short review including new research. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045041. [PMID: 38744257 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad4b1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Being able to image the microstructure of growth cartilage is important for understanding the onset and progression of diseases such as osteochondrosis and osteoarthritis, as well as for developing new treatments and implants. Studies of cartilage using conventional optical brightfield microscopy rely heavily on histological staining, where the added chemicals provide tissue-specific colours. Other microscopy contrast mechanisms include polarization, phase- and scattering contrast, enabling non-stained or 'label-free' imaging that significantly simplifies the sample preparation, thereby also reducing the risk of artefacts. Traditional high-performance microscopes tend to be both bulky and expensive.Computational imagingdenotes a range of techniques where computers with dedicated algorithms are used as an integral part of the image formation process. Computational imaging offers many advantages like 3D measurements, aberration correction and quantitative phase contrast, often combined with comparably cheap and compact hardware. X-ray microscopy is also progressing rapidly, in certain ways trailing the development of optical microscopy. In this study, we first briefly review the structures of growth cartilage and relevant microscopy characterization techniques, with an emphasis on Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) and advanced x-ray microscopies. We next demonstrate with our own results computational imaging through FPM and compare the images with hematoxylin eosin and saffron (HES)-stained histology. Zernike phase contrast, and the nonlinear optical microscopy techniques of second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) are explored. Furthermore, X-ray attenuation-, phase- and diffraction-contrast computed tomography (CT) images of the very same sample are presented for comparisons. Future perspectives on the links to artificial intelligence, dynamic studies andin vivopossibilities conclude the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik K Mürer
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- SINTEF Helgeland AS, Halvor Heyerdahls vei 33, 8626 Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Kim R Tekseth
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Basab Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Equine section, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Akram
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), 3184 Borre, Norway
| | - Dag W Breiby
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), 3184 Borre, Norway
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Olstad K, Bugge MD, Ytrehus B, Kallerud AS. Closure of the neuro-central synchondrosis and other physes in foal cervical spines. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38594893 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuro-central synchondrosis (NCS) is a physis responsible for the growth of the dorsal third of the vertebral body and neural arches. When the NCS of pigs is tethered to model scoliosis, stenosis also ensues. It is necessary to describe the NCS for future evaluation of its potential role in equine spinal cord compression and ataxia (wobbler syndrome). OBJECTIVES To describe the NCS, including when it and other physes closed in computed tomographic (CT) scans of the cervical spine of foals, due to its potential role in vertebral stenosis. STUDY DESIGN Post-mortem cohort study. METHODS The cervical spine of 35 cases, comprising both sexes and miscellaneous breeds from 153 gestational days to 438 days old, was examined with CT and physes scored from 6: fully open to 0: fully closed. The dorsal physis, physis of the dens and mid-NCS were scored separately, whereas the cranial and caudal NCS portions were scored together with the respective cranial and caudal vertebral body physes. RESULTS The NCS was a pair of thin physes located in a predominantly dorsal plane between the vertebral body and neural arches. The mid-NCS was closed in C1 from 115 days of age, and in C2-C7 from 38 days of age. The dorsal physis closed later than the NCS in C1, and earlier than the NCS in C2-C7. The dens physis was closed from 227 days of age. The cranial and caudal physes were closing, but not closed from different ages in the different vertebrae of the oldest cases. MAIN LIMITATIONS Hospital population. CONCLUSIONS The NCS was a thin physis that contributed mainly to height-wise growth, but also width- and length-wise growth of the vertebral body and neural arches. The mid-NCS was closed in all cervical vertebrae from 115 days of age. The NCS warrants further investigation in the pathogenesis of vertebral stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Mari Dahl Bugge
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Ytrehus
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Pathology Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Selvén Kallerud
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Tóth F, Nissi MJ, Armstrong AR, Buko EO, Johnson CP. Epiphyseal cartilage vascular architecture at the distal humeral osteochondritis dissecans predilection site in juvenile pigs. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:737-744. [PMID: 37971288 PMCID: PMC10978299 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Failure of endochondral ossification due to interruption of the vascular supply to the epiphyseal cartilage is a critical step in the development of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Herein we describe the vascular architecture of the distal humeral epiphyseal cartilage in pigs and identify characteristic features that have been associated with sites predisposed to OCD development across species. Distal humeral specimens were harvested from pigs (n = 5, ages = 1, 10, 18, 30, and, 42 days old) and imaged at 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 3D gradient recalled echo sequence. The MRI data were processed using a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) pipeline to visualize the vascular architecture. Specimens were also evaluated histologically to identify the presence of ischemic epiphyseal cartilage necrosis (osteochondrosis [OC]-latens) and associated failure of endochondral ossification (OC-manifesta). The QSM data enabled visualization of two distinct vascular beds arising from the perichondrium at the lateral and medial aspects of the distal humeral epiphysis. Elongated vessels originating from these beds coursed axially to supply the lateral and medial thirds of epiphyseal cartilage. At 18 days of age and older, a shift from perichondrial to transosseous blood supply was noted axially, which appeared more pronounced on the lateral side. This shift coincided with histologic identification of OC-latens (30- and 42-day-old specimens) and OC-manifesta (18- and 42-day-old specimens) lesions in the corresponding regions. The vascular anatomy and its evolution at the distal humeral epiphysis closely resembles that previously reported at predilection sites of knee OCD, suggesting a shared pathophysiology between the knee and elbow joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra R Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erick O Buko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Casey P Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Olstad K, Ekman S, Björnsdóttir S, Fjordbakk CT, Hansson K, Sigurdsson SF, Ley CJ. Osteochondrosis in the central and third tarsal bones of young horses. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:74-87. [PMID: 37431760 PMCID: PMC10687793 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the central and third tarsal bones of 23 equine fetuses and foals were examined using micro-computed tomography. Radiological changes, including incomplete ossification and focal ossification defects interpreted as osteochondrosis, were detected in 16 of 23 cases. The geometry of the osteochondrosis defects suggested they were the result of vascular failure, but this requires histological confirmation. The study aim was to examine central and third tarsal bones from the 16 cases and to describe the tissues present, cartilage canals, and lesions, including suspected osteochondrosis lesions. Cases included 9 males and 7 females from 0 to 150 days of age, comprising 11 Icelandic horses, 2 standardbred horses, 2 warmblood riding horses, and 1 coldblooded trotting horse. Until 4 days of age, all aspects of the bones were covered by growth cartilage, but from 105 days, the dorsal and plantar aspects were covered by fibrous tissue undergoing intramembranous ossification. Cartilage canal vessels gradually decreased but were present in most cases up to 122 days and were absent in the next available case at 150 days. Radiological osteochondrosis defects were confirmed in histological sections from 3 cases and consisted of necrotic vessels surrounded by ischemic chondronecrosis (articular osteochondrosis) and areas of retained, morphologically viable hypertrophic chondrocytes (physeal osteochondrosis). The central and third tarsal bones formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The blood supply to the growth cartilage of the central and third tarsal bones regressed between 122 and 150 days of age. Radiological osteochondrosis defects represented vascular failure, with chondrocyte necrosis and retention, or a combination of articular and physeal osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kerstin Hansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Charles J. Ley
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bergmann W, Vernooij JCM, Grinwis GCM, Gröne A. Shapes of cervical articular process joints and association with histological evidence of osteochondrosis in Warmblood foals: A post-mortem study. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:110-120. [PMID: 37010250 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of articular process joints (APJs) is involved in cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVM). Biomechanical forces, important in development of OCD, depend on joint conformation. Oval and flat APJ surfaces are considered normal. OBJECTIVES To identify and grade gross shape variation of cervical and cranial thoracic APJ surfaces and determine association with histological evidence of osteochondrosis. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Eight hundred and four cervical and cranial thoracic APJ surfaces of 30 foals were evaluated for shape(s) and grades, and were correlated with osteochondrosis. RESULTS Three top view shapes (oval, pointed, elongated) and seven lateral view shapes (flat, convex, concave, stepped, bevelled, folded edge, raised edge) were regularly encountered. The oval top view shape was most common. Flat and bevelled were the most common lateral view shapes. General shape grade of caudal articular surfaces was significantly higher than of cranial surfaces. The combinations of an oval top view shape and the lateral view shapes folded edge, concave, or flat with additional raised edge and/or folded edge (flat +), were more likely to have OC than oval with convex, bevelled or flat lateral view shapes (normal vs. oval and folded, odds ratio [OR] 2.49 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.13-5.67]; normal vs. oval and flat +, OR 2.77 [95% CI 1.15-6.85]; oval and convex vs. oval and folded, OR 3.20 [95% CI 1.35-8.20]; oval and convex vs. oval and flat +, OR 3.56 [95% CI 1.43-9.54]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and concave, OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.14-3.60]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and folded, OR 3.50 [95% CI 1.91-6.60]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and flat +, OR 3.90 [95% CI 2.00-7.70]). MAIN LIMITATIONS Most foals (21/30) were less than 1 month old. Lack of observer reliability scores for shape and shape grade. CONCLUSION APJs shape might contribute to CVM by increased likelihood to have OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C M Vernooij
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Olstad K, Aasmundstad T, Kongsro J, Grindflek E. Osteochondrosis and other lesions in all intervertebral, articular process and rib joints from occiput to sacrum in pigs with poor back conformation, and relationship to juvenile kyphosis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:44. [PMID: 35042517 PMCID: PMC8764802 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computed tomography (CT) is used to evaluate body composition and limb osteochondrosis in selection of breeding boars. Pigs also develop heritably predisposed abnormal curvature of the spine including juvenile kyphosis. It has been suggested that osteochondrosis-like changes cause vertebral wedging and kyphosis, both of which are identifiable by CT. The aim of the current study was to examine the spine from occiput to sacrum to map changes and evaluate relationships, especially whether osteochondrosis caused juvenile kyphosis, in which case CT could be used in selection against it. Whole-body CT scans were collected retrospectively from 37 Landrace or Duroc boars with poor back conformation scores. Spine curvature and vertebral shape were evaluated, and all inter-vertebral, articular process and rib joints from the occiput to the sacrum were assessed for osteochondrosis and other lesions. Results Twenty-seven of the 37 (73%) pigs had normal spine curvature, whereas 10/37 (27%) pigs had abnormal curvature and all of them had wedge vertebrae. The 37 pigs had 875 focal lesions in articular process and rib joints, 98.5% of which represented stages of osteochondrosis. Five of the 37 pigs had focal lesions in other parts of vertebrae, mainly consisting of vertebral body osteochondrosis. The 10 pigs with abnormal curvature had 21 wedge vertebrae, comprising 10 vertebrae without focal lesions, six ventral wedge vertebrae with ventral osteochondrosis lesions and five dorsal wedge vertebrae with lesions in the neuro-central synchondrosis, articular process or rib joints. Conclusions Computed tomography was suited for identification of wedge vertebrae, and kyphosis was due to ventral wedge vertebrae compatible with heritably predisposed vertebral body osteochondrosis. Articular process and rib joint osteochondrosis may represent incidental findings in wedge vertebrae. The role of the neuro-central synchondrosis in the pathogenesis of vertebral wedging warrants further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03091-6.
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Sigurdsson SF, Olstad K, Ley CJ, Björnsdóttir S, Griffiths DJ, Fjordbakk CT. Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:82-96. [PMID: 33534938 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis occurs due to failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage. Osteochondrosis lesions have been identified in small tarsal bones and suggested to cause distal tarsal osteoarthritis; however, it has not been determined whether distal tarsal osteochondrosis lesions were the result of vascular failure. OBJECTIVES To perform post-mortem arterial perfusion and micro-computed tomography (CT) of the central (CTB) and third tarsal bones (TIII) of fetuses and foals up to 5 months old, to describe tarsal development and any lesions detected. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive, nonconsecutive case series. METHODS Twenty-three animals that died or were euthanased from 228 days of gestation to 5 months old were collected, comprising two fetuses and nine foals of miscellaneous breeds and 12 Icelandic Horse foals, a breed with high prevalence of distal tarsal osteoarthritis. One hindlimb from each foal was perfused arterially with barium, and the CTB and TIII were examined with micro-CT. RESULTS Perfusion yielded partial information from 41% of the animals. The CTB and TIII were supplied by nutrient arteries and perichondrial vessels with vertical, transverse and circumferential configurations. Fourteen of the 23 (61%) animals had focal defects in the ossification front, that is, radiological osteochondrosis. The majority of lesions matched the configuration and development of vertical vessels. Additionally, full-thickness, cylindrical defects matched transverse vessels, and the long axes of some dorsal lesions matched circumferential vessels. MAIN LIMITATIONS Lack of histological validation. CONCLUSIONS Post-mortem perfusion was poor for examination of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the CTB and TIII. Radiological osteochondrosis lesions were compatible with vascular failure because they were focal, and because lesion geometry matched vessel configuration. The relationship between osteochondrosis and distal tarsal osteoarthritis warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurdur F Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David J Griffiths
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Anatomy Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine T Fjordbakk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Mürer FK, Chattopadhyay B, Madathiparambil AS, Tekseth KR, Di Michiel M, Liebi M, Lilledahl MB, Olstad K, Breiby DW. Quantifying the hydroxyapatite orientation near the ossification front in a piglet femoral condyle using X-ray diffraction tensor tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2144. [PMID: 33495539 PMCID: PMC7835348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
While a detailed knowledge of the hierarchical structure and morphology of the extracellular matrix is considered crucial for understanding the physiological and mechanical properties of bone and cartilage, the orientation of collagen fibres and carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) crystallites remains a debated topic. Conventional microscopy techniques for orientational imaging require destructive sample sectioning, which both precludes further studies of the intact sample and potentially changes the microstructure. In this work, we use X-ray diffraction tensor tomography to image non-destructively in 3D the HA orientation in a medial femoral condyle of a piglet. By exploiting the anisotropic HA diffraction signal, 3D maps showing systematic local variations of the HA crystallite orientation in the growing subchondral bone and in the adjacent mineralized growth cartilage are obtained. Orientation maps of HA crystallites over a large field of view (~ 3 × 3 × 3 mm3) close to the ossification (bone-growth) front are compared with high-resolution X-ray propagation phase-contrast computed tomography images. The HA crystallites are found to predominantly orient with their crystallite c-axis directed towards the ossification front. Distinct patterns of HA preferred orientation are found in the vicinity of cartilage canals protruding from the subchondral bone. The demonstrated ability of retrieving 3D orientation maps of bone-cartilage structures is expected to give a better understanding of the physiological properties of bones, including their propensity for bone-cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik K. Mürer
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Basab Chattopadhyay
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aldritt Scaria Madathiparambil
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kim Robert Tekseth
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marianne Liebi
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus B. Lilledahl
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Equine Section, Sentrum, P. O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag W. Breiby
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ,grid.463530.70000 0004 7417 509XDepartment of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), Campus Vestfold, 3184 Borre, Norway
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Wormstrand BH, Fjordbakk CT, Griffiths DJ, Lykkjen S, Olstad K. Development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of foals. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:134-142. [PMID: 32144821 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth cartilage is found in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) and the physis. It has a temporary blood supply organised as end arteries. Vascular failure is associated with osteochondrosis, but infection can also obstruct vessels. The location of bacteria was recently compared to arterial perfusion, and the results indicated that they were located in the distal tips of AECC end arteries. Systematic perfusion studies were not available for comparison to the infected physes. Further studies may improve our understanding of infections and other pathologies. OBJECTIVES To describe development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle in fetuses and foals from 228 days of gestation to 62 days old. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo arterial perfusion study. METHODS The left medial femoral condyle of 10 Norwegian Fjord Pony fetuses and foals (228 days of gestation to 62 days old) and one Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotter foal (10 days old) was arterially perfused with barium and underwent micro-computed tomography, qualitative and quantitative description of vessels. RESULTS In the fetus, the physis was supplied by metaphyseal-origin arteries. In 1-10 day-old foals, the physis was supplied by a mixture of metaphyseal- and epiphyseal-origin arteries, and from 15 days of age by epiphyseal-origin arteries only. The number of vessels increased before it decreased in both the AECC and the physis postnatally. Vessels in the cartilage showed a monopodial branching pattern, whereas vessels in epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone showed both monopodial and dichotomous branching. MAIN LIMITATIONS Foals with confirmed pathologies were not examined. CONCLUSIONS The blood supply to growth cartilage changed with age, including the physeal supply that changed from metaphyseal- to epiphyseal-origin arteries. The number of vessels increased before it decreased postnatally, and two different branching patterns were observed. These results may improve our understanding of growth cartilage vascular failure and osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn H Wormstrand
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine T Fjordbakk
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - David J Griffiths
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Lykkjen
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Hendrickson EHS, Lykkjen S, Dolvik NI, Olstad K. Prevalence of osteochondral lesions in the fetlock and hock joints of Standardbred horses that survived bacterial infection before 6 months of age. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:390. [PMID: 30526583 PMCID: PMC6288956 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young Standardbred horses frequently develop fragments in joints. Some fragments represent osteochondrosis; others are considered developmental, but it is uncertain whether they result from preceding osteochondrosis. Osteochondrosis occurs as a consequence of failure of the cartilage canal blood supply and ischaemic chondronecrosis. In heritably predisposed foals, failure was associated with incorporation of vessels into bone. However, bacterial vascular failure was also recently documented in foals suffering spontaneous infections, proving that bacteria can cause osteochondral lesions in foals up to 150 days old. The aim was to determine prevalence of fetlock and hock lesions at screening age in Standardbred horses that survived infections before 6 months of age, and compare this to prevalence reported in the literature. METHODS The material consisted of 28 Standardbred horses; 17 males and 11 females that presented and were diagnosed clinically with bacterial infections from 1 to 150 days of age (average: 41.3 days). A screening set of 8 radiographic projections was available from all 28 horses at 7-85 months of age (average: 23.6 months). Lesion prevalence was compared to three previously reported Standardbred cohorts. RESULTS Osteochondral lesions were detected in one or more joints of 19/28 horses (67.9%); in the fetlock joint of 14/28 horses (50%) and the hock joint of 11/28 horses (39.3%). These prevalences were ≥ 2 x higher than the corresponding prevalences in the comparison cohorts, and statistically significantly so in 5:6 comparisons (p-values from < 0.00001 to 0.01). In the sepsis cohort, there were an average of 2.3 affected joints and 2.5 lesions per affected horse, whereas there in the one comparable literature cohort were an average of 1.5 affected joints and 1.7 lesions per affected horse. CONCLUSIONS Standardbred horses that survived bacterial infections before 6 months of age had more osteochondral lesions than literature comparison cohorts at screening age. The implication was that some of the lesions in this group were caused by bacteria. It may become necessary to develop methods for differentiating between acquired, septic and aseptic, heritably predisposed lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli H S Hendrickson
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Lykkjen
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils I Dolvik
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Olstad K, Shea KG, Cannamela PC, Polousky JD, Ekman S, Ytrehus B, Carlson CS. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee is a result of failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage and osteochondrosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1691-1698. [PMID: 30248503 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is similar to osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in animals, which is the result of failure of the cartilage canal blood supply, ischemic chondronecrosis and delayed ossification, or osteochondrosis. The aim of the current study was to determine if osteochondrosis lesions occur at predilection sites for JOCD in children. METHOD Computed tomographic (CT) scans of 23 knees (13 right, 10 left) from 13 children (9 male, 4 female; 1 month to 11 years old) were evaluated for lesions consisting of focal, sharply demarcated, uniformly hypodense defects in the ossification front. Histological validation was performed in 11 lesions from eight femurs. RESULTS Thirty-two lesions consisting of focal, uniformly hypodense defects in the ossification front were identified in the CT scans of 14 human femurs (7 left, 7 right; male, 7-11 years old). Defects corresponded to areas of ischemic chondronecrosis in sections from all 11 histologically validated lesions. Intra-cartilaginous secondary responses comprising proliferation of adjacent chondrocytes and vessels were detected in six and two lesions, whereas intra-osseous responses including accumulation of chondroclasts and formation of granulation tissue occurred in 10 and six lesions, respectively. One CT cyst-like lesion contained both a pseudocyst and a true cyst in histological sections. CONCLUSION Changes identical to osteochondrosis in animals were detected at predilection sites for JOCD in children, and confirmed to represent failure of the cartilage canal blood supply and ischemic chondronecrosis in histological sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - K G Shea
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Sports Medicine, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - P C Cannamela
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Sports Medicine, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - J D Polousky
- Children's Health Specialty Center Plano Campus, Andrews Institute/Children's Health, Plano, TX, USA.
| | - S Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Swedish University of Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - B Ytrehus
- Terrestrial Department, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - C S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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14
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Martel G, Crowley D, Olive J, Halley J, Laverty S. Ultrasonographic screening for subclinical osteochondrosis of the femoral trochlea in foals (28-166 days old): a prospective farm study. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:312-320. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - D. Crowley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - J. Olive
- Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - J. Halley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - S. Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Lim CK, Hawkins JF, Vanderpool AL, Heng HG, Gillespie Harmon CC, Lenz SD. Osteochondritis dissecans-like lesions of the occipital condyle and cervical articular process joints in a Saddlebred colt horse. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:76. [PMID: 29084574 PMCID: PMC5663130 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a sequela to osteochondrosis, whereby the cartilage superficial to the site of osteochondrosis fractures and gives rise to osteochondral fragments in the affected joint. In this case, both the radiological and computed tomography findings were supportive of classical severe OCD but the histologic findings were not supportive of the diagnosis of OCD. Case presentation A 1 year and 6 months old, Saddlebred, colt was presented for evaluation of chronic cervical pain. Standing laterolateral radiographs revealed an osteochondral fragment with corresponding irregular subchondral bone defect at one of the occipital condyle. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of osteochondral fragments at the left occipital condyle and several articular process joints of the cervical spine, with associated subchondral bone defects and sclerosis, suggestive of OCD. However, the lack of ischemic chondronecrosis microscopically was not supportive of a histologic diagnosis of OCD. Therefore, the term ‘OCD-like lesions’ was deemed most appropriate for these cervical lesions. Conclusion In the event where imaging features were characteristics of OCD but lack of histologic evidence of ischemic chondronecrosis, the term ‘OCD-like lesion’ is deemed most appropriate.
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16
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Finnøy A, Olstad K, Lilledahl MB. Non-linear optical microscopy of cartilage canals in the distal femur of young pigs may reveal the cause of articular osteochondrosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:270. [PMID: 28830435 PMCID: PMC5568222 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular osteochondrosis is a common cause of leg weakness in pigs and is defined as a focal delay in the endochondral ossification of the epiphysis. The first demonstrated steps in the pathogenesis consist of loss of blood supply and subsequent chondronecrosis in the epiphyseal growth cartilage. Blood vessels in cartilage are located in cartilage canals and become incorporated into the secondary ossification centre during growth. It has been hypothesized that vascular failure occurs during this incorporation process, but it is not known what predisposes a canal to fail. To obtain new information that may reveal the cause of vascular failure, the distal femur of 4 pigs aged 82–140 days was sampled and examined by non-linear optical microscopy. This novel technique was used for its ability to reveal information about collagen by second harmonic generation and cellular morphology by two-photon-excited fluorescence in thick sections without staining. The aims were to identify morphological variations between cartilage canal segments and to examine if failed cartilage canals could be followed back to the location where the blood supply ceased. Results The cartilage canals were shown to vary in their content of collagen fibres (112/412 segments), and the second harmonic and fluorescence signals indicated a variation in the bundling of collagen fibrils (245/412 segments) and in the calcification (30/412 segments) of the adjacent cartilage matrix. Failed cartilage canals associated with chondronecrosis were shown to enter the epiphyseal growth cartilage from not only the secondary ossification centre, but also the attachment site of the caudal cruciate ligament. Conclusion The variations between cartilage canal segments could potentially explain why the blood supply fails at the osteochondral junction in only a subset of the canals. Proteins linked to these variations should be examined in future genomic studies. Although incorporation can still be a major cause, it could not account for all cases of vascular failure. The role of the caudal cruciate ligament in the cause of osteochondrosis should therefore be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Finnøy
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus B Lilledahl
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Martel G, Forget C, Gilbert G, Richard H, Moser T, Olive J, Laverty S. Validation of the ultrasonographic assessment of the femoral trochlea epiphyseal cartilage in foals at osteochondrosis predilected sites with magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:821-828. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - C. Forget
- Service vétérinaire Dr Claude Forget; St-Jérôme Quebec Canada
| | - G. Gilbert
- Philips Healthcare; MR Clinical Science; Markham Ontario Canada
| | - H. Richard
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - T. Moser
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Hôpital Notre-Dame; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - J. Olive
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center; Rotkreuz Switzerland
| | - S. Laverty
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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18
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Hellings IR, Dolvik NI, Ekman S, Olstad K. Cartilage canals in the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia of fetuses and foals are surrounded by different types of collagen. J Anat 2017. [PMID: 28620929 PMCID: PMC5603784 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Some epiphyseal growth cartilage canals are surrounded by a ring of hypereosinophilic matrix consisting of collagen type I. Absence of the collagen type I ring may predispose canal vessels to failure and osteochondrosis, which can lead to fragments in joints (osteochondrosis dissecans). It is not known whether the ring develops in response to programming or biomechanical force. The distribution that may reveal the function of the ring has only been described in the distal femur of a limited number of foals. It is also not known which cells are responsible for producing the collagen ring. The aims of the current study were to examine fetuses and foals to infer whether the ring forms in response to biomechanical force or programming, to describe distribution and to investigate which cell type produces the ring. The material consisted of 46 fetuses and foals from 293 days of gestation to 142 days old, of both sexes and different breeds, divided into three groups, designated the naïve group up to and including the day of birth, the adapting group from 2 days up to and including 14 days old, and the loaded group from 15 days and older. The distal tibia was sawn into parasagittal slabs and the cranial half of the central slab from the intermediate ridge was examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for collagen type I. Presence, completeness and location of the collagen ring was compared, as was the quantity of perivascular mesenchymal cells. An eosinophilic ring present on HE-stained sections was seen in every single fetus and foal examined, which corresponded to collagen type I in immunostained sections. A higher proportion of cartilage canals were surrounded by an eosinophilic ring in the naïve and adapting groups at 73 and 76%, respectively, compared with the loaded group at 51%. When considering only patent canals, the proportion of canals with an eosinophilic ring was higher in the adapting and loaded than the naïve group of foals. The ring was present around 90 and 81% of patent canals in the deep and middle layers, respectively, compared with 58% in the superficial layer, and the ring was more often complete around deep compared with superficial canals. The ring was absent or partial around chondrifying canals. When an eosinophilic ring was present around patent canals, it was more common for the canal to contain one or more layers of perivascular mesenchymal cells rather than few to no layers. It was also more common for the collagen ring to be more complete around canals that contained many as opposed to few mesenchymal cells. In conclusion, the proportion of cartilage canals that had an eosinophilic ring was similar in all three groups of fetuses and foals, indicating that the presence of the collagen ring was mostly programmed, although some adaptation was evident. The ring was more often present around deep, compared with superficial canals, indicating a role in preparation for ossification. The collagen ring appeared to be produced by perivascular mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Ivar Dolvik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Stone AV, Little KJ, Glos DL, Stringer KF, Wall EJ. Repetitive Stresses Generate Osteochondral Lesions in Skeletally Immature Rabbits. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2957-2966. [PMID: 27460999 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516654479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is unknown. Existing experimental animal models of OCD most frequently involve surgically created lesions but do not examine repetitive stress as a possible cause of OCD. HYPOTHESIS Repetitive stresses can cause OCD-like lesions in immature animals. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Six juvenile rabbits were subjected to repetitive loading forces of approximately 160% body weight to the right hindlimb during five 45-minute sessions per week for 5 weeks. The contralateral limb was the unloaded control. After 5 weeks, rabbits were euthanized and examined with radiographs, micro-computed tomography, and gross and histopathologic analysis. RESULTS All 6 rabbits developed osteochondral lesions in loaded limbs on the medial and lateral femoral condyles, while contralateral unloaded limbs did not demonstrate lesions. Loaded limbs developed relative osteopenia in the femoral epiphysis and tibial metaphysis with associated decreased trabecular density. Loaded limbs also demonstrated increased femoral subchondral bone thickness near the lesions. Lesions did not have grossly apparent extensive articular cartilage damage; however, cartilage thickness increased on histology with reduced ossification. Loaded knees demonstrated abundant chondrocyte cloning, limited cartilage fissuring, and a focal loss of cellularity at the articular surface. CONCLUSION Low-grade lesions in human OCD have little gross articular cartilage involvement despite substantial changes to the subchondral bone as shown on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographs. Histopathology findings in this study included cartilage thickening and chondrocyte cloning resembling those of recently published human OCD biopsy studies. Our animal model supports the hypothesis that repetitive stress to immature knees may contribute to the development of human OCD. This model may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology and healing of human OCD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repetitive physiologic stress generated changes to the subchondral bone in immature animals without causing extensive articular damage. The similarities of these lesions in gross and histologic appearance with human OCD support repetitive stress as the likely the cause for human OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin V Stone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin J Little
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Glos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith F Stringer
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric J Wall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Bertholle CP, Meijer E, Back W, Stegeman A, van Weeren PR, van Nes A. A longitudinal study on the performance of in vivo methods to determine the osteochondrotic status of young pigs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:62. [PMID: 27012925 PMCID: PMC4807589 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In today’s porcine industry, lameness has a major welfare and economic impact, and is often caused by osteochondrosis (OC). The etiological factors of the disease have been studied in depth, however, to this day, little is known about the natural course of the disorder and how it can be detected at an early stage in pigs. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the potential of three non-invasive techniques for the detection and monitoring of early OC processes in piglets. A group of weaned piglets (n = 19) were examined longitudinally using radiographs, a visual lameness scoring scheme and a quantitative pressure-mat based locomotion analysis system to detect OC in the humeroradial, femoropatellar and tarsocrural joints. At several time points, a selection of animals was euthanized for post-mortem examinations, including histology, which was the gold standard. Results In this study, clear signs of subclinical signs of OC were observed, however, we were unsuccessful in producing clinical OC. Lesions were observed to be commonly bilaterally symmetric in the joints examined in 80 % of cases. The radiographic examinations showed a clear correlation with the gold standard, particularly when subclinical lesions were of a high histological score. Moreover, radiography was also able to detect the early repair processes, which appeared to take place at least until 14 weeks of age. Both visual scoring and pressure mat analyses showed good intra-assay reproducibility, with the pressure mat showing intra-class correlation values between 0.44 and 0.6 and the inter-observer agreement of visual scoring method was between 88 and 96 %, however their correlation to OC lesions detected by histology was very weak, with only 2 out of 12 traits for the visual scoring method showing significant and biologically logical relations to a specific joint having histological OC lesions. For the pressure mat, only a maximum of 5 associations for specific joints with histological OC lesions were found out of a possible 8. Conclusion All tested in-vivo methods showed good reproducibility. Radiography was the most reliable technique to detect and monitor longitudinally the earliest signs of OC in these piglets. It also demonstrated that the “Point of No Return” (PNR) of the disease, when repair processes end, might be later than anticipated, after 13 weeks of age. All in all, our study shows that the timing of the use of these in-vivo methods is critical to detect and monitor OC, especially in the early phases of the disease. It also shows the difficulty in producing OC regardless of the optimization of the experimental settings in relation to the etiological factors known to induce OC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0682-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Bertholle
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Meijer
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, 17 Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Hellings IR, Ekman S, Hultenby K, Dolvik NI, Olstad K. Discontinuities in the endothelium of epiphyseal cartilage canals and relevance to joint disease in foals. J Anat 2015; 228:162-75. [PMID: 26471892 PMCID: PMC4694163 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage canals have been shown to contain discontinuous blood vessels that enable circulating bacteria to bind to cartilage matrix, leading to vascular occlusion and associated pathological changes in pigs and chickens. It is also inconsistently reported that cartilage canals are surrounded by a cellular or acellular wall that may influence whether bacterial binding can occur. It is not known whether equine cartilage canals contain discontinuous endothelium or are surrounded by a wall. This study aimed to examine whether there were discontinuities in the endothelium of cartilage canal vessels, and whether canals had a cellular or acellular wall, in the epiphyseal growth cartilage of foals. Epiphyseal growth cartilage from the proximal third of the medial trochlear ridge of the distal femur from six healthy foals that were 1, 24, 35, 47, 118 and 122 days old and of different breeds and sexes was examined by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry. The majority of patent cartilage canals contained blood vessels that were lined by a thin layer of continuous endothelium. Fenestrations were found in two locations in one venule in a patent cartilage canal located deep in the growth cartilage and close to the ossification front in the 118-day-old foal. Chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM-examined foals contained degenerated endothelial cells that were detached from the basement membrane, resulting in gap formation. Thirty-three percent of all canals were surrounded by a hypercellular rim that was interpreted as contribution of chondrocytes to growth cartilage. On LM, 69% of all cartilage canals were surrounded by a ring of matrix that stained intensely eosinophilic and consisted of collagen fibres on TEM that were confirmed to be collagen type I by immunohistochemistry. In summary, two types of discontinuity were observed in the endothelium of equine epiphyseal cartilage canal vessels: fenestrations were observed in a patent cartilage canal in the 118-day-old foal; and gaps were observed in chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM-examined foals. Canals were not surrounded by any cellular wall, but a large proportion was surrounded by an acellular wall consisting of collagen type I. Bacterial binding can therefore probably occur in horses by mechanisms that are similar to those previously demonstrated in pigs and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nils Ivar Dolvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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van Weeren PR, Olstad K. Pathogenesis of osteochondrosis dissecans: How does this translate to management of the clinical case? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - K. Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
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23
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Abstract
Osteochondrosis is defined as a focal disturbance in endochondral ossification. The cartilage superficial to an osteochondrosis lesion can fracture, giving rise to fragments in joints known as osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD). In pigs and horses, it has been confirmed that the disturbance in ossification is the result of failure of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage and associated ischemic chondronecrosis. The earliest lesion following vascular failure is an area of ischemic chondronecrosis at an intermediate depth of the growth cartilage (osteochondrosis latens) that is detectable ex vivo, indirectly using contrast-enhanced micro- and conventional computed tomography (CT) or directly using adiabatic T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging. More chronic lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) are detectable by the same techniques and have also been followed longitudinally in pigs using plain CT. The results confirm that lesions sometimes undergo spontaneous resolution, and in combination, CT and histology observations indicate that this occurs by filling of radiolucent defects with bone from separate centers of endochondral ossification that form superficial to lesions and by phagocytosis and intramembranous ossification of granulation tissue that forms deep to lesions. Research is currently aimed at discovering the cause of the vascular failure in osteochondrosis, and studies of spontaneous lesions suggest that failure is associated with the process of incorporating blood vessels into the advancing ossification front during growth. Experimental studies also show that bacteremia can lead to vascular occlusion. Future challenges are to differentiate between causes of vascular failure and to discover the nature of the heritable predisposition for osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Institute of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Duesterdieck-Zellmer K, Semevolos S, Kinsley M, Riddick T. Age-related differential gene and protein expression in postnatal cartilage canal and osteochondral junction chondrocytes. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 17:1-10. [PMID: 25479004 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin, Indian hedgehog (Ihh)/Parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP) and retinoid signaling pathways regulate cartilage differentiation, growth, and function during development and play a key role in endochondral ossification. The objective of this study was to elucidate the gene and protein expression of signaling molecules of these regulatory pathways in chondrocytes surrounding cartilage canals and the osteochondral junction during neonatal and pre-adolescent development. This study revealed cell-specific and age-related differences in gene and protein expression of signaling molecules of these regulatory pathways. A trend for higher gene expression of PTHrP along the cartilage canals and Ihh along the osteochondral junction suggests the presence of paracrine feedback in articular-epiphyseal cartilage. Differential expression of canonical (β-catenin, Wnt-4, Lrp4, Lrp6) and noncanonical Wnt signaling (Wnt-5b, Wnt-11) and their inhibitors (Dkk1, Axin1, sFRP3, sFRP5, Wif-1) surrounding the cartilage canals and osteochondral junction provides evidence of the complex interactions occurring during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Stacy Semevolos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Marc Kinsley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tara Riddick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Olstad K, Østevik L, Carlson CS, Ekman S. Osteochondrosis Can Lead to Formation of Pseudocysts and True Cysts in the Subchondral Bone of Horses. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:862-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis arises as a result of focal failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage. The current aim was to examine the pathogenesis of pseudocysts and true cysts in subchondral bone following failure of the blood supply to the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in horses. Cases were recruited based on identification of lesions ( n = 17) that were considered likely to progress to or to represent pseudocysts or true cysts in epiphyseal bone in histological sections and included 10 horses ranging in age from 48 days to 5 years old. Cases comprised 3 warmbloods, 3 Standardbreds, 1 Quarter horse and 1 Arabian with spontaneous lesions and 2 Fjord ponies with experimentally induced lesions. Seven lesions consisted of areas of ischemic chondronecrosis and were compatible with pseudocysts. Two lesions were located at intermediate depth in epiphyseal growth cartilage, 2 lesions were located in the ossification front, 2 lesions were located in epiphyseal bone and 1 lesion was located in the metaphyseal growth plate (physis). Ten lesions contained dilated blood vessels and were compatible with true cysts. In 2 lesions the dilated blood vessels were located within the lumina of failed cartilage canals. In the 8 remaining lesions areas of ischemic chondronecrosis were associated with granulation tissue in the subjacent bone and dilated vessels were located within this granulation tissue. Failure of the blood supply and ischemic chondronecrosis can lead to formation of pseudocysts or dilatation of blood vessels and formation of true cysts in the epiphyseal bone of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - L. Østevik
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Olstad K, Kongsro J, Grindflek E, Dolvik NI. Consequences of the natural course of articular osteochondrosis in pigs for the suitability of computed tomography as a screening tool. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:212. [PMID: 25199991 PMCID: PMC4172834 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant heritability has been documented for articular osteochondrosis. Selection against osteochondrosis has historically been based on macroscopic evaluation, but as computed tomography (CT) now is used to select boars with optimal body composition it can potentially also be used to screen for osteochondrosis. False negative diagnosis will occur if defects have not developed or have resolved prior to screening at a single time point. The aim of the current study was to assess the suitability of the use of CT at a single point in time as a screening tool in piglets for articular osteochondrosis, which is known to be a highly dynamic condition in which lesions develop and resolve over time. Methods Male Landrace piglets (n = 18) were serial CT scanned from 2–8 times at biweekly intervals from 70–180 days of age. At each interval, 1–2 piglets were euthanased and the left distal femur processed for histological validation. Results A total of 795 defects were identified in the 112 available CT scans. Within the hind and fore limbs, the incidence of defects was highest in the stifle (n = 321) and elbow joints (n = 110), respectively. Ninety-eight per cent of the defects in the stifle and elbow joints had developed by the 7th examination interval when the piglets were a mean age of 159 days old. The proportion of defects that resolved was lowest in the stifle joint at 51% and highest in the elbow joint at 69%. Conclusions Scanning of the current piglets at an age of 159 days resulted in detection of 98% of the total number of defects that developed up to the maximum age of 180 days. The proportion of defects that resolved ranged from 51–69% for different joints, but may not adversely affect prevalence as this category of false negative diagnosis will result in selection of pigs that are disposed for healing. Optimally timed CT is a powerful screening tool for osteochondrosis.
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Olstad K, Kongsro J, Grindflek E, Dolvik NI. Ossification defects detected in CT scans represent early osteochondrosis in the distal femur of piglets. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1014-23. [PMID: 24740876 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to validate the use of CT for selection against osteochondrosis in pigs by calculating positive predictive value and comparing it to the positive predictive value of macroscopic evaluation, using histological examination as the reference standard. Eighteen male, hereditarily osteochondrosis-predisposed piglets underwent terminal examination at biweekly intervals from the ages of 82-180 days old, including CT scanning, macroscopic, and histological evaluation of the left distal femur. Areas of ischemic chondronecrosis (osteochondrosis) were confirmed in histological sections from 44/56 macroscopically suspected lesions, resulting in a positive predictive value of 79% (95% CI: 67-84%). Suspected lesions, that is; focal, radiolucent defects in the ossification front in CT scans corresponded to areas of ischemic chondronecrosis in 36/36 histologically examined lesions, resulting in a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 90-100%). CT was superior to macroscopic evaluation for diagnosis of early stages of osteochondrosis in the distal femur of piglets. The current histologically validated observations can potentially be extrapolated to diagnostic monitoring of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans in children, or to animal models of human juvenile articular cartilage injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Olstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Hendrickson EHS, Olstad K, Nødtvedt A, Pauwels E, van Hoorebeke L, Dolvik NI. Comparison of the blood supply to the articular-epiphyseal growth complex in horse vs. pony foals. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:326-32. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. H. S. Hendrickson
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
| | - K. Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
| | - A. Nødtvedt
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
| | - E. Pauwels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; UGCT; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - L. van Hoorebeke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; UGCT; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - N. I. Dolvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
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Nichols S, Lardé H. Noninfectious Joint Disease in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:205-23, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Fontaine P, Blond L, Alexander K, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the study of joint development in the equine pelvic limb. Vet J 2013; 197:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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van Weeren PR, Denoix JM. The Normandy field study on juvenile osteochondral conditions: Conclusions regarding the influence of genetics, environmental conditions and management, and the effect on performance. Vet J 2013; 197:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Denoix JM, Jeffcott L, McIlwraith C, van Weeren P. A review of terminology for equine juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) based on anatomical and functional considerations. Vet J 2013; 197:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Olstad K, Hendrickson EH, Ekman S, Carlson CS, Dolvik NI. Local Morphological Response of the Distal Femoral Articular-Epiphyseal Cartilage Complex of Young Foals to Surgical Stab Incision and Potential Relevance to Cartilage Injury and Repair in Children. Cartilage 2013; 4:239-48. [PMID: 26069670 PMCID: PMC4297086 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513480024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the local morphological response of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex to surgical stab incision in the distal femur of foals, with emphasis on the relationship between growth cartilage injury, enchondral ossification, and repair. DESIGN Nine foals were induced into general anesthesia at the age of 13 to 15 days. Four full-thickness stab incision defects were created in the cartilage on the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left distal femur. Follow-up examination was carried out from 1 to 49 days postoperatively, including examination of intact bones, sawed slabs, and histological sections. RESULTS Incision defects filled with cells displaying fibroblast-, chondrocyte-, and osteoblast-like characteristics, potentially validating the rationale behind the drilling of stable juvenile osteochondritis dissecans lesions in children. Incisions induced necrosis within the cartilage on the margins at all depths of the defects. Sharp dissection may therefore be contraindicated in cartilage repair in young individuals. Incisions caused a focal delay in enchondral ossification in 2 foals, apparently related to the orientation of the incision defect relative to the direction of ossification. Defects became progressively surrounded by subchondral bone, in which granulation tissue containing clasts and foci of osteoblast-like cells was observed. Continued enchondral ossification was therefore likely to result in healing of uncomplicated defects to morphologically normal bone. CONCLUSIONS Epiphyseal growth cartilage injury had the potential to exert a negative effect on enchondral ossification. Enchondral ossification exerted a beneficial effect on repair. This relationship warrants consideration in future studies of cartilage injury and repair within the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex of all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Olstad
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli H.S. Hendrickson
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Ekman
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | - Nils I. Dolvik
- Equine Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Jeffcott L. Juvenile osteochondral conditions in the horse: a special issue. Introduction. Vet J 2013; 197:1-2. [PMID: 23664073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Jeffcott
- The University of Sydney, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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Transection of vessels in epiphyseal cartilage canals leads to osteochondrosis and osteochondrosis dissecans in the femoro-patellar joint of foals; a potential model of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:730-8. [PMID: 23428601 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To transect blood vessels within epiphyseal cartilage canals and observe whether this resulted in ischaemic chondronecrosis, an associated focal delay in enchondral ossification [osteochondrosis (OC)] and pathological cartilage fracture [osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)] in the distal femur of foals, with potential translational value to the pathogenesis of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) in children. METHOD Ten Norwegian Fjord Pony foals were operated at the age of 13-15 days. Two vessels supplying the epiphyseal growth cartilage of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left distal femur were transected in each foal. Follow-up examination was carried out from 1 to 49 days post-operatively and included plain radiography, macroscopic and histological examination. RESULTS Transection of blood vessels within epiphyseal cartilage canals resulted in necrosis of vessels and chondrocytes, i.e., ischaemic chondronecrosis, in foals. Areas of ischaemic chondronecrosis were associated with a focal delay in enchondral ossification (OC) in foals examined 21 days or more after transection, and pathological cartilage fracture (OCD) in one foal examined 42 days after transection. CONCLUSION The ischaemic hypothesis for the pathogenesis of OC has been reproduced experimentally in foals. There are several similarities between OCD in animals and JOCD in children. It should be investigated whether JOCD also occurs due to a focal failure in the cartilage canal blood supply, followed by ischaemic chondronecrosis.
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Abstract
Twenty years ago a supplement of Equine Veterinary Journal was devoted to equine osteochondrosis (OC) and recognised the importance of this developmental disease to the equine industry. In the accompanying editorial several controversial issues were identified and a number of areas for further research were highlighted. Today, equine OC is still a major clinical problem, but the on-going research has resulted in much improved knowledge and understanding of this highly complicated disease. There is still conflicting evidence on the prevalence of OC due to the dynamic character of the condition, widely varying definitions in the literature, and the range of joints affected. Nevertheless there is now convincing evidence that early vascular damage, leading to chondronecrosis, is the major mechanism of onset. The aetiological factors that determine whether a horse will develop clinical signs of OC remain obscure and the complex nature of OC and its multi-factorial character has been clearly demonstrated by genetic studies. These have shown a multitude of loci on a variety of chromosomes linked to osteochondrotic phenotypes, depending on the type of manifestation of OC, the joint involved and the breed. The controversy surrounding the possible key role of copper in the pathogenesis of OC in the early 1990s has evolved into a more limited contribution to repair thus making it just one of the many environmental factors that may have an effect on the occurrence of OC, but not a decisive one. The semantic debate concerning the most appropriate nomenclature seems to have crystallised into a consensus on terminology at three levels: OC or osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) for the disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification, juvenile ostechondral conditions (JOCC) for all joint and growth plate related disorders, and developmental orthopaedic diseases (DOD) for the full range of skeletal conditions in young horses. Future progress in improved management of OC can be expected from more research on cellular and molecular processes and the influences that determine the process of endochondral ossification, the process of articular cartilage maturation, and from epidemiological studies quantifying the long-term effects of OC on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Barba M, Lepage OM. Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in foals: 10 cases (2008-2010). EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, Carlson CS, Dolvik NI. Early Lesions of Articular Osteochondrosis in the Distal Femur of Foals. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1165-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811398250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Failure of the cartilage canal blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of articular osteochondrosis in horses and other animal species. In a previous study of the developmental pattern of the blood supply in the tarsus of foals, early lesions of osteochondrosis were consistently found in regions where the cartilage canal vessels traversed the chondro-osseous junction. The developmental pattern of blood vessels has also been described in the distal femoral epiphysis; however, the group of foals examined in that study did not have lesions of osteochondrosis in this location. Therefore, the relationship between the occurrence of early lesions of osteochondrosis and the developmental pattern of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage in this site in foals has not been examined. Distal femora were collected from 30 fetuses and foals (up to 11 months old) submitted for postmortem examination. Sections from the lateral trochlear ridge and medial femoral condyle of both hind limbs were examined histologically. Sixteen cartilage lesions were found in 7 of the 30 fetuses and foals. All lesions contained evidence of cartilage canal necrosis and ischemic chondronecrosis. The lesions were located in regions where cartilage canal vessels traversed the chondro-osseous junction, as previously observed in the tarsus. The location and morphology of lesions indicated that a subclinical stage of ischemic chondronecrosis existed that preceded and predisposed to the development of osteochondrosis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Ytrehus
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - N. I. Dolvik
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the metatarsophalangeal joint of foals. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:865-71. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x437762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Third International Workshop on Equine Osteochondrosis, Stockholm, 29-30th May 2008. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:504-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x431902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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