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Neumaier EE, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M. The role of midkine in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1310094. [PMID: 38098484 PMCID: PMC10720637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1310094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MDK) is a neurotrophic growth factor highly expressed during embryogenesis with important functions related to growth, proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, reproduction, and repair. Recent research has indicated that MDK functions as a key player in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of brain tumors, acute injuries, and other CNS disorders. This review summarizes the modes of action and immunological functions of MDK both in the peripheral immune compartment and in the CNS, particularly in the context of traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, we discuss the role of MDK as a central mediator of neuro-immune crosstalk, focusing on the interactions between CNS-infiltrating and -resident cells such as astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of MDK and discuss potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Majaj M, Weckbach LT. Midkine—A novel player in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1003104. [PMID: 36204583 PMCID: PMC9530663 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a 13-kDa heparin-binding cytokine and growth factor with anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and anti-infective functions, that enable it to partake in a series of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the past, research revolving around MK has concentrated on its roles in reproduction and development, tissue protection and repair as well as inflammatory and malignant processes. In the recent few years, MK's implication in a wide scope of cardiovascular diseases has been rigorously investigated. Nonetheless, there is still no broadly accepted consensus on whether MK exerts generally detrimental or favorable effects in cardiovascular diseases. The truth probably resides somewhere in-between and depends on the underlying physiological or pathophysiological condition. It is therefore crucial to thoroughly examine and appraise MK's participation in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we introduce the MK gene and protein, its multiple receptors and signaling pathways along with its expression in the vascular system and its most substantial functions in cardiovascular biology. Further, we recapitulate the current evidence of MK's expression in cardiovascular diseases, addressing the various sources and modes of MK expression. Moreover, we summarize the most significant implications of MK in cardiovascular diseases with particular emphasis on MK's advantageous and injurious functions, highlighting its ample diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Also, we focus on conflicting roles of MK in a number of cardiovascular diseases and try to provide some clarity and guidance to MK's multifaceted roles. In summary, we aim to pave the way for MK-based diagnostics and therapies that could present promising tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Majaj
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology und Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Marina Majaj ;
| | - Ludwig T. Weckbach
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology und Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e. V, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ludwig T. Weckbach
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Schoppa AM, Chen X, Ramge JM, Vikman A, Fischer V, Haffner-Luntzer M, Riegger J, Tuckermann J, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Ignatius A. Osteoblast lineage Sod2 deficiency leads to an osteoporosis-like phenotype in mice. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274992. [PMID: 35394023 PMCID: PMC9118037 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and strength associated with fragility fractures. Oxidative stress, which results from elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arises in the aging organism, is considered one of the critical factors contributing to osteoporosis. Mitochondrial (mt)ROS, as the superoxide anion (O2−) generated during mitochondrial respiration, are eliminated in the young organism by antioxidant defense mechanisms, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), the expression and activity of which are decreased in aging mesenchymal progenitor cells, accompanied by increased mtROS production. Using a mouse model of osteoblast lineage cells with Sod2 deficiency, we observed significant bone loss in trabecular and cortical bones accompanied by decreased osteoblast activity, increased adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow and augmented osteoclast activity, suggestive of altered mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, osteoblast senescence was increased. To date, there are only a few studies suggesting a causal association between mtROS and cellular senescence in tissue in vivo. Targeting SOD2 to improve redox homeostasis could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for maintaining bone health during aging. Summary: Osteoblast-lineage specific Sod2 deficiency in mice leads to increased mtROS, impaired osteoblast function, increased adipogenesis, increased osteoclast activity and increased osteoblast senescence, resulting in bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Schoppa
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiangxu Chen
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Moritz Ramge
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Vikman
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Riegger
- Department of Orthopedics, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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4
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Fischer V, Ragipoglu D, Diedrich J, Steppe L, Dudeck A, Schütze K, Kalbitz M, Gebhard F, Haffner-Luntzer M, Ignatius A. Mast Cells Trigger Disturbed Bone Healing in Osteoporotic Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:137-151. [PMID: 34633111 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are important tissue-resident sensor and effector immune cells but also play a major role in osteoporosis development. Mast cells are increased in numbers in the bone marrow of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients, and mast cell-deficient mice are protected from ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. In this study, we showed that mast cell-deficient Mcpt5-Cre R-DTA mice were protected from OVX-induced disturbed fracture healing, indicating a critical role for mast cells in the pathomechanisms of impaired bone repair under estrogen-deficient conditions. We revealed that mast cells trigger the fracture-induced inflammatory response by releasing inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, midkine (Mdk), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and promote neutrophil infiltration into the fracture site in OVX mice. Furthermore, mast cells were responsible for reduced osteoblast and increased osteoclast activities in OVX mice callus, as well as increased receptor activator of NF-κB ligand serum levels in OVX mice. Additional in vitro studies with human cells showed that mast cells stimulate osteoclastogenesis by releasing the osteoclastogenic mediators Mdk and CXCL10 in an estrogen-dependent manner, which was mediated via the estrogen receptor alpha on mast cells. In conclusion, mast cells negatively affect the healing of bone fractures under estrogen-deficient conditions. Hence, targeting mast cells might provide a therapeutic strategy to improve disturbed bone repair in postmenopausal osteoporosis. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Deniz Ragipoglu
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Diedrich
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lena Steppe
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Schütze
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Sun YT, Liu XR, Huang QF, Wang B, Weng YQ, Deng T, Li LH, Qian J, Li Q, Lin KW, Sun DM, Xu SQ, Wang HF, Wu XX. Midkine ameliorates LPS-induced apoptosis of airway smooth muscle cells via the Notch2 pathway. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.363877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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6
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Campbell VK, Gately RP, Krishnasamy R, Burg D, Robertson GR, Gray NA. Midkine and chronic kidney disease-associated multisystem organ dysfunctions. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:1577-1584. [PMID: 32542315 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive multisystem condition with yet undefined mechanistic drivers and multiple implicated soluble factors. If identified, these factors could be targeted for therapeutic intervention for a disease that currently lacks specific treatment. There is increasing preclinical evidence that the heparin/endothelial glycocalyx-binding molecule midkine (MK) has a pathological role in multiple CKD-related, organ-specific disease processes, including CKD progression, hypertension, vascular and cardiac disease, bone disease and CKD-related cancers. Concurrent with this are studies documenting increases in circulating and urine MK proportional to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss in CKD patients and evidence that administering soluble MK reverses the protective effects of MK deficiency in experimental kidney disease. This review summarizes the growing body of evidence supporting MK's potential role in driving CKD-related multisystem disease, including MK's relationship with the endothelial glycocalyx, the deranged MK levels and glycocalyx profile in CKD patients and a proposed model of MK organ interplay in CKD disease processes and highlights the importance of ongoing research into MK's potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Campbell
- Renal Unit, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Intensive Care Unit, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan P Gately
- Renal Unit, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rathika Krishnasamy
- Renal Unit, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicholas A Gray
- Renal Unit, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia.,University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Hendrickx G, Fischer V, Liedert A, von Kroge S, Haffner-Luntzer M, Brylka L, Pawlus E, Schweizer M, Yorgan T, Baranowsky A, Rolvien T, Neven M, Schumacher U, Beech DJ, Amling M, Ignatius A, Schinke T. Piezo1 Inactivation in Chondrocytes Impairs Trabecular Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:369-384. [PMID: 33180356 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is a dynamic tissue continuously adapting to mechanical stimuli. Although matrix-embedded osteocytes are considered as the key mechanoresponsive bone cells, all other skeletal cell types are principally exposed to macroenvironmental and microenvironmental mechanical influences that could potentially affect their activities. It was recently reported that Piezo1, one of the two mechanically activated ion channels of the Piezo family, functions as a mechanosensor in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Here we show that Piezo1 additionally plays a critical role in the process of endochondral bone formation. More specifically, by targeted deletion of Piezo1 or Piezo2 in either osteoblast (Runx2Cre) or osteoclast lineage cells (Lyz2Cre), we observed severe osteoporosis with numerous spontaneous fractures specifically in Piezo1Runx2Cre mice. This phenotype developed at an early postnatal stage and primarily affected the formation of the secondary spongiosa. The presumptive Piezo1Runx2Cre osteoblasts in this region displayed an unusual flattened appearance and were positive for type X collagen. Moreover, transcriptome analyses of primary osteoblasts identified an unexpected induction of chondrocyte-related genes in Piezo1Runx2Cre cultures. Because Runx2 is not only expressed in osteoblast progenitor cells, but also in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, these data suggested that Piezo1 functions in growth plate chondrocytes to ensure trabecular bone formation in the process of endochondral ossification. To confirm this hypothesis, we generated mice with Piezo1 deletion in chondrocytes (Col2a1Cre). These mice essentially recapitulated the phenotype of Piezo1Runx2Cre animals, because they displayed early-onset osteoporosis with multiple fractures, as well as impaired formation of the secondary spongiosa with abnormal osteoblast morphology. Our data identify a previously unrecognized key function of Piezo1 in endochondral ossification, which, together with its role in bone remodeling, suggests that Piezo1 represents an attractive target for the treatment of skeletal disorders. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretl Hendrickx
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Brylka
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Pawlus
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mona Neven
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Effects of Estrogen Receptor and Wnt Signaling Activation on Mechanically Induced Bone Formation in a Mouse Model of Postmenopausal Bone Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218301. [PMID: 33167497 PMCID: PMC7663944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult skeleton, bone remodeling is required to replace damaged bone and functionally adapt bone mass and structure according to the mechanical requirements. It is regulated by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including hormones and growth factors, which interact in a coordinated manner. Because the response of bone to mechanical signals is dependent on functional estrogen receptor (ER) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is impaired in postmenopausal osteoporosis by estrogen deficiency, it is of paramount importance to elucidate the underlying mechanisms as a basis for the development of new strategies in the treatment of osteoporosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the activation of the ligand-dependent ER and the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathways on mechanically induced bone formation using ovariectomized mice as a model of postmenopausal bone loss. We demonstrated that both pathways interact in the regulation of bone mass adaption in response to mechanical loading and that the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling considerably increased mechanically induced bone formation, whereas the effects of estrogen treatment strictly depended on the estrogen status in the mice.
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Winter EM, Ireland A, Butterfield NC, Haffner-Luntzer M, Horcajada MN, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Oei L, Colaianni G, Bonnet N. Pregnancy and lactation, a challenge for the skeleton. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:R143-R157. [PMID: 32438342 PMCID: PMC7354730 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss skeletal adaptations to the demanding situation of pregnancy and lactation. Calcium demands are increased during pregnancy and lactation, and this is effectuated by a complex series of hormonal changes. The changes in bone structure at the tissue and whole bone level observed during pregnancy and lactation appear to largely recover over time. The magnitude of the changes observed during lactation may relate to the volume and duration of breastfeeding and return to regular menses. Studies examining long-term consequences of pregnancy and lactation suggest that there are small, site-specific benefits to bone density and that bone geometry may also be affected. Pregnancy- and lactation-induced osteoporosis (PLO) is a rare disease for which the pathophysiological mechanism is as yet incompletely known; here, we discuss and speculate on the possible roles of genetics, oxytocin, sympathetic tone and bone marrow fat. Finally, we discuss fracture healing during pregnancy and lactation and the effects of estrogen on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Winter
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to E M Winter:
| | - A Ireland
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, DuCane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M-N Horcajada
- Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A G Veldhuis-Vlug
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - N Bonnet
- Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Midkine (MDK) growth factor: a key player in cancer progression and a promising therapeutic target. Oncogene 2019; 39:2040-2054. [PMID: 31801970 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor, originally reported as the product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene during embryogenesis, but currently viewed as a multifaceted factor contributing to both normal tissue homeostasis and disease development. Midkine is abnormally expressed at high levels in various human malignancies and acts as a mediator for the acquisition of critical hallmarks of cancer, including cell growth, survival, metastasis, migration, and angiogenesis. Several studies have investigated the role of midkine as a cancer biomarker for the detection, prognosis, and management of cancer, as well as for monitoring the response to cancer treatment. Moreover, several efforts are also being made to elucidate its underlying mechanisms in therapeutic resistance and immunomodulation within the tumor microenvironment. We hereby summarize the current knowledge on midkine expression and function in cancer development and progression, and highlight its promising potential as a cancer biomarker and as a future therapeutic target in personalized cancer medicine.
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Influence of Menopause on Inflammatory Cytokines during Murine and Human Bone Fracture Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072070. [PMID: 30013010 PMCID: PMC6073246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal females display a chronic inflammatory phenotype with higher levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the inflammatory response to injury may be altered under estrogen-deficiency, because it was shown previously that estrogen-deficient mice displayed increased levels of the inflammatory cytokines Midkine (Mdk) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the early fracture hematoma. Because a balanced immune response to fracture is required for successful bone regeneration, this might contribute to the delayed fracture healing frequently observed in osteoporotic, postmenopausal fracture patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether further cytokines in addition to Mdk and IL-6 might be affected by estrogen-deficiency after fracture in mice and whether these cytokines are also relevant during human fracture healing. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether serum from male vs. female fracture patients affects osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To address these questions, female mice were either sham-operated or ovariectomized (OVX) and subjected to standardized femur osteotomy. A broad panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined systemically and locally in the fracture hematoma. In a translational approach, serum was collected from healthy controls and patients with an isolated fracture. Mdk and IL-6 serum levels were determined at day 0, day 14 and day 42 after fracture. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate differences between male and female fracture patients after menopause. In an in vitro approach, human MSCs were cultured with the collected patient serum and osteogenic differentiation was assessed by qPCR and alkaline-phosphatase staining. Our results suggest an important role for the pro-inflammatory cytokines Mdk and IL-6 in the response to fracture in estrogen-deficient mice among all of the measured inflammatory mediators. Notably, both cytokines were also significantly increased in the serum of patients after fracture. However, only Mdk serum levels differed significantly between male and female fracture patients after menopause. MSCs cultivated with serum from female fracture patients displayed significantly reduced osteogenic differentiation, which was attenuated by Mdk-antibody treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrated increased Mdk levels after fracture in OVX mice and female fracture patients after menopause. Because Mdk is a negative regulator of bone formation, this might contribute to impaired osteoporotic fracture healing.
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12
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Abstract
Midkine (MDK) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is normally expressed in mid-gestational development mediating mesenchymal and epithelial interactions. As organisms age, expression of MDK diminishes; however, in adults, MDK expression is associated with acute and chronic pathologic conditions such as myocardial infarction and heart failure (HF). The role of MDK is not clear in cardiovascular disease and currently there is no consensus if it plays a beneficial or detrimental role in HF. The lack of clarity in the literature is exacerbated by differing roles that circulating and myocardial MDK play in signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes (some of which have yet to be elucidated). Of particular interest, serum MDK is elevated in adults with chronic heart failure and higher circulating MDK is associated with worse cardiac function. In addition, pediatric HF patients have higher levels of myocardial MDK. This review focuses on what is known about the effect of exogenous versus myocardial MDK in various cardiac disease models in an effort to better clarify the role of midkine in HF.
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13
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Haffner-Luntzer M, Fischer V, Prystaz K, Liedert A, Ignatius A. The inflammatory phase of fracture healing is influenced by oestrogen status in mice. Eur J Med Res 2017; 22:23. [PMID: 28683813 PMCID: PMC5501454 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fracture healing is known to be delayed in postmenopausal, osteoporotic females under oestrogen-deficient conditions. Confirming this, experimental studies demonstrated impaired callus formation in ovariectomised animals. Oestrogen-deficiency is known to affect the immune system and the inflammatory response during wound healing. Because a balanced immune response is required for proper bone healing, we were interested to ascertain whether the early immune response after facture is affected by oestrogen depletion. Methods To address the above question, female mice received either a bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) or were sham-operated, and femur osteotomy was performed 8 weeks after OVX/sham operation. The effects of OVX on the presence of immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry of the fracture calli on days 1 and 3 after fracture. Results One day after fracture, immune cell numbers and populations in the fracture haematoma did not differ between OVX- and sham-mice. However, on day 3 after fracture, OVX-mice displayed significantly greater numbers of neutrophils. Local expression of the oestrogen-responsive and pro-inflammatory cytokine midkine (Mdk) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in the fracture callus were increased in OVX-mice on day 3 after fracture compared with sham-mice, indicating that both factors might be involved in the increased presence of neutrophils. Confirming this, Mdk-antibody treatment decreased the number of neutrophils in the fracture callus and reduced local IL-6 expression in OVX-mice. Conclusions These data indicate that oestrogen-deficiency influences the early inflammatory phase after fracture. This may contribute to delayed fracture healing after oestrogen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Prystaz
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Ziller C, Lin J, Knittel P, Friedrich L, Andronescu C, Pöller S, Schuhmann W, Kranz C. Poly(benzoxazine) as an Immobilization Matrix for Miniaturized ATP and Glucose Biosensors. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ziller
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Jing Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Laura Friedrich
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science University; Politehnica of Bucharest; 1-7 Polizu Street 011061 Bucharest Romania
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr University Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Sascha Pöller
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr University Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr University Bochum; Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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Haffner-Luntzer M, Kemmler J, Heidler V, Prystaz K, Schinke T, Amling M, Kovtun A, Rapp AE, Ignatius A, Liedert A. Inhibition of Midkine Augments Osteoporotic Fracture Healing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159278. [PMID: 27410432 PMCID: PMC4943649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparin-binding growth and differentiation factor midkine (Mdk) is proposed to negatively regulate osteoblast activity and bone formation in the adult skeleton. As Mdk-deficient mice were protected from ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss, this factor may also play a role in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. We have previously demonstrated that Mdk negatively influences bone regeneration during fracture healing. Here, we investigated whether the inhibition of Mdk using an Mdk-antibody (Mdk-Ab) improves compromised bone healing in osteoporotic OVX-mice. Using a standardized femur osteotomy model, we demonstrated that Mdk serum levels were significantly enhanced after fracture in both non-OVX and OVX-mice, however, the increase was considerably greater in osteoporotic mice. Systemic treatment with the Mdk-Ab significantly improved bone healing in osteoporotic mice by increasing bone formation in the fracture callus. On the molecular level, we demonstrated that the OVX-induced reduction of the osteoanabolic beta-catenin signaling in the bony callus was abolished by Mdk-Ab treatment. Furthermore, the injection of the Mdk-Ab increased trabecular bone mass in the skeleton of the osteoporotic mice. These results implicate that antagonizing Mdk may be useful for the therapy of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture-healing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Kemmler
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena Heidler
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Prystaz
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kovtun
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna E. Rapp
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Haffner‐Luntzer M, Heilmann A, Rapp AE, Roessler R, Schinke T, Amling M, Ignatius A, Liedert A. Antagonizing midkine accelerates fracture healing in mice by enhanced bone formation in the fracture callus. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2237-49. [PMID: 27111560 PMCID: PMC4919577 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous findings suggest that the growth and differentiation factor midkine (Mdk) is a negative regulator of osteoblast activity and bone formation, thereby raising the possibility that a specific Mdk antagonist might improve bone formation during fracture healing. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present study, we investigated the effects of a monoclonal anti-Mdk antibody (Mdk-Ab) on bone healing using a standardized femur osteotomy model in mice. Additional in vitro experiments using chondroprogenitor and preosteoblastic cells were conducted to analyse the effects of recombinant Mdk and Mdk-Ab on differentiation markers and potential binding partners in these cells. KEY RESULTS We demonstrated that treatment with Mdk-Ab accelerated bone healing in mice based on increased bone formation in the fracture callus. In vitro experiments using preosteoblastic cells showed that Mdk-Ab treatment abolished the Mdk-induced negative effects on the expression of osteogenic markers and Wnt/β-catenin target proteins, whereas the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells was unaffected. Phosphorylation analyses revealed an important role for the low-density lipoproteinLDL receptor-related protein 6 in Mdk signalling in osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that Mdk-Ab treatment may be a potential novel therapeutic strategy to enhance fracture healing in patients with orthopaedic complications such as delayed healing or non-union formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Heilmann
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center UlmUlmGermany
| | - Anna Elise Rapp
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center UlmUlmGermany
| | - Robin Roessler
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center UlmUlmGermany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Institute of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Michael Amling
- Institute of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center UlmUlmGermany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center UlmUlmGermany
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18
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Tomlinson RE, Silva MJ. HIF-1α regulates bone formation after osteogenic mechanical loading. Bone 2015; 73:98-104. [PMID: 25541207 PMCID: PMC4336830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
HIF-1 is a transcription factor typically associated with angiogenic gene transcription under hypoxic conditions. In this study, mice with HIF-1α deleted in the osteoblast lineage (ΔHIF-1α) were subjected to damaging or non-damaging mechanical loading known to produce woven or lamellar bone, respectively, at the ulnar diaphysis. By microCT, ΔHIF-1α mice produced significantly less woven bone than wild type (WT) mice 7days after damaging loading. This decrease in woven bone volume and extent was accompanied by a significant decrease in vascularity measured by immunohistochemistry against vWF. Additionally, osteocytes, rather than osteoblasts, appear to be the main bone cell expressing HIF-1α following damaging loading. In contrast, 10days after non-damaging mechanical loading, dynamic histomorphometry measurements demonstrated no impairment in loading-induced lamellar bone formation in ΔHIF-1α mice. In fact, both non-loaded and loaded ulnae from ΔHIF-1α mice had increased bone formation compared with WT ulnae. When comparing the relative increase in periosteal bone formation in loaded vs. non-loaded ulnae, it was not different between ΔHIF-1α mice and controls. There were no significant differences observed between WT and ΔHIF-1α mice in endosteal bone formation parameters. The increases in periosteal lamellar bone formation in ΔHIF-1α mice are attributed to non-angiogenic effects of the knockout. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that HIF-1α is a pro-osteogenic factor for woven bone formation after damaging loading, but an anti-osteogenic factor for lamellar bone formation under basal conditions and after non-damaging loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Tomlinson
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Haffner-Luntzer M, Heilmann A, Rapp AE, Beie S, Schinke T, Amling M, Ignatius A, Liedert A. Midkine-deficiency delays chondrogenesis during the early phase of fracture healing in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116282. [PMID: 25551381 PMCID: PMC4281158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and differentiation factor midkine (Mdk) plays an important role in bone development and remodeling. Mdk-deficient mice display a high bone mass phenotype when aged 12 and 18 months. Furthermore, Mdk has been identified as a negative regulator of mechanically induced bone formation and it induces pro-chondrogenic, pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory effects. Together with the finding that Mdk is expressed in chondrocytes during fracture healing, we hypothesized that Mdk could play a complex role in endochondral ossification during the bone healing process. Femoral osteotomies stabilized using an external fixator were created in wildtype and Mdk-deficient mice. Fracture healing was evaluated 4, 10, 21 and 28 days after surgery using 3-point-bending, micro-computed tomography, histology and immunohistology. We demonstrated that Mdk-deficient mice displayed delayed chondrogenesis during the early phase of fracture healing as well as significantly decreased flexural rigidity and moment of inertia of the fracture callus 21 days after fracture. Mdk-deficiency diminished beta-catenin expression in chondrocytes and delayed presence of macrophages during early fracture healing. We also investigated the impact of Mdk knockdown using siRNA on ATDC5 chondroprogenitor cells in vitro. Knockdown of Mdk expression resulted in a decrease of beta-catenin and chondrogenic differentiation-related matrix proteins, suggesting that delayed chondrogenesis during fracture healing in Mdk-deficient mice may be due to a cell-autonomous mechanism involving reduced beta-catenin signaling. Our results demonstrated that Mdk plays a crucial role in the early inflammation phase and during the development of cartilaginous callus in the fracture healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aline Heilmann
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Elise Rapp
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Beie
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kondoh S, Inoue K, Igarashi K, Sugizaki H, Shirode-Fukuda Y, Inoue E, Yu T, Takeuchi JK, Kanno J, Bonewald LF, Imai Y. Estrogen receptor α in osteocytes regulates trabecular bone formation in female mice. Bone 2014; 60:68-77. [PMID: 24333171 PMCID: PMC3944732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are well known steroid hormones necessary to maintain bone health. In addition, mechanical loading, in which estrogen signaling may intersect with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is essential for bone maintenance. As osteocytes are known as the major mechanosensory cells embedded in mineralized bone matrix, osteocyte ERα deletion mice (ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy)) were generated by mating ERα floxed mice with Dmp1-Cre mice to determine the role of ERα in osteocytes. Trabecular bone mineral density of female, but not male ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy) mice was significantly decreased. Bone formation parameters in ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy) were significantly decreased while osteoclast parameters were unchanged. This suggests that ERα in osteocytes exerts osteoprotective function by positively controlling bone formation. To identify potential targets of ERα, gene array analysis of Dmp1-GFP osteocytes sorted by FACS from ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy) and control mice was performed. Gene expression microarray followed by gene ontology analyses revealed that osteocytes from ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy) highly expressed genes categorized in 'Secreted' when compared to control osteocytes. Among them, expression of Mdk and Sostdc1, both of which are Wnt inhibitors, was significantly increased without alteration of expression of the mature osteocyte markers such as Sost and β-catenin. Moreover, hindlimb suspension experiments showed that trabecular bone loss due to unloading was greater in ERα(ΔOcy/ΔOcy) mice without cortical bone loss. These data suggest that ERα in osteocytes has osteoprotective functions in trabecular bone formation through regulating expression of Wnt antagonists, but conversely plays a negative role in cortical bone loss due to unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Kondoh
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Inoue
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; Department of Biological Resources, Integrated Center for Science, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Sugizaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shirode-Fukuda
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Inoue
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun K Takeuchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; JST PRESTO, Japan
| | - Jun Kanno
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Skeletal Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.
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21
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Liedert A, Schinke T, Ignatius A, Amling M. The role of midkine in skeletal remodelling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:870-8. [PMID: 24102259 PMCID: PMC3925025 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone tissue is subjected to continuous remodelling, replacing old or damaged bone throughout life. In bone remodelling, the coordinated activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts ensure the maintenance of bone mass and strength. In early life, the balance of these cellular activities is tightly regulated by various factors, including systemic hormones, the mechanical environment and locally released growth factors. Age-related changes in the activity of these factors in bone remodelling can result in diseases with low bone mass, such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a systemic and age-related skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and structural degeneration of bone tissue, predisposing the patient to an increased fracture risk. The growth factor midkine (Mdk) plays a key role in bone remodelling and it is expressed during bone formation and fracture repair. Using a mouse deficient in Mdk, our group have identified this protein as a negative regulator of bone formation and mechanically induced bone remodelling. Thus, specific Mdk antagonists might represent a therapeutic option for diseases characterized by low bone mass, such as osteoporosis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Muramatsu T. Structure and function of midkine as the basis of its pharmacological effects. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:814-26. [PMID: 23992440 PMCID: PMC3925020 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor or cytokine and forms a small protein family, the other member of which is pleiotrophin. MK enhances survival, migration, cytokine expression, differentiation and other activities of target cells. MK is involved in various physiological processes, such as development, reproduction and repair, and also plays important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and malignant diseases. MK is largely composed of two domains, namely a more N-terminally located N-domain and a more C-terminally located C-domain. Both domains are basically composed of three antiparallel β-sheets. In addition, there are short tails in the N-terminal and C-terminal sides and a hinge connecting the two domains. Several membrane proteins have been identified as MK receptors: receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Z1 (PTPζ), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, integrins, neuroglycan C, anaplastic lymphoma kinase and Notch-2. Among them, the most established one is PTPζ. It is a transmembrane tyrosine phophatase with chondroitin sulfate, which is essential for high-affinity binding with MK. PI3K and MAPK play important roles in the downstream signalling system of MK, while transcription factors affected by MK signalling include NF-κB, Hes-1 and STATs. Because of the involvement of MK in various physiological and pathological processes, MK itself as well as pharmaceuticals targeting MK and its signalling system are expected to be valuable for the treatment of numerous diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasakicho, Nisshinn, Aichi, 470-0195, Japan. ,
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Wagner DW, Chan S, Castillo AB, Beaupre GS. Geometric mouse variation: Implications to the axial ulnar loading protocol and animal specific calibration. J Biomech 2013; 46:2271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kadomatsu K, Kishida S, Tsubota S. The heparin-binding growth factor midkine: the biological activities and candidate receptors. J Biochem 2013; 153:511-21. [PMID: 23625998 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparin-binding growth factor midkine (MK) comprises a family with pleiotrophin/heparin-binding growth-associated molecule. The biological phenomena in which MK is involved can be categorized into five areas: (i) cancer, (ii) inflammation/immunity, (iii) blood pressure, (iv) development and (v) tissue protection. The phenotypes are clear in vivo, but the mechanisms by which MK exerts these actions are not fully understood. Candidate receptors for MK include anaplastic lymphoma kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ, Notch2, LDL receptor-related protein 1, integrins and proteoglycans. Some physical associations between these candidate receptors are also known. Because of the striking in vivo phenotypes after manipulation of MK, MK could be an important molecular target for the treatment of various diseases. To this end, it will be important to pursue studies to fully understand the mechanisms of MK action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Abstract
Bone responds to supraphysiological mechanical loads by increasing bone formation. Depending on the applied strain magnitude (and other loading parameters) the response can be either adaptive (mostly lamellar bone) or injury (mostly woven bone). Seminal studies of Hert, Lanyon, and Rubin originally established the basic "rules" of bone mechanosensitivity. These were reinforced by subsequent studies using non-invasive rodent loading models, most notably by Turner et al. More recent work with these models have been able to explore the structural, transcriptional, and molecular mechanisms which distinguish the two responses (lamellar vs. woven). Wnt/Lrp signaling has emerged as a key mechanoresponsive pathway for lamellar bone. However, there is still much to study with regard to effects of ageing, osteocytes, other signaling pathways, and the molecular regulation that modulates lamellar vs. woven bone formation. This review summarizes not only the historical findings but also the current data for these topics.
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Gruber HE, Riley FE, Hoelscher GL, Bayoumi EM, Ingram JA, Ramp WK, Bosse MJ, Kellam JF. Osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of biomembrane cells from the PMMA-segmental defect rat model. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1198-212. [PMID: 22246998 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A layer of cells (the "biomembrane") has been identified in large segmental defects between bone and surgically placed methacrylate spacers or antibiotic-impregnated cement beads. We hypothesize that this contains a pluripotent stem cell population with potential valuable applications in orthopedic tissue engineering. Objectives using biomembranes harvested from rat segmental defects were to: (1) Culture biomembrane cells in specialized media to direct progenitor cells along bone or cartilage cell differentiation lineages; (2) evaluate harvested biomembranes for mesenchymal stem cell markers, and (3) define relevant gene expression patterns in harvested biomembranes using microarray analysis. Culture in osteogenic media produced mineralized nodules; culture in chondrogenic media produced masses containing chondroitin sulfate/sulfated proteoglycans. Molecular analysis of biomembrane cells versus control periosteum showed significant upregulation of key genes functioning in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, development, maintenance, and proliferation. Results identified significant upregulation of WNT receptor signaling pathway genes and significant upregulation of BMP signaling pathway genes. Findings confirm that the biomembrane has a pluripotent stem cell population. The ability to heal large bone defects is clinically challenging, and novel tissue engineering uses of the biomembrane hold great promise in treating non-unions, open fractures with large bone loss and/or infections, and defects associated with tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, USA.
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