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Tomczyk-Warunek A, Turżańska K, Posturzyńska A, Kowal F, Blicharski T, Pano IT, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Nikodem A, Dresler S, Sowa I, Wójciak M, Dobrowolski P. Influence of Various Strontium Formulations (Ranelate, Citrate, and Chloride) on Bone Mineral Density, Morphology, and Microarchitecture: A Comparative Study in an Ovariectomized Female Mouse Model of Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4075. [PMID: 38612883 PMCID: PMC11012416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis stands out as a prevalent skeletal ailment, prompting exploration into potential treatments, including dietary strontium ion supplements. This study assessed the efficacy of supplementation of three strontium forms-strontium citrate (SrC), strontium ranelate (SrR), and strontium chloride (SrCl)-for enhancing bone structure in 50 female SWISS mice, aged seven weeks. In total, 40 mice underwent ovariectomy, while 10 underwent sham ovariectomy. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: OVX (no supplementation), OVX + SrR, OVX + SrC, and OVX + SrCl, at concentrations equivalent to the molar amount of strontium. After 16 weeks, micro-CT examined trabeculae and cortical bones, and whole-bone strontium content was determined. Results confirm strontium administration increased bone tissue mineral density (TMD) and Sr content, with SrC exhibiting the weakest effect. Femur morphometry showed limited Sr impact, especially in the OVX + SrC group. This research highlights strontium's potential in bone health, emphasizing variations in efficacy among its forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek
- Laboratory of Locomotor Systems Research, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Turżańska
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (F.K.); (T.B.); (I.T.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Posturzyńska
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (F.K.); (T.B.); (I.T.P.)
| | - Filip Kowal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (F.K.); (T.B.); (I.T.P.)
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (F.K.); (T.B.); (I.T.P.)
| | - Inés Torné Pano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (F.K.); (T.B.); (I.T.P.)
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Nutrition Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Nikodem
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.D.); (I.S.); (M.W.)
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.D.); (I.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.D.); (I.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
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Micsa M, Ha D, Da Silva E. Long-term stability of hydroxyapatite bone phantoms for the calibration of in vivox-ray fluorescence spectrometry-based systems of bone lead and strontium quantification. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 10:015001. [PMID: 37917996 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad08db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) phantoms have been proposed as an alternative to plaster of Paris (poP) phantoms for the calibration of x-ray fluorescence-based systems for thein vivoquantification of bone lead and strontium which employ a coherent normalization procedure. The chemical composition of the material becomes critical in the calculation, or omission, of the coherent correction factor (CCF) required in this normalization procedure. This study evaluated the long-term chemical stability of HAp phantoms. Phantoms were prepared and allowed to age for a two week period and over a seven year period in ambient conditions. The chemical composition of the phantoms was then assessed by powder x-ray diffraction. Two week old phantoms were found to be composed of HAp with only a small amount of contamination from CaHPO4·2H2O. Seven year old phantoms were found to have converted nearly completely to a carbonate-bearing apatite in the form of Ca10(PO4)6(CO3)0.75(OH)0.5indicating that the HAp phantom material likely reacts with carbon dioxide in air over time forming a carbonate-bearing apatite. The influence of this chemical conversion was assessed at the level of relevant cross-sections. Calibration under the assumption that the material is HAp when in fact it is a carbonate-bearing apatite would result in not more than a 0.2%-2% bias in the total mass attenuation coefficient within the photon energy range of 0-100 keV. Differential scattering cross-section for coherent scattering was found to differ between HAp and carbonate-bearing apatite by 0.9%-2% for both a 35.5 keV and 88.0 keVγ-ray. This variation in the differential scattering cross-section for coherent scattering may introduce a ca. 2% bias in the CCF used within the coherent normalization-based calibration procedure. Using HAp phantoms as calibrators thus requires acknowledgement of this conversion in chemical form and possible introduction of uncertainty into the calibration procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Micsa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Ha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Da Silva
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang X, Wells EM, Specht AJ, Weisskopf MG, Weuve J, Nie LH. In vivo quantification of strontium in bone among adults using portable x-ray fluorescence. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127077. [PMID: 36155421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bone strontium (Sr) is a reliable biomarker for studying related bone health outcomes and the effectiveness of Sr supplements in osteoporosis disease treatment. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology for in vivo bone Sr quantification among adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sr-doped bone-equivalent phantoms were used for system calibration. Using the portable XRF, we measured bone Sr levels in vivo in mid-tibia bone in 76 adults, 38-95 years of age, living in Indiana, US; we also analyzed bone data of 29 adults, 53-82 years of age, living in Shanghai, China. The same portable XRF device and system settings were used in measuring their mid-tibia bone. We compared bone Sr concentrations by sex, age, and recruitment site. We also used multiple linear regression model to estimate the association of age with bone Sr concentration, adjusting for sex and recruitment site. RESULTS The uncertainty of in vivo individual measurement increased with higher soft tissue thickness overlying bone, and it ranged from 1.0 ug/g dry bone (ppm) to 2.4 ppm with thickness ranging from 2 to 7 mm, with a measurement time of 5 min. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of the bone Sr concentration was 79.1 (70.1, 89.3) ppm. After adjustment for recruitment site and sex, an increase in five years of age was associated with a 8.9% (95% CI: 2.5%, 15.6%) increase in geometric mean bone Sr concentration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Sr concentrations were consistently well above detection limits of the portable XRF, and exhibited an expected increase with age. These data suggest that the portable XRF can be a valuable technology to quantify Sr concentration in bone, and in the study of Sr-related health outcomes among adults, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ellen M Wells
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Aaron J Specht
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda H Nie
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Liu XC, Skibsted LH. Strontium increasing calcium accessibility from calcium citrate. Food Chem 2021; 367:130674. [PMID: 34343801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strontium chloride added to aqueous suspensions of metastable calcium citrate tetrahydrate increased calcium ion activity measured electrochemically without transition of metastable tetrahydrate to stable calcium citrate hexahydrate as shown by DSC. Calcium activity increase was explained by lower solubility of strontium citrate pentahydrate formed (8.9 × 10-4 M at 25 °C) increasing with temperature compared to calcium citrate tetrahydrate (1.6 × 10-3 M) decreasing with temperature. Strontium binding to citrate was found endothermic, ΔH0 = 45 kJ∙mol-1 at 25 °C, while calcium binding shows variation from ΔH0 = 94 kJ∙mol-1 at 10 °C becoming exothermic above physiological temperature with ΔH0 = -9 kJ∙mol-1 at 45 °C as determined from temperature and concentration variation in electric conductivity. These differences in solution thermodynamics and pH effect on complex formation between calcium and strontium citrate are discussed in relation to biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Liu
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Chettle DR, McNeill FE. Elemental analysis in living human subjects using biomedical devices. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:12TR01. [PMID: 31816604 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Today, patients undergoing dialysis are at low risk for aluminum-induced dementia. Workers are unlikely to experience cadmium-induced emphysema and the public's exposure to lead is an order of magnitude lower than in 1970. The research field of in vivo elemental analysis has played a role in these occupational and environmental health improvements by allowing the effects of people's chronic exposure to elements to be studied using non-invasive, painless, and relatively low-cost technology. From the early 1960s to the present day, researchers have developed radiation-based systems to measure the elemental content of organs at risk or storage organs. This reduces the need for (sometimes painful) biopsy and the risk of infection. Research and development has been undertaken on forty-nine in vivo measurement system designs. Twenty-nine different in vivo elemental analysis systems, measuring 22 different elements, have been successfully taken from design and testing through to human measurement. The majority of these systems employ either neutron activation analysis or x-ray fluorescence analysis as the basis of the measurement. In this review, we discuss eight of the successful systems, explaining the rationale behind their development, the methodology, the health data that has resulted from application of these tools, and provide our opinion on potential future technical developments of these systems. We close by discussing four technologies that may lead to new directions and advances in the whole field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Chettle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Nader MN, Fleming DEB. Assessment of alternative methods for analyzing X-ray fluorescence spectra. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 146:133-138. [PMID: 30771728 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When analyzing characteristic peaks in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra, the peak area is the value most often used to quantify peak size. However, some studies have reported the amplitude of the peak instead of the area. When the width of the peak is allowed to vary from trial to trial in order to provide the best possible fit to the data, these two alternative methods can yield slightly different results. In the current study, these two approaches to peak analysis are compared for data obtained from bone reference materials having certified lead concentrations of 1.09 ± 0.03 μg/g, 16.1 ± 0.3 μg/g, 13.2 ± 0.3 μg/g, and 31.5 ± 0.7 μg/g. Measurements were made with an Olympus Innov-X Delta Premium portable XRF system. Using both the area and amplitude methods, lines of best fit were constructed for the lead Lα and lead Lβ signals as a function of lead concentration. Additionally, coefficients of variation were calculated for each reference material and condition of analysis. To assess possible variations over time, the procedure was performed at two points separated by about one year. The amplitude and area methods were found to produce results which were consistent and proportional. Using either method, lead XRF signal plotted as a function of known lead concentration produced adjusted r2 values of ∼0.99. The amplitude method provided slightly higher adjusted r2 values overall. Coefficients of variation were generally very similar between the two methods, although more pronounced differences emerged from measurements of the lowest concentration reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel N Nader
- Physics Department, Mount Allison University, 67 York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - David E B Fleming
- Physics Department, Mount Allison University, 67 York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.
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Jang DH, Da Silva E, Tavakkoli J, Slatkovska L, Cheung AM, Pejović-Milić A. Assessment of the effect of strontium, lead, and aluminum in bone on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound measurements: A phantom study. Med Phys 2017; 45:81-91. [PMID: 29080282 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard technique to measure areal bone mineral density (aBMD) for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Because DXA relies on the attenuation of photon to estimate aBMD, deposition of bone-seeking metallic elements such as strontium, lead, and aluminum that differ in atomic numbers from calcium can cause inaccurate estimation of aBMD. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is another technique available to assess bone health by measuring broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and an empirically derived quantity called stiffness index (SI). Because the acoustic properties are not prone to significant change due to changes in microscopic atomic composition of bone, it is hypothesized that QUS is unaffected by the presence of bone-seeking elements in the bone. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of strontium, lead, and aluminum on DXA-derived aBMD and QUS parameters using bone-mimicking phantoms compatible with both techniques. METHODS Bone-mimicking phantoms were produced by homogeneously mixing finely powdered hydroxyapatite compounds that contain varying concentrations of strontium, lead, or aluminum with porcine gelatin solution. Seven strontium-substituted phantoms were produced with varying molar ratio of Sr/(Sr + Ca) ranging from 0% to 2%. Four lead-doped phantoms and four aluminum-doped phantoms were constructed with the respective analyte concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 ppm. An additional 0 ppm phantom was produced to be used as a baseline for the lead and aluminum phantom measurements. All phantoms had uniform volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of 200 mg/cm3 , and were assessed using a Hologic Horizon® DXA device and a Hologic Sahara® QUS device. Furthermore, theoretical aBMD bias for mol/mol% substitution of calcium with the three bone-seeking elements was calculated. RESULTS Strong positive linear relationship was found between aBMD measured by DXA and strontium concentration (P < 0.001, r = 0.995). From the measurement of lead and aluminum phantoms using DXA, no statistically significant relationship was observed between aBMD and the analyte concentrations. For the QUS system, with an exception of BUA and lead concentration that exhibited statistically significant relationship (P < 0.038, r = 0.899), no statistically significant change was observed in all QUS parameters with respect to the clinically relevant concentration of all three elements. The calculated theoretical aBMD bias induced by 1 mol/mol% substitution of calcium with strontium, lead, and aluminum were 10.8%, 4.6%, and -0.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION aBMD measured by DXA was prone to overestimation in the presence of strontium, but acoustic parameters measured by QUS are independent of strontium concentration. The deviation in aBMD induced by the clinically relevant concentrations of lead and aluminum under 200 ppm could not be detected using the Hologic Horizon® DXA device. Furthermore, the SI measured by the QUS system was not affected by lead or aluminum concentrations used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hyun Jang
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Da Silva
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jahan Tavakkoli
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lubomira Slatkovska
- Centre of Excellence in Skeletal Health Assessment, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Osteoporosis Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Cheung
- Centre of Excellence in Skeletal Health Assessment, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Osteoporosis Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Desouza E, Gherase M, Fleming D, Chettle D, O’Meara J, McNeill F. Performance comparison of two Olympus InnovX handheld x-ray analyzers for feasibility of measuring arsenic in skin in vivo – Alpha and Delta models. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 123:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Da Silva E, Pejović-Milić A. Calibration of the 125I-induced x-ray fluorescence spectrometry-based system of in vivo bone strontium determinations using hydroxyapatite as a phantom material: a simulation study. Physiol Meas 2017; 38:1077-1093. [PMID: 28248197 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa63d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The calibration of in vivo x-ray fluorescence systems of bone strontium quantification, based on 125I excitation, is dependent on a coherent normalization procedure. Application of this procedure with the use of plaster of Paris (poP) as a phantom material requires the application of a coherent conversion factor (CCF) to make the calibration functions transferable between the phantom material and human bone. In this work we evaluate, with the use of Monte Carlo simulation, the potential benefit of employing a newly developed hydroxyapatite phantom material into the calibration protocol. APPROACH Simulations being performed on bare bone phantoms, as the emission spectrum in this case is equivalent to an emission spectrum of an adequately corrected measurement for soft tissue attenuation of emitted strontium signal. We report that the application of hydroxyapatite phantoms does in fact remove the need for a coherent correction factor (CCF). MAIN RESULTS The newly developed phantoms can thus be used for the calibration of in vivo bone strontium systems removing one step of the calibration protocol. Calibration is, however, limited to cases in which the concentration is relative to the amount of calcium in the specimen, which is, the most useful quantity in a clinical sense. Determining concentrations on a per-mass-of-material basis, that is, a concentration not normalized to the calcium content of the phantom/bone, results in large biases in estimated bone strontium content. SIGNIFICANCE The use of an HAp phantom material was found to remove the need for a CCF. It was also found that in the case of an incomplete conversion ratio when preparing the phantom material that there would be little effect on the differential coherent cross-section and thereby the coherent normalization-based calibration protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Da Silva
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Moise H, Chettle DR, Pejović-Milić A. Modeling elemental strontium in human bone based on in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements in osteoporotic females self-supplementing with strontium citrate. Physiol Meas 2016; 37:429-41. [PMID: 26910208 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/3/429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An in-house custom I-125 excited in vivo x-ray fluorescence (IVXRF) system was used to perform bone strontium (Sr) measurements in individuals suffering from osteoporosis and/or osteopenia. These individuals, who were self-administering with Sr supplements of their choice, were measured frequently, ranging from weekly to biweekly to monthly, over four years, as part of the Ryerson and McMaster Sr in Bone Research Study. Based on these data collected, data from eight subjects were used to perform kinetic modeling of Sr in human bone. Power and exponential models were used to model the data based on one and two compartmental systems. Model parameters included: mean normalized baseline bone Sr signal, half-life and bone Sr uptake. A one compartmental exponential model applied to finger and ankle bone measurements gave half-lives of (508 ± 331) d and (232 ± 183) d, respectively, but did not show statistically significant differences (p = 0.087 96). However, the values fall within literature estimates. When a two compartmental model was applied to finger bone measurements, half-lives of (300 ± 163) d and (2201 ± 1662) d were observed. Ankle bone data gave half-lives of (156 ± 117) d and (1681 ± 744) d. A two sample t-test, assuming unequal variances, showed these half-lives to be statistically different in both the finger and ankle bone measurements (p = 0.0147 and p = 0.00711, respectively). Common kinetic parameters amongst the different subjects could not be unambiguously identified due to the wide scatter of data, leading to an inconclusive kinetic model. The wide distribution of data is suggested to be physiological since technical and positioning factors were eliminated as possible causes. This outcome indicates the need for a more controlled study and further understanding of the physiological mechanism of Sr absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moise
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Shehab H, Desouza ED, O’Meara J, Pejović-Milić A, Chettle DR, Fleming DEB, McNeill FE. Feasibility of measuring arsenic and selenium in human skin usingin vivox-ray fluorescence (XRF)—a comparison of methods. Physiol Meas 2015; 37:145-61. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/1/145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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