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Capobianco CA, Hankenson KD, Knights AJ. Temporal dynamics of immune-stromal cell interactions in fracture healing. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352819. [PMID: 38455063 PMCID: PMC10917940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture repair is a complex, multi-step process that involves communication between immune and stromal cells to coordinate the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. In the US, 10% of all bone fractures do not heal properly without intervention, resulting in non-union. Complications from non-union fractures are physically and financially debilitating. We now appreciate the important role that immune cells play in tissue repair, and the necessity of the inflammatory response in initiating healing after skeletal trauma. The temporal dynamics of immune and stromal cell populations have been well characterized across the stages of fracture healing. Recent studies have begun to untangle the intricate mechanisms driving the immune response during normal or atypical, delayed healing. Various in vivo models of fracture healing, including genetic knockouts, as well as in vitro models of the fracture callus, have been implemented to enable experimental manipulation of the heterogeneous cellular environment. The goals of this review are to (1): summarize our current understanding of immune cell involvement in fracture healing (2); describe state-of-the art approaches to study inflammatory cells in fracture healing, including computational and in vitro models; and (3) identify gaps in our knowledge concerning immune-stromal crosstalk during bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Capobianco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander J. Knights
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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2
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Kan T, He Z, Du J, Xu M, Cui J, Han X, Tong D, Li H, Yan M, Yu Z. Irisin promotes fracture healing by improving osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:37-45. [PMID: 36196152 PMCID: PMC9513699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are important for bone fracture healing. Irisin is a muscle-derived monokine that is associated with bone formation. Methods To demonstrate the effect of irisin on bone fracture healing, closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were produced in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Irisin was administrated intraperitoneally every other day after surgery, fracture healing was assessed by using X-rays. Bone morphometry of the fracture callus were assessed by using micro-computed tomography. Femurs of mice from each group were assessed by the three-point bending testing. Effect of irisin on osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining. Angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by qRT-PCR, migration tests, and tube formation assays. Results Increased callus formation, mineralization and tougher fracture healing were observed in the irisin-treated group than in the control group, indicating the better fracture callus healing due to Irisin treatment. The vessel surface and vessel volume fraction of the callus also increased in the irisin-treated group. The expression of BMP2, CD31, and VEGF in callus were enhanced in the irisin-treated group. In mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells, irisin promoted ALP expression and mineralization, and increased the expression of osteogenic genes, including OSX, Runx2, OPG, ALP, OCN and BMP2. Irisin also promoted HUVEC migration and tube formation. Expression of angiogenic genes, including ANGPT1, ANGPT2, VEGFb, CD31, FGF2, and PDGFRB in HUVECs were increased by irisin. Conclusion All the results indicate irisin can promote fracture healing through osteogenesis and angiogenesis. These findings help in the understanding of muscle–bone interactions during fracture healing. The Translational Potential of this Article Irisin was one of the most important monokine secreted by skeletal muscle. Studies have found that irisin have anabolic effect one bone remodeling through affecting osteocyte and osteoblast. Based on our study, irisin could promote bone fracture healing by increasing bone mass and vascularization, which provide a potential usage of irisin to promote fracture healing and improve clinical outcomes.
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Nadine S, Correia CR, Mano JF. Engineering immunomodulatory hydrogels and cell-laden systems towards bone regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 140:213058. [PMID: 35933955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The well-known synergetic interplay between the skeletal and immune systems has changed the design of advanced bone tissue engineering strategies. The immune system is essential during the bone lifetime, with macrophages playing multiple roles in bone healing and biomaterial integration. If in the past, the most valuable aspect of implants was to avoid immune responses of the host, nowadays, it is well-established how important are the crosstalks between immune cells and bone-engineered niches for an efficient regenerative process to occur. For that, it is essential to recapitulate the multiphenotypic cellular environment of bone tissue when designing new approaches. Indeed, the lack of osteoimmunomodulatory knowledge may be the explanation for the poor translation of biomaterials into clinical practice. Thus, smarter hydrogels incorporating immunomodulatory bioactive factors, stem cells, and immune cells are being proposed to develop a new generation of bone tissue engineering strategies. This review highlights the power of immune cells to upgrade the development of innovative engineered strategies, mainly focusing on orthopaedic and dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nadine
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Clara R Correia
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Kustermann M, Dasari P, Knape I, Keltsch E, Liu J, Pflüger S, Osen W, Holzmann K, Huber-Lang M, Debatin KM, Strauss G. Adoptively Transferred in vitro-Generated Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Improve T-Cell Function and Antigen-Specific Immunity after Traumatic Lung Injury. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:78-95. [PMID: 35691281 PMCID: PMC10643914 DOI: 10.1159/000525088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reactions after trauma are characterized by immediate activation of innate immunity and simultaneously downregulation of adaptive immunity leading to a misbalanced immunohomeostasis and immunosuppression of the injured host. Therefore, the susceptibility to secondary infections is strongly increased after trauma. Immune responses are regulated by a network of immune cells influencing each other and at the same time modifying their functions dependent on the inflammatory environment. Although myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are initially described as T-cell suppressors, their immunomodulatory capacity after trauma is mostly undefined. Therefore, in vitro-generated MDSCs were adoptively transferred into mice after blunt chest trauma (TxT). A single MDSC treatment-induced splenic T-cell expansion decreased apoptosis sensitivity and improved proliferation in the absence of T-cell exhaustion until 2 weeks after trauma. MDSC treatment had a long-lasting effect on the genomic landscape of CD4+ T cells by upregulating primarily Th2-associated genes. Remarkably, immune-activating functions of MDSCs supported the ability of TxT mice to respond to post-traumatic secondary antigen challenge. Secondary insults were mimicked by immunizing MDSC-treated TxT mice with ovalbumin (OVA), followed by OVA restimulation in vitro. MDSC treatment significantly increased the frequency of OVA-specific T cells, enhanced their Th1/Th2 cytokine expression, and induced upregulation of cytolytic molecules finally improving OVA-specific cytotoxicity. Overall, we could show that therapeutic MDSC treatment after TxT improves post-traumatic T-cell functions, which might enable the traumatic host to counterbalance trauma-induced immunoparalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kustermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Prasad Dasari
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ingrid Knape
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emma Keltsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Silvia Pflüger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- GMP & T Cell Therapy, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gudrun Strauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Ling Z, Yang C, Tan J, Dou C, Chen Y. Beyond immunosuppressive effects: dual roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in bone-related diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7161-7183. [PMID: 34635950 PMCID: PMC11072300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells (IMCs) with immunosuppressive functions, whereas IMCs originally differentiate into granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) to participate in innate immunity under steady-state conditions. At present, difficulties remain in identifying MDSCs due to lacking of specific biomarkers. To make identification of MDSCs accurately, it also needs to be determined whether having immunosuppressive functions. MDSCs play crucial roles in anti-tumor, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Meanwhile, MDSCs could make close interaction with osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and other stromal cells within microenvironment of bone and joint, and thereby contributing to poor prognosis of bone-related diseases such as cancer-related bone metastasis, osteosarcoma (OS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and orthopedic trauma. In addition, MDSCs have been shown to participate in the procedure of bone repair. In this review, we have summarized the function of MDSCs in cancer-related bone metastasis, the interaction with stromal cells within the bone microenvironment as well as joint microenvironment, and the critical role of MDSCs in bone repair. Besides, the promising value of MDSCs in the treatment for bone-related diseases is also well discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Ling
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Identification of miRNA Regulatory Networks and Candidate Markers for Fracture Healing in Mice. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2866475. [PMID: 34840596 PMCID: PMC8611357 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2866475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background It is important to improve the understanding of the fracture healing process at the molecular levels, then to discover potential miRNA regulatory mechanisms and candidate markers. Methods Expression profiles of mRNA and miRNA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We performed differential analysis, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The miRNA-mRNA network analysis was also performed. Results We identified 499 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRs) that were upregulated and 534 downregulated DEmRs during fracture healing. They were mainly enriched in collagen fibril organization and immune response. Using the PPI network, we screened 10 hub genes that were upregulated and 10 hub genes downregulated with the largest connectivity. We further constructed the miRNA regulatory network for hub genes and identified 13 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) regulators. Cd19 and Col6a1 were identified as key candidate mRNAs with the largest fold change, and their DEmiR regulators were key candidate regulators. Conclusion Cd19 and Col6a1 might serve as candidate markers for fracture healing in subsequent studies. Their expression is regulated by miRNAs and is involved in collagen fibril organization and immune responses.
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Youssef ME, El-Mas MM, Abdelrazek HM, El-Azab MF. α7-nAChRs-mediated therapeutic angiogenesis accounts for the advantageous effect of low nicotine doses against myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173996. [PMID: 33684450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis accelerates tissue regeneration in a variety of ischemic conditions including myocardial infarction (MI). Here we tested the hypothesis that angiogenesis induced by α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) mitigates histopathological, electrocardiographic, and molecular consequences of MI in rats. These profiles were evaluated in the isoprenaline (85 mg/kg/day i. p. For 2 days) MI rat model treated with or without nicotine or PHA-543613 (PHA, selective α7-nAChR agonist). Isoprenaline-insulted rats showed (i) ECG signs of MI such as significant ST-segment elevations and prolonged QT-intervals, (ii) deteriorated left ventricular histopathological scoring and elevated inflammatory cell infiltration, (iii) reduced immunohistochemical expression of cardiac CD34, a surrogate marker of capillary density, (iv) decreased cardiac expression of iNOS and α7-nAChRs, and (v) adaptive increases in cardiac HO-1 expression and plasma angiogenic markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO). These effects of isoprenaline, except cardiac iNOS and α7-nAChRs downregulation, were ameliorated in rats treated with a low dose (20 μg/kg/day s. c. For 16 days) of nicotine or PHA. We also show that concurrent α7-nAChR blockade by methyllycaconitine (MLA, 40 μg/kg/day, for 16 days) reversed the ECG, histopathological, and capillary density effects of nicotine, thereby reinforcing the advantageous cardioprotective and anti-ischemic roles of α7-nAChRs in this setting. The observed results showed promising effects on isoprenaline induced myocardial damage. In conclusion, the activation of α7-nAChRs by doses of nicotine or PHA in the microgram scale promotes neovascularization and offers a promising therapeutic strategy for MI. CATEGORY: Cardiovascular Pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Heba M Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona F El-Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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8
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Lei H, Pan Y, Wu R, Lv Y. Innate Immune Regulation Under Magnetic Fields With Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582772. [PMID: 33193393 PMCID: PMC7649827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide applications of magnetic fields (MFs) in medicine, researchers from different disciplines have gained interest in understanding the effect of various types of MFs on living cells and organisms. In this paper, we mainly focus on the immunological and physical aspects of the immune responses and their mechanisms under different types of MFs. Immune cells were slightly affected by low-frequency alternating MFs but were strongly influenced by moderate-intensity MFs and high-gradient MFs (HGMFs). Larger immune cells, such as macrophages, were more sensitive to HGMFs, which biased the cell polarization into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Subject to the gradient forces of varying directions and strength, the elongated M2 macrophage also remodeled the cytoskeleton with actin polymerization and changed the membrane receptors and ion channel gating. These alterations were very similar to changes caused by the small GTPase RhoA interference in macrophage. Regulation of iron metabolism may also contribute to the MF effects in macrophages. High MFs were found to regulate the iron content in monocyte-/macrophage-derived osteoclasts by affecting the expression of iron-regulation genes. On the other hand, paramagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) combined with external MFs play an important role in T-cell immunity. Paramagnetic NP-coated T-cells can cluster their T-cell receptors (TCRs) by using an external MF, thus increasing the cell–cell contact and communication followed by enhanced tumor killing capacity. The external MF can also guide the adoptively transferred magnetic NP-coated T-cells to their target sites in vivo, thus dramatically increasing the efficiency of cell therapy. Additionally, iron oxide NPs for ferroptosis-based cancer therapy and other MF-related therapeutic applications with obstacles were also addressed. Furthermore, for a profound understanding of the effect of MFs on immune cells, multidisciplinary research involving both experimental research and theoretical modeling is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Intramedullary Nail Fixation with Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in an Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture Patient: Use of Bone Marrow Extracted from the Hollow Reamer. Case Rep Orthop 2020; 2020:2878651. [PMID: 32908749 PMCID: PMC7468647 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2878651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report describes an incomplete atypical femoral fracture (AFF) patient who underwent simultaneous autogenous bone transplantation to the resected fracture region during intramedullary nail fixation. A 73-year-old female with a history of multiple myeloma had been undergoing treatment with intravenous drip injections of Zoledronic Acid. She was introduced to our department due to the left lateral thigh pain, with no trauma incidence. An anteroposterior radiograph showed a transverse thin fracture line with localized periosteal and endosteal thickening, which is compatible with subtrochanteric incomplete AFF. A biochemical investigation revealed the existence of severely suppressed bone turnover. She underwent intramedullary nail fixation for fear of a complete fracture. After the fixation, the cortical bone at the fracture region was excised as a wedge-shaped block, and bone marrow extracted from the hollow reamer was simultaneously transplanted to the resected fracture region. Histological examination showed few bone formation features at the fracture line in the excised lateral cortical bone. At 7 months after surgery, radiographs demonstrated complete bone repair, and no clinical problems were observed two years postoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which autogenous bone marrow transplantation, noninvasive to the iliac crest, was performed in an incomplete AFF patient. We believe that this low invasive procedure can be a useful technique for AFF treatment.
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10
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Plant Extracts in the Bone Repair Process: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1296153. [PMID: 31885494 PMCID: PMC6899290 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1296153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone lesions are an important public health problem, with high socioeconomic costs. Bone tissue repair is coordinated by an inflammatory dynamic process mediated by osteoprogenitor cells of the periosteum and endosteum, responsible for the formation of a new bone matrix. Studies using antioxidant products from plants for bone lesion treatment have been growing worldwide. We developed a systematic review to compile the results of works with animal models investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts in the treatment of bone lesions and analyze the methodological quality of the studies on this subject. Studies were selected in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases according to the PRISMA statement. The research filters were constructed using three parameters: animal model, bone repair, and plant extracts. 31 full-text articles were recovered from 10 countries. Phytochemical prospecting was reported in 15 studies (48.39%). The most common secondary metabolites were flavonoids, cited in 32.26% studies (n = 10). Essential criteria to in vivo animal studies were frequently underreported, suggesting publication bias. The animals treated with plant extracts presented positive results in the osteoblastic proliferation, and consequently, this treatment accelerated osteogenic differentiation and bone callus formation, as well as bone fracture repair. Possibly, these results are associated with antioxidant, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory power of the extracts. The absence or incomplete characterization of the animal models, treatment protocols, and phytochemical and toxicity analyses impairs the internal validity of the evidence, making it difficult to determine the effectiveness and safety of plant-derived products in bone repair.
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11
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Coates BA, McKenzie JA, Buettmann EG, Liu X, Gontarz PM, Zhang B, Silva MJ. Transcriptional profiling of intramembranous and endochondral ossification after fracture in mice. Bone 2019; 127:577-591. [PMID: 31369916 PMCID: PMC6708791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture repair represents an important clinical challenge with nearly 1 million non-union fractures occurring annually in the U.S. Gene expression differs between non-union and healthy repair, suggesting there is a pattern of gene expression that is indicative of optimal repair. Despite this, the gene expression profile of fracture repair remains incompletely understood. In this work, we used RNA-seq of two well-established murine fracture models to describe gene expression of intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. We used top differentially expressed genes, enriched gene ontology terms and pathways, callus cellular phenotyping, and histology to describe and contrast these bone formation processes across time. Intramembranous repair, as modeled by ulnar stress fracture, and endochondral repair, as modeled by femur full fracture, exhibited vastly different transcriptional profiles throughout repair. Stress fracture healing had enriched differentially expressed genes associated with bone repair and osteoblasts, highlighting the strong osteogenic repair process of this model. Interestingly, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was one of only a few pathways uniquely enriched in stress fracture repair. Full fracture repair involved a higher level of inflammatory and immune cell related genes than did stress fracture repair. Full fracture repair also differed from stress fracture in a robust downregulation of ion channel genes following injury, the role of which in fracture repair is unclear. This study offers a broad description of gene expression in intramembranous and endochondral ossification across several time points throughout repair and suggests several potentially intriguing genes, pathways, and cells whose role in fracture repair requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Coates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Paul M Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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12
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Immunostimulatory functions of adoptively transferred MDSCs in experimental blunt chest trauma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7992. [PMID: 31142770 PMCID: PMC6541619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand during inflammation and exhibit immunomodulatory functions on innate and adaptive immunity. However, their impact on trauma-induced immune responses, characterized by an early pro-inflammatory phase and dysregulated adaptive immunity involving lymphocyte apoptosis, exhaustion and unresponsiveness is less clear. Therefore, we adoptively transferred in vitro-generated MDSCs shortly before experimental blunt chest trauma (TxT). MDSCs preferentially homed into spleen and liver, but were undetectable in the injured lung, although pro-inflammatory mediators transiently increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Surprisingly, MDSC treatment strongly increased splenocyte numbers, however, without altering the percentage of splenic leukocyte populations. T cells of MDSC-treated TxT mice exhibited an activated phenotype characterized by expression of activation markers and elevated proliferative capacity in vitro, which was not accompanied by up-regulated exhaustion markers or unresponsiveness towards in vitro activation. Most importantly, also T cell expansion after staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) stimulation in vivo was unchanged between MDSC-treated or untreated mice. After MDSC transfer, T cells preferentially exhibited a Th1 phenotype, a prerequisite to circumvent post-traumatic infectious complications. Our findings reveal a totally unexpected immunostimulatory role of adoptively transferred MDSCs in TxT and might offer options to interfere with post-traumatic malfunction of the adaptive immune response.
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13
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Characterization of immune cell subtypes in three commonly used mouse strains reveals gender and strain-specific variations. J Transl Med 2019; 99:93-106. [PMID: 30353130 PMCID: PMC6524955 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of consensus on bone marrow (BM) and splenic immune cell profiles in preclinical mouse strains complicates comparative analysis across different studies. Although studies have documented relative distribution of immune cells from peripheral blood in mice, similar studies for BM and spleen from naïve mice are lacking. In an effort to establish strain- and gender-specific benchmarks for distribution of various immune cell subtypes in these organs, we performed immunophenotypic analysis of BM cells and splenocytes from both genders of three commonly used murine strains (C57BL/6NCr, 129/SvHsd, and BALB/cAnNCr). Total neutrophils and splenic macrophages were significantly higher in C57BL/6NCr, whereas total B cells were lower. Within C57BL/6NCr female mice, BM B cells were elevated with respect to the males whereas splenic mDCs and splenic neutrophils were reduced. Within BALB/cAnNCr male mice, BM CD4+ Tregs were elevated with respect to the other strains. Furthermore, in male BALB/cAnNCr mice, NK cells were elevated with respect to the other strains in both BM and spleen. Splenic CD4+ Tregs and splenic CD8+ T cells were reduced in male BALB/c mice in comparison to female mice. Bone marrow CD4+ T cells and mDCs were significantly increased in 129/SvHsd whereas splenic CD8+ T cells were reduced. In general, males exhibited higher immature myeloid cells, macrophages, and NK cells. To our knowledge, this study provides a first attempt to systematically establish organ-specific benchmarks on immune cells in studies involving these mouse strains.
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Walia B, Lingenheld E, Duong L, Sanjay A, Drissi H. A novel role for cathepsin K in periosteal osteoclast precursors during fracture repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1415:57-68. [PMID: 29479711 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis management is currently centered around bisphosphonates, which inhibit osteoclast (OC) bone resorption but do not affect bone formation. This reduces fracture risk, but fails to restore healthy bone remodeling. Studies in animal models showed that cathepsin K (CatK) inhibition by genetic deletion or chemical inhibitors maintained bone formation while abrogating resorption during bone remodeling and stimulated periosteal bone modeling. Recently, periosteal mononuclear tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+ ) osteoclast precursors (OCPs) were shown to augment angiogenesis-coupled osteogenesis. CatK gene deletion increased osteoblast differentiation via enhanced OCP and OC secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and sphingosine 1 phosphate. The effects of periosteum-derived OCPs on bone remodeling are unknown, particularly with regard to fracture repair. We hypothesized that periosteal OCPs derived from CatK-null (Ctsk-/- ) mice may enhance periosteal bone formation during fracture repair. We found fewer periosteal OCPs in Ctsk-/- mice under homeostatic conditions; however, after fracture, this population increased in number relative to that seen in wild-type (WT) mice. Enhanced TRAP staining and greater expression of PDGF-BB were observed in fractured Ctsk-/- femurs relative to WT femurs. This early pattern of augmented PDGF-BB expression in Ctsk-/- mice may contribute to improved fracture healing by enhancing callus mineralization in Ctsk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavita Walia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Le Duong
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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